1、English Grammar,Definitive,Definite article,表示特指 表示类指 1）定冠词+单数可数名词、某些形容词、分词 The whale the unemployed the unexpected The poor 2）定冠词+某些集体名词、复数可数名词 This new increase in fares wont please the public. For years she lived among the peasants.,3）其他用法 用于独一无二的事物名词前 The earth the moon 用于乐器名称前 The violin the pi
2、ano the flute （中国传统乐器名称前不用冠词） 用于表示艺术文娱活动名词前 Go to the theatre go to the music-hall listen to the news 用于表示计量单位的名词前，含有每（一）的意思 It sells at two dollars the pound. John is paid by the hour /the price. 用于逢十的复数名词前 In the 1980s 用于表示句子宾语所指对象的身体部位的名词前 I knock him on the head. / He was knocked on the head. A
3、nail caught his sleeve. / A nail caught him by the sleeve.,用于专有名词前 The Smiths= Mr. and Mrs. Smith 用于不带姓名的头衔前 Queen Elizabeth the Queen (the Duke of York) 用于江河、海洋、半岛、山脉等名称前 The Changjing River the Pacific the Taiwan Straits The Persian Gulf the Sahara (个别山峰或岛屿，词组中不带of时，不用the, Mountain Tai, Taiwan Isl
4、and) 用于某些专有名词前 The Palace Museum the National Science Conference 用于表示某人作品、某个牌子的产品名词前 The Ford the Kodak,Indefinite article,泛指某一类人或物中的一个 泛指一类人或物 A semi-conductor has some important properties. 泛指一个人的职业、宗教、身份、民族、年龄 用于表示价格、速度、比率等名词前 80 pounds a kilo twice a day (可以用per特别强调每一个) 表示同一，相同 Birds of a feathe
5、r people of a mind 用于物质名词或抽象名词前，表示一种、一阵、一场、一份、一类、一方面等 This is a better bread than the kind I bought last time. What a heavy rain! A beer, please! 用于称呼前，表示不认识的某某人的意思 A Mr. Wingate phoned and left a message for you. Many years ago a certain merchant arrived in Baghdad. 用于what, such, quite, rather, man
6、y, half等词之后 He is rather a fool. Many a young man wants to speak English.,零冠词,复数名词、不可数名词、专有名词前使用零冠词 Cats do not like cold weather. Money makes the world go round. Business has been improving steadily this year. 用于what和such等词后，复数可数或不可数名词前 What fools they are! We had such problems getting through Cust
7、oms!,冠词三种用法比较,1）语体不同 The+单数可数名词常用语正是文体，如科普文章 不定冠词+单数可数名词或零冠词+不可数名词常用语一般下定义 零冠词+复数可数名词常用语口语语体2）请填空 _ tiger is in danger of becoming extinct. the作类指表示整个类属，a/an作类指表示一类中的任意一个,3）零冠词+复数可数名词作类指表示同一类属中所有不同个体 The cobra is dangerous. (指蛇的一种类别，表示不同于与其他蛇) Cobras are dangerous. (指眼镜蛇类的全体) A cobra is a very dange
8、rous snake. (一条眼镜蛇，作为一个实例),同位语前三种冠词用法比较以下同位语前使用的定冠词、不定冠词或零冠词意义有何不同 1.Do the following usages of articles seem different to you? 2.D.H. Lawrence, an author from Nottingham, wrote a book called Sons and Lovers. 3.D.H. Lawrence, the author of Sons and Lovers, died in 1930. D.H. Lawrence, author of Sons
9、 and Lovers, died in 1930.（第一句意味着读者未曾听说过劳伦斯其人，第二句意味着许多读者听说过劳伦斯，至少知道儿子与情人这部作品，第三句意味着人人都听说过劳伦斯。）,并列词组前冠词的用法,1）若并列词组中的两个名词分别指两个人或物，则在每个名词前都要加冠词 I met a journalist and an author in the club. (指两个人) He has bought an English and a French dictionary. (指两种词典) Read the sixth and the last paragraph of the tex
10、t. （指两段课文） Cf: He has bought an English and French dictionary. Read the sixth and last paragraph of the text.,2）有的并列词组成对出现，之间有一种自然联系，常被视为一个整体，故只需在第一个名词前加a/an A cup and saucer a knife and fork A needle and thread a bow and arrow A coat and tie the king and queen （如果两个事物不是自然成对，则每个冠词前均要用冠词） When you go
11、 on holiday, take a raincoat and a camera.,3）若并列词组中的两个成对事物由独一无二的东西、家庭成员或不可数名词构成，则用零冠词 Day and night husband and wife light and dark young and old pen and ink sun and moon若词组中带两个含有对比意义的并列前置修饰语，词组只需一个冠词，但仍应理解为两种不同的人或物 The old and young men=the old men and the young men The expensive and cheap cars=the
12、 expensive and the cheap cars,a/an和one的用法比较,强调数字概念是用one（重读），不强调数目概念时用a/an（不重读） A short gun is no good. One short gun is no good. The thing will collapse at a blow. The thing will collapse at one blow.One可与day, morning, night等连用，但用a时结构有变化 The ship sank on a stormy night. 用one该用什么结构？ The ship sank one
13、 stormy night.,组织名称或机构等前冠词的使用,Read the following examples to find out the rules for different usages of articles. They are in church just now. I went to the church to see the stained glass. The sick man has been sent to hospital. These boxes of medicine are to be sent to the hospital. In 1930 my fat
14、her was sent to prison without any reason whatsoever. He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures. They were at table when I went in. The worker and his two children are sitting at the table. Go to sea go to the sea Be at sea be at the sea,短语中的冠词,Out of question out of the question Take advice
15、take the advice In front of in the front of Take air take the air Take form take the form of Take place take the place of At cost at the cost of At hand at the hands of Behind time behind the time By day by the day By sea by the sea For good for the good of For money for the money,In future in the f
16、uture In open in the open In secret in the secret In issue in the issue In store in the store In trade in the trade In character in the character of In case of in the case of In charge of in the charge of In course of in the course of In nature in the nature of In possession of in the possession of,
17、In sight of in the sight of In view of in the view of On board on the board On earth on the earth On occasion on the occasion of On watch on the watch Last time the last time Next year the next year,限定词的用法,只与复数可数名词搭配的限定词有： A large/great/good/number of A good/great many (a) few只与不可数名词搭配的限定词有： A great
18、/large/small amount of A great/good deal of A bit of (a) little 与可数和不可数名词均能搭配的限定词有（其后谓语动词分别用复数和单数形式）： Plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a large/small/quantity of, quantities of, enough, most Q: lots of和a lot of有什么区别？,数 词,序数词的某些用法 序数词前一般用定冠词the，有时也用不定冠词，含义为又一次（个） I lost the first two games but I want to
19、try a third game. Well have to do it a second time. When I sat down, a fourth man rose to speak.倍数的表示法 1) N times+名词/代词 The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. Please translate： 第一根试管内水的高度比第二根试管中的浅一半还多。 The depth of water in the first tube is less than half that in the other.,2) N times + as + 形
20、容词/副词 （as） 表示“增加“意义时，可译为是的n倍或比多n-1倍 表示“减少”意义时，可译为是的1/n或比少n-1/n This substance reacts three times as fast as the other one. Please translate： A的质量是B的20%。 Which of the following is the correct statement? She spends money on clothing as half much as I do. She spends half money on clothing as much as I
21、do. She spends half as much money on clothing as I do. 倍数等修饰语通常置于比较级或同级比较结构之前。,3) n times + 比较级 表示“增加”意义时，可译为“比多n倍” 表示“减少”意义时，可译为“是的/1n” The region of depletion is five to six times greater than the region of transition. A body of give mass would weigh six times less on the moon than on the earth.,4
22、) 表示增减意义的动词 + by + n times By后面表示的是净增或净减的倍数。 表示增加的动词：increase, rise, grow, go up 表示减少的动词：decrease, fall, drop, lower Please translate: 今年我们的工业产值比去年增加了两倍。 电视机的价格降低了30%。 The value of our industrial output has increased by twice as compared with that of last year. The price of a TV set dropped by 30%.,
23、5)表示增减意义的动词 + n times 表示增加意义时，可译为“增加了n-1倍”， 表示减少意义时，可译为“减少了n-1/n”或“减少到1/n” The cotton output in the county has increased four times. If there were a bridge here, the distance would be shortened four times.,6) 表示增减意义的动词 + by a factor of + 数字n Please translate: One night on the moon is longer than that on the earth by a factor of 14. The new equipment will reduce the error probability by a factor of 7.7) N fold + 增减意义的名词 Please translate: There is a two-fold increase in production. The advantage of the radio is a three-fold reduction in volume.,
