1、语法专题（一）,名 词,名词要点精讲,名词是高考的热点和难点。从语法和词汇两个方面来考察 其用法，在单项选择、完形、改错中都可感知高考中名词 的考查点。,专有名词主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的 名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的 名词，如：book，sadness等。,名词,专有名词(Proper Nouns),普通名词 (Common Nouns),个体名词(Individual Nouns),集体名词(Collective Nouns),物质名词(Material Nouns),抽象名词(Abstract Nouns),不可数名词(Uncou
2、ntable Nouns),可数名词(Countable Nouns),个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。,Proper Nouns: 指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称,Eg: Diana; Beijing; Americans;English; May; New Years Day,注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写,Common Nouns： 一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,1. Individual Nouns: 指作为个体而存在的人或东西,
3、可以指具体的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments,也可指抽象东西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream,2. Collective Nouns: 表示若干个个体组成的集合体,Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public,集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。,His family _ not large. (be),Cf: His family _ all music lovers. (be),
4、在一些情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。,Eg: The audience was (were) excited by the show.,is,are,有少数集体名词通常用作单数。,Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police.,Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.,个别集体名词则多作复数看待。,Eg: The police are looking for him.,3. Material Nouns: 指无法分为个体的物质。,Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotto
5、n; detergent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil,一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：,1) 有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”,Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 两份）,Three beers, please. (三杯）,It was a special tea. (一种）,2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。,Eg: rains （雨季） sands （沙滩） snows (积雪） waters(海域),4.Abstract Nouns:表示动
6、作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc.,多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。,Eg: Hes learning French for fun.,I wish you good luck.,抽象名词转化为可数名词。,Failure is the mother of success. (失败与成功在此为抽象概念） As a teacher , she is a success, but as a mother, she is a f
7、ailure because she devotes little time to looking after her child. (成功者，失败者，可数),名词的数,不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括 抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如： health, advice, glass, wood, English, America不可数名词作主语，谓语动词须用单数形式。,可数名词有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种：,Notes:,*1:stomach,stomachs,*2:以元音+y或以专有名词+y结尾的名词，直接在词尾加-s. Eg:boys; toys; Henrys,*3
8、: 以元音+o eg: videos; studios 以oo结尾 eg: zoos; bamboos;kangaroos 一些外来词(特别是音乐方面的词) eg: pianos 一些缩写词 eg: kilos; photos; memos 一些专有名词 eg: Eskimos; Filipinos,直接在词尾加-s.,*4:以f/fe结尾只加-s的词： proofs;gulfs; cliffs; roofs;serfs; beliefs; chiefs,handkerchief（手帕，手绢）的复数形式两者都可以。,单复数相同的情况：,sheep; deer; means; fish; wor
9、ks; species; Chinese;Japanese 以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。 Eg: yuan, jiao, fen, jin, mu,只有复数形式的情况：,trousers(裤子); glasses(眼镜); compasses(圆规) a pair of thanks; clothes; remains; goods; people; cattle,复合名词的复数形式：,1.词末+-s : film-goers ; forget-me-nots 2.主体名词变为复数形式： lookers-on; editors-in-chief;sons-in-law 3.两个
10、组成部分皆变为复数： women doctors; men cooks* 这种形式的第一个名词必须是man或woman,不规则复数：,有些外来词的不规则复数形式：,有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。,glass ( 玻璃 ) copper ( 铜 ) tin ( 锡 ) paper ( 纸 ) iron (铁 ) wood ( 木头 ) gold (金子 ) youth (青春 ) power ( 力量 ) beauty ( 美 ) pleasure( 愉快 ) relation(关系）,a glass ( 玻璃杯 ) a copper ( 铜币板 ) a tin ( 罐头 ) a pap
11、er ( 报纸，证件，论文 ) an iron (熨斗 ) a wood ( 树林 ) a gold (金牌 ) a youth (年青人 ) a power ( 大国 ) a beauty ( 美人，美的东西 ) a pleasure( 使人感到愉快的事 ) a relation(亲戚）,英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。,a poem(一首诗 ) a machine(一台机器 ) a job(一件工作 ) a laugh(一个笑声 ) a permit(许可证 ) a garment (一件衣裳 ) a bag(case) (一件行李 ) a loaf (一只面包 ) a hair(
12、一根头发 ),poetry(诗歌总称 ) machinery(机器总称 ) work(工作 ) laughter(笑声 ) permission(允许 ) clothing(衣裳总称 ) luggage, baggage(行李 ) bread(面包 ) hair( 头发),几个名词的特殊用法,hair _. （他的头发是白的。） _. （他有几根白的头发。）,His hair is white,He has a few grey hairs,fruitThe fruit is sweet.He likes pears, peaches, grapes and other fruits.,pol
13、ice The police _ searching for the murderer.,were,dozen, score two (many, several) dozen pencils three _ them / these pencils dozens of students two score of students scores of people,dozen of,word（消息，通知）, man（人类），前面不加冠词，也不用复数形式，谓语用单数。,名词的格,所有格的形式：一般的名词所有格在后面加 s，如：Marys book以 s 结尾的复数名词所有格在后面仅加 ，如： T
14、eachers Day, the students reading-room以 s 结尾的专有名词所有格，如：Engelss works 或Engels works,s 结尾的所有格形式多用于有生命的东西的名词。但有时其它的名词也可以，如：todays newspaper, fifteen minutes ride等与时间有关的名词。 凡不能加 s 构成所有格的名词，都可以与 of 结成短语，来表示所有格关系。就是有生命的东西的名词也可如此，特别是当这个名词有较长的定语时。如：Do you know the name of the girl standing at the gate?,一个名词
15、所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重复。如：This is not my pen, but Marys. 有时某些 s 结尾的所有格形式可以表示地点，如某人的家或店铺、教堂等：We can meet at Marys.He went to his sisters for dinner yesterday.I had the dress made at the tailors at the corner of the street.Last week we visited St. Pauls.,名词所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns),som
16、e patterns:,Ill take the risk for friendships sake. She was at her wits end. Now they could sing at their hearts content. We should get the children out of harms way. We had best keep them at arms length. For goodness sake,stop arguing. Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat.,(为了友谊）,（黔驴技穷）,（尽情地）,
17、（不受损害）,（保持距离）,（看在上帝的份上）,（很合算）,名词在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语等。 名词作定语时，需注意：an enemy soldierseveral _a boy student three _a man teacher three _a woman doctor three _ （一家鞋店）,名词在句子中的作用,enemy soldiers,boy students,men teachers,women doctors,a shoe store,heart trouble snow mountainhearty welcome snowy table-cloth
18、rain drops stone houserainy season stony heartrose gardenrosy facegold ringgolden sunshine/times/age/wedding,用名词作定语和用形容词作定语的比较：,1. _ turn green in spring. (NMET 1986)A. Leaf B. Leafs C. Leave D. Leaves 2. He dropped the _ and broke it.A. cup of coffee B. coffees cupC. cup for coffee D. coffee cup (N
19、MET 1993) 3. I need _ cloth, for Im going to make_ clothes. (上海 1993)A. a lot of; many B. much; much C. many; many D. many; a lot,历年高考试题,4. He gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers. (NMET 1995)A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works 5. Many countries are increasing
20、 their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of _. A. energy B. source C. power D. material(上海 1996) 6. Youll find this map of great _ in helping you to get round London. (NMET 1998)A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness,7. - Who did you spend last weekend with? - _ . (上海 1998)A. Palmers B. The
21、Palmers C. The Palmers D. The Palmers 8. My parents always let me have my own _ of living. (上海 1998)A. way B. method C. manner D. fashion 9. The lion is considered the king of the forestas it is a(n) _ of courage and power. A. example B. sign C. mark D. symbol (上海 1998),10. We volunteered to collect
22、 money to help the _ of the earthquake. (上海 1998) A. victims B. folks C. fellows D. villagers 11. If you dont take away all your things fromthe desk, there wont be enough _ formy stationery. (上海 1998)A. area B. place C. room D. surface 12. It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things b
23、ecause certain acts leadto _ . (上海 2000)A. rewards B. prizes C. awards D. results,13. In the botanic garden we can find a(n) _ of plants that range from tall trees to small flowers. (上海 2001)A. species B. group C. amount D. variety 14. - Can you shoot that bird at the top ofthe tree?- No, its out of
24、 _ . (上海 2001) A. range B. reach C. control D. distance 15. The life of London is made up of many different _ . (上海 2001) A. elements B. sections C. material D. realities,16. For the sake of her daughters health, she decided to move to a warm _ . A. weather B. temperature C. season D. climate (上海 20
25、02) 17. To regain their _ after an exhaustinggame, the players lay in the grass. (上海 2002)A. force B. energy C. power D. health 18. I saw Bob play the piano at Johns party and on that _ he was simply brilliant.A. scene B. circumstance C. occasion D. situation (上海 2002),19. It cant be a(n) _ that fou
26、r jewelrystores were robbed in one night. (上海 2002)A. coincidence B. accident C. incident D. chance 20. According to the recent research, heavy coffee drink and heart attack is notnecessarily _ and effect. (上海 2002)A. reason B. impact C. fact D. cause 21. - Im sorry I stepped outside for a smoke. I
27、was very tired.- There is no _ for this while youare on duty. (上海 2003) A.reason B.excuse C.cause D.explanation,22. The manager has got a good business_ so the company is doing well. Aidea Bsense Cthought Dthinking (2003北京春季) 23. Dont leave matches or cigarettes on thetable within _ of little childr
28、en. (2004湖北)A. hand B. reach C. space D. distance 24. The environmentalists and wild goats _ on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment. (2004上海)A. escape B. absence C. attendance D. appearance,25. The village is far away from here indeed. Its _ walk. (2004上海春季)A . a four hour B. a four hoursC. a four-hours D. a four hours 26. I have read the material several times butit doesnt make any _ to me. A. meaning B. importance C. sense D. significance(2004上海春季),
