1、,考 向 聚 焦,名词的数,1.可数名词的数 规则变化见p.170，这里主要讲其不规则变化。 (1)单、复数同形。如：means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chinese，Japanese，sheep，works(工厂)，cattle。 (2)改变元音或辅音的名词。如：footfeet，toothteeth，manmen，womanwomen，mousemice。,(3)合成名词的复数。 规则: 若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数。 如： boyfriendboyfriends， gobetweengobetweens(中间人)， grownupgr
2、ownups。,2.不可数名词的数 (1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下： 抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。,抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。 A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. Would you like to have a walk (swim，bath，talk) with me? It is a waste of time reading such a novel. S
3、he made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.,(2)物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类之多时，可以用作可数名词。 物质名词有形或数的相应物体时，有单、复数。如： some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡 some drink一些饮料，a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料； his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发； glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。,1.表示有生命的东西的名词，所有格一般在名词后加“s”，其构成形式如下：
4、 (1)一般名词后加“s”。 my brothers bag，Childrens Day,(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词的所有格，通常在名词右上方加“”。 the workers club工人俱乐部 two hours walk两个小时的散步 the students diningroom学生餐厅 (3)以s结尾的专有名词所有格，若以读音z结尾，一般可在名词右上方加“”，也可加“s”，其读音分别为z、Iz，Dickens /Dickenss book；但若不以读音z结尾，则仍用“s”，如Rosss book。,(4)复合名词所有格的词尾“s”加在后面名词之后。 a soninlaws phot
5、os 女婿的照片 (5)如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后一个名词后加“s”；如果不是共有的，两个名词后都要加“s”。 Jane and Marys room(共有) Janes and Toms books(不共有)Janes book and Toms book (6)起修饰作用的名词，如不表示所有关系，通常用单数形式而不用“s”。 room number，coffee cups，book club，word order， student life,2表示无生命的东西的名词，通常采用“of名词”的结构来表示所有关系。 the gate of the school，the window of
6、 the room 3有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加“s”来构成所有格。 Chinas industry，the stations waiting room，todays newspaper,4当表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常用“of名词s/名词性物主代词”的形式来表示所有关系。of后面的名词一般都表示人，不能表示物。 that book of Li Mings，two friends of my brothers，a few friends of Li Mings，the cover of the book 5复合名词或短语，
7、“s”加在最后一个词的词尾。 a month or twos absence,6. 所有格的句法功能 表所有关系 Jacks brother 表主谓关系 Mr Wangs praise 表动宾关系 the famous stars admirers 表修饰关系 a doctors degree 表同位关系(只用of所有格)the city of Beijing,名词作定语要注重习惯搭配，常见的习惯搭配归类如下： 1表示分类意义的名词作定语。 woman driver 女司机 telephone number 电话号码 school education 学校教育 baby speech 婴儿语
8、coffee cup 咖啡杯子 air pollution 空气污染 2表示时间、地点、称呼等的名词常直接作定语。 summer camp 夏令营 street light 路灯 village people 村民 book store 书店 Nobel Prize 诺贝尔奖,3表示目的、手段、原料、来源、所属等意义的名词作定语。 milk bottle 奶瓶 lunch room 午餐室 shoe store 鞋店 straw hat 草帽 tooth brush 牙刷 stamp collection 集邮 4名词直接作定语时，通常用单数形式。 Lets stop by the book
9、store(书店)on the way home. 5man，woman，gentleman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。 The man doctor said that two women doctors(女医生)would come to our village the next day.,6数词名词构成的复合形容词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。 a tenmile walk 十里路 a fiveyear plan 一个五年计划 7单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。 Learning Skills Center学习技巧中心
10、Beijing Foreign Languages Institute北京外国语学院 the Boys Club男孩俱乐部 jobs cut就业率下降,8表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。 a peasant family/boy(peasant习惯直接作定语) a workers family(worker习惯用所有格作定语),1. award，prize，reward award指为鼓励在工作中达到或完成所提出的要求或条件的人而进行的奖励，往往强调荣誉而不在乎奖品的大小或奖金的多少，多指奖状或其他表彰物。 prize指赢得比赛所获得的奖金或有价值的东西。 rew
11、ard指对某人的工作或服务等的报答。也指因帮助警察抓到罪犯或帮助失主找到东西而得到的赏金、报酬。,He won the award for the best students of the year. 他获本年度优秀学生奖。 A prize was given to the person who had the winning number. 奖品奖给了那个获得中奖号码的人。 He received a medal as a reward for his courage. 他得到了一枚奖章，作为对他勇气的奖赏。,2. cost，price，charge，expense cost“原价，成本”，
12、包括对某物所付出的一切费用及时间、劳力等的代价。 price“价格”，指商品出售时所定的价钱，尤指卖主所要求的价钱。 charge“费用，花费”，尤指给予服务后索要的费用。 expense“费用”，常用复数，尤指大量的花费、支出，如求学、旅行、建设、战争等的费用。,A new computer system has been installed at a cost of $8,000. 新的计算机系统已经安装，费用为8000美元。 We had to raise our prices because of the rising costs. 因为成本日益上涨我们不得不提高价格。 Deliver
13、y is free of charge. 免费送货。 He said the office expenses were too big. 他说办公室的花费太大了。,3. scene，scenery，view，sight scene(戏剧中的)一场；(电影、书中的)场景；(某地方或图画中的)景色；(事故或罪行的)发生地点、现场；情景，景象。 scenery指一个国家或地区的整体自然风景，是不可数名词。 view表示视野、眼界，常指从某一固定位置看到的景色。 sight侧重指旅游观光的风光，包括城市景色或自然风光。也指人造景物或奇特的景色。,We climbed higher so that we
14、 might see the scenes better. 我们又往高处爬以便能更好地欣赏这景色。When we came to the lake，we stopped to admire the scenery. 来到湖边的时候，我们停下来欣赏美景。 You will get a fine view of the town from the top of the hill. 在小山顶上，你能很好地欣赏到小镇的全貌。 The sunset was a very beautiful sight. 那落日真是一幅美景。,4. mark，sign，signal，symbol mark“标志，标记”，
15、含义广泛，指事物留下的深刻印迹或某物上用于辨别该物品的附属物，比sign更侧重于区别性或揭示性的标志，有时不一定十分直观或明显。 sign“记号，标记”，用法最广，可指符号，也可指情绪、性格的直观显示，还可指具体的用于识别或指示的标志。如指示牌、卡片等。该单词还有“征兆，迹象”之意。 signal“信号”，常指约定俗成的、用于传达某些信息的信号，也指灯光、声音或信号标志。 symbol“象征，符号”，指被人们选出的物体或图案，用来代表另一事物，并作为该事物的标记或象征。,He has a horse with a white mark on its head. 他有一匹马，头上有一块白斑。 S
16、he put her finger to her lips as a sign to be quiet. 她将手指放在唇上表示应安静。 We live too far from the city to get a strong television signal. 我们住的地方离城里太远，电视信号不强。 She had a silver peace symbol hanging on a chain around her neck. 她有一个银制的和平标志挂在项链上。,5. fault，weakness，mistake，error fault多指性格上的弱点、行为上的过失，强调过失所导致应承担
17、的责任。 weakness指弱点或不足之处，很少具有特殊的词义色彩。 mistake指“错误；误会，误解”，多指缺乏正确理解造成行动或认识上的错误。 error比较正式，可指品德上的错误，或指按某一既定标准而发现的错误。如：印刷错误、笔误、计算错误、技术错误、语法错误等。,Its your fault to make such a mistake. 是你的过失导致了这样的错误。 We all have our little weakness. 我们都有小的弱点。 There is no mistake about it. 那是正确无误的。 Please pardon any error tha
18、t you may discover in my letter. 信中如有错误，请原谅。,6. condition, situation, state condition意为“条件，情况，状况”，其单数形式是指人或物所处的状况，这时与state意义相近，常可互换，但condition还常指由于一定原因或条件造成的状态，如人的健康状况、事物的完好程度或设备的可用性等。复数形式多指一般、笼统的情况。 situation指某一时间由于各种情况造成的“处境，形势”。 state指人或事物所处的状态或状况，常和condition换用，此外，state还常表示思想、感情、心理等状态。,Ive had no
19、 exercise for ages，and Im really out of condition. 我好久不运动，身体欠佳。 He found himself in an embarrassing situation. 他发现自己处于尴尬的境地。 They were silent a long time，in a state of painful hesitating and doubt. 他们处于一种痛苦的踌躇与疑虑状态中，长时间相对无言。,7. power，strength，force，energy power主要指做事所依靠的能力、功能，也可指人或机器等事物潜在的或发挥出来的力量，还可
20、以指职权或政权。 strength指固有的潜力。说人时，指“力气”；说物时，指“强度”。 force主要指自然界的力量；暴力、势力以及法律、道德或感情的力量；军事力量等。 energy主要指人的精力或自然界中的能量。,Congress has the power to declare war. 国会有权宣战。 The engineers have perfect confidence in the strength of the bridge. 工程师们对这座桥的强度有绝对把握。 The police had to use force to drive away the crowd. 警察只好
21、使用武力驱散人群。 The Gulf War created a temporary energy crisis. 海湾战争造成了暂时的能源危机。,8. method，manner，way，means method是可数名词，特指系统的方法、方式。 manner通常用单数形式，主要表示个人喜欢采用的方式，而且manner不用于表示传统或习俗所形成的方式、方法。 way可数名词，最常用，可以用来代替前面的任何一个词。其后可以接不定式，也可以接“of动名词”。 means单复数形式相同，当该词前加a，this，that，every等时，表单数意义；当前面加such，these，those，all等
22、时，表复数意义。means多指抽象的或概括性的方法。 “用这种方式”可以用下列短语：in this way，with this method，by this means，in this manner,It cannot be questioned that the new method is superior to the old one. 新方法比旧方法好，这是毫无疑问的。 I dont object to what she says，but I strongly disapprove of her manner of saying it. 我不反对她说的话，但我很反感她说这话的方式。 Th
23、ey admired the way she dealt with the crisis. 他们很佩服她处理危机的方法。 The quickest means of travel is by plane. 最快的旅行方式是乘坐飞机。,名词与语法填空,在语法填空中，对于名词的考查主要涉及可数名词的复数、名词的所有格以及词类变换。,典题试做1,用括号内所给词的正确形式填空 1.In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their (able) to “air condition” a
24、 house without using electric equipment. (2015全国) 解析 形容词性物主代词their之后应当用名词，故将able转化为其名词形式ability。,ability,2.Id skipped nearby Guilin，a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese (painting).(2015全国) 解析 由于
25、该名词由so many修饰，故填该名词的复数形式paintings。,paintings,3.While there are amazing stories of instant transformation，for most of us the (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work，like cleaning up a polluted river.Just be patient. (2014新课标全国) 解析 考查名词复数。前面是定冠词the，因此后面要用名词，再由谓语动词are可知此空要用其名词的复数形式，故填
26、changes。,changes,4.I feel my legs shaking.I cannot do this any longer.Unbelievable！Oh.，if you dont mind，Ill stop and take a deep .(2014辽宁) 解析 考查根据上下文语境填词。根据语境可知，说话者对于现在正在进行的活动感到体力不支，因此需要停下来深吸一口气。take a deep breath深吸一口气。,breath,5.But Jane knew from past experience that her (choose) of ties hardly eve
27、r pleased her father.(2009广东) 解析 空格前有形容词性物主代词，所以空格处应填名词，choose的名词形式是choice。,choice,应对策略1,首先要弄清数与格，即名词是否该用复数，是否要用所有格；其次，注意有关名词的构词法，即有关名词的词类转换。这就要求考生要搞清楚名词在句中作什么成分，近几年常考名词作主语、宾语、表语的情况。,名词与短文改错,短文改错中对于名词的考查最可能考查名词的数与格。汉语中的名词在形式上没有复数变化，而是通过在其前加数词或量词等方式来表示。而英语则不同，除了在名词前加数词外，如果是可数名词，还须用其名词复数形式，而不可数名词没有复数形
28、式。其次名词的考查还会涉及词性转换方面的错误。,典题试做2,单句改错(每小题1处错误) 1.The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.(2015全国) 解析 由后面的定语从句we breathe in可知，此处先行词的意思是“空气”，air当“空气”讲时为不可数名词。故airs改为air。 答案 airsair,2.One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent.It was.his parents were missing.Tony saw his p
29、arents.(2015全国) 解析 从后文可以看出Tony的父母一起和他去的购物中心，后文两次出现parents，所以应该将parent改为parents。 答案 parentparents,3.As I told you last time，I made three new friend here.(2015四川) 解析 名词friend为可数名词，其前有three修饰，需要用复数形式，故把friend改成friends。 答案 friendfriends 4.My old classroom was interesting because three side of the classr
30、oom were made from glass.(2015浙江) 解析 前面有three修饰，故side要用复数形式sides。 答案 sidesides,5.Mum taught me some basic step of baking.(2015陕西) 解析 根据前面的some可知，step应该用复数形式。 答案 stepsteps 6.For example，we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day.(2014新课标全国) 解析 由one and a half可知，h
31、our应用复数形式。 答案 第一个hourhours,7.Weve called several time about Cleos early morning barking.(2014辽宁) 解析 time在此处意为“次数”，为可数名词，再根据前面的several可知，应用times。答案 timetimes 8.This made for the grow in the porcelain industry.(2013新课标全国) 解析 定冠词the后面应跟名词形式，故grow应改为growth。答案 growgrowth,9.He has ruined his healthy.(2013
32、辽宁) 解析 在形容词性物主代词后应用名词，所以应把healthy改为health。答案 healthyhealth 10.When I finally arrived at my friend he lent me lots of clothes.(2011新课标全国) 解析 根据句意可知，当我最后到达“我朋友的家”(my friends)时，他借给我许多衣服。故friend应改为friends。答案 friendfriends,应对策略2,遇到名词首先注意区分它是可数名词还是不可数名词；其次还可以根据名词前的修饰语或谓语动词的单复数来判断。此外，还要注意名词的所有格以及名词的句法功能，判断
33、是否存在词性转换方面的错误。,书面表达中名词易错点聚焦,1.写作中对于复数名词易疏漏s或es，如： (误)Id love to make friend with you. (误)All the picture displayed are of great value. 2.部分名词的复数变化错误，如：familys，knifes，difficultys，pianoes，heros，woman doctors，tooths，childrens，medias。,3.部分词性易混作名词，如：,4.可数与不可数名词混淆。如：,返回,真 题 精 选,12012江苏卷Can I help you with
34、 it? I appreciate your _， but I can manage it myself. A. advice B. question C. offer D. idea 解析：考查名词辨析。句意：“我能帮你吗？”“我很感激你的好意，但是我自己能完成。”offer意为“主动提议，建议”，符合语境。 答案：C,22012江西卷Youd better write down the phone number of that restaurant for future _. A. purpose B. reference C. progress D. memory 解析：考查名词辨析。句
35、意：你最好把那家餐馆的电话号码写下来以便将来查看。reference“查看，查阅”，符合句意。 答案：B,32012湖北卷It is important to have your eyes examined regularly to check for any sign of eye disease that may not have any _. A. symptom B. similarity C. sample D. shadow 解析：考查名词辨析。句意：定期去医院检查眼睛，看有没有出现不大可能有症状的那些眼病，这是重要的。根据句意可知，应选A，表示“症状”。 答案：A,42012湖北
36、卷The officer insisted that Michael did not follow the correct _ in applying for a visa. A. pattern B. procedure C. program D. perspective,解析：考查名词辨析。句意：官员坚持说，Michael在申请签证的时候没有遵循正确的程序。pattern“模式，方式”；procedure“程序，手续，步骤”；program“节目，计划”；perspective“态度，观点”。此处表示“正确的程序或步骤”，因此选B。 答案：B,52011福建卷The lack of eco
37、friendly habits among the public is thought to be a major _ of global climate change. A. result B. cause C. warning D. reflection 解析：考查名词辨析。“公众缺乏环保的习惯”和“全球气候变化”二者之间是因果关系，所以用cause。句意：公众缺乏环保的习惯被认为是全球气候变化的一个主要原因。 答案：B,62011浙江卷Anyway，I cant cheat himits against all my _. A. emotions B. principles C. reg
38、ulations D. opinions 解析：考查名词辨析。句意：无论怎样，我不能欺骗他那是违背我的原则的，由此可知此处选principles表示“行为准则”。emotion“情感”；regulation“法规，规则”；opinion“观点，看法”，都不符合句意。 答案：B,72011江苏卷Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional _. A. consequence B. independence C. competence D. intelligenc
39、e 解析：考查名词辨析。句意：为了保持专业能力，老师需要不断地更新他们的知识。competence“能力”，符合句意。consequence“结果”；independence“独立”；intelligence“智力”，均不符合句意。 答案：C,过 关 演 练,.单句语法填空 1.He had witnessed too many (die) and wounds at the Battle of Solferino in Italy four years earlier，in which 40,000 people were killed，wounded or missing. 解析 考查词性
40、转换。这里指的是“死亡”，是可数名词，在句中作及物动词witness的宾语，空前的too many暗示应用death的复数形式。,deaths,2.Apples new machine，the Lisa，proved to be an expensive (fail). 解析 考查派生词的用法。从空前的“an expensive”可知此处缺少一个名词，故填failure。failure在此处意为“失败的事”，为可数名词。 3.I ran into my neighbor，Dennis，yesterday afternoon.He asked if I wanted two tickets to
41、 the theater.He had season tickets but couldnt go to this (perform). 解析 根据this的提示可知，此处应该使用perform的名词形式。,failure,performance,4.Tourism should also advance the wealth and_ (happy) of local inhabitants. 解析 根据and平行关系及其前名词wealth可知，应填happy的名词形式。 5.These people have made great _(contribute) to China with t
42、heir work. 解析 考查固定短语make contributions to“对作贡献”。,happiness,contributions,6.They get advice from “ (strange)”.When they need advice，they dont usually go to people they know. 解析 考查名词的复数。根据下一句中的“dont”及“people they know”可知，空处意为“陌生人(stranger)”。stranger为可数名词，其前面没有限定词，应填复数形式。 7.My first (impress) of him wa
43、s that he was a kind and thoughtful young man. 解析 形容词性物主代词my之后应当用名词，故应填impress的名词形式impression。,strangers,impression,8.Those who suffer from headache will find they get(relieve) from this medicine. 解析 动词get后缺少宾语，故应用relieve的名词形式relief。get relief from因得到缓解。 9.Why do you choose to work in an internation
44、al travel agency?Well，you know，English is my(strong).So it is my best choice. 解析 分析句子结构可知，谓语动词is后缺少表语，故应填strong的名词形式strength。,relief,strength,.单句改错(每小题1处错误) 1.Within the next few minute，my grandfather also caught a fish. 答案 minuteminutes 2.You told me the name of different plants and their character
45、istics. 答案 namenames 3.Mom，I know I have never expressed my thank to you before. 答案 thankthanks 4.The food was wonderful with reasonable prices，and we enjoyed several local dish. 答案 dishdishes,5.Another way is to watch our everyday use of water and electric at home. 答案 electricelectricity6.From the
46、time I was about four until I was about six，I destroyed each of my toy. 答案 toytoys7.We，as well as animal，cannot live without water and neither agriculture nor industry can go without it. 答案 animalanimals,8.In early January this year，the rate of UFO reports was steady，around three per weeks. 答案 weeks
47、week 9.Tom was having much troubles getting up in the morning and was always late for work. 答案 troublestrouble 10.It felt very strange to travel without any luggages. 答案 luggagesluggage,.语法填空 名词专练 Born on August 23,1988 in America，Jeremy ShuHow Lin is a professional basketball 1. (play) with the Hus
48、ton Rockets 2. the National Basketball Association (NBA).But，to some degree，many Chinese fans and 3. (coach) take him as a Chinese guy or at least are willing to imagine him 4. Chinese just because he has a typical Chinese face and his parents were born in China.,player,of,coaches,a,答案,Jeremy Lin ha
49、s recently become 5. success and attracted the worlds 6. (attend)，which gives Chinese people a lot of 7. (imagine) and pride.As we know，in most 8. (people) eyes，Jeremy is a miracle. In June,2012，when Jeremy took his third trip to China，a large crowd came to meet him，among whom there were various fans including some 9. (family)，some children and even some 10. (woman) players.,
