1、主语从句与同位语从句,What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water
2、 allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. . it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life. Why disappeared still remains a mystery. So whether life will continue
3、on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.,Subject clauses in the reading passage,同位语,I dont know about the man, Mr. White.,I dont know about the fact that he is a teacher.,主 语,His job is important.,What he does is important.,主语从句,同位语从句,在功能上相当于名词在主句
4、中担任主语、同位语 的名词性从句分别叫做主语从句和同位语从句。,Subject Clauses 主语从句,Conjunctions of Noun Clauses （引导主语从句的关联词）：,what(ever), which(ever); who(ever), whom(ever), whose,that, whether,when(ever), where(ver), how(ever), why,不用if,that不可省略,_ is certain.（我们将迟到了） 2. _ is known to all. (地球是圆的) 3. _ is a pity.(你错过了这次机会),That
5、the earth is round,That you missed the chance,引导词,That we shall be late,_ hurts him so much. （她离开他 ）,一. that 只起引导作用，不充当主语从句中成分，没有意义，但不能省略。,That she left him,二. whether “是否”，不做主语从句中成分，源于一般疑问句；“if” 不能引导主语从句。,引导词,_ is not easy to say(他是否会来这儿）.,Whether he will come here,( If he will come here . ),_ is m
6、ore practice.（我们所需要的）,_ is under discussion.,四. 连接副词 when 等在从句中作状语。,What we need,When we will begin the meeting,三. 连接代词what 等在从句中作主语、宾语等。,注意一:主语从句后置! 为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语. 1. That the earth is round is known to all.2. That you missed the chance is a pity., It is a pity that you
7、missed the chance., Its known to all that the earth is round.,这样就构成了下面一些常用句型: It is +adj./ n. (strange/ a pity/) + that It is + v.-ed (said/ reported) + that ,连词 whether, 连接代词 what, who, which和连接副词 when, where, why, how 等引导主语从句,也常后置:,It is still a puzzle who it was that told him the secret yesterday
8、.,Who will do it _ been decided(have/ has). What he needs _ that book. What he needs _ some books.,is,are,注意三: what 与 that 引导主语从句的区别:,what引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语等，有疑问含义；而that在从句中只起连接作用，只有陈述含义。,(1) _ you said yesterday is right. (2) _ she is still alive is a fact.,What,That,注意二:主语从句对应的主句谓语动词一般用单
9、数。但what/ who等引导主语从句时，主句谓语单复数要根据语境决定。,1. It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning gray.A. whether B. that C. what D. when 2. What I say and think _ none of your business.A. is B. are C. has D have 3. _ he needs _ more people to help him.A. That, are B. That, isC. What, is D. What, are,ExerciseMult
10、iple choices,4. _ he made an important speech at the meeting was true.A. That B. Why C. What D. How,5. _ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather .A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where,6. _ is known to us all is that the USA is a developed country _ the First World.A. Which; belongs to B. As, bel
11、onged to C. What; belonging to D. It; belonging to,主语从句改错,1. Whoever makes such a mistake he is foolish. 2. What the boy didnt take medicine made his mother angry. 3. If well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.,),That,Whether,Correct or not?,(,(,(,),),_,_,Correct or not?,Pay attention:此主语从句缺
12、少成分-宾语，故用可作宾语成分的what（指事物，无选择对象范围含义）来引导，而不用that（只起引导从句的作用，不做成分）。,What she wants to know is.,*That she wants to know is when the party will be held .,Correct or not?,Pay attention:由that引导的主语从句中引导词that 不能省略。,That Tom will give up ,*Tom will give up his job surprises us all.,Correct or not?,*When the me
13、eting will be held havent been known yet.,. hasnt been known yet.,Pay attention:主语从句对应的主句的谓语动词一般用单数形式，特殊情况分析语境。,* This is a pity that we wont have you with us in the trip.,Correct or not?,It is a pity that,Pay attention: 形式主语必须为it，而不能是this或that等。,Correct or not?,Pay attention:注意虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用！demand
14、, order, require, insist, suggest, advise等动词后的宾语从句，或demand, order, suggestion等对应的主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，谓语要用(should) + do/ be done 的形式。,It is suggested that we should put off.,*It is suggested that we would put off the sports meeting because of the bad weather.,Correct or not?,Pay attention:注意虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使
15、用！在It is necessary/ important/ natural/ . that句型中，主语从句的谓语要用should + do 的形式。,It is important that we should finish,*It is important that we will finish the work on time.,Appositive Clauses 同位语从句,The Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China./ We heard the news last night.,_,We heard the news
16、 last night that the Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China.,_,_,组句练习：,同指/ 同一关系,同位语从句,The suggestion that Chinese students should be given more free time is welcomed by many people, especially kids in school.,Chinese students should be given more free time.The suggestion is welcomed by m
17、any people, especially kids in school.,_,_,_,_,组句练习：,同指/ 同一关系,同位语从句,同位语从句跟在某些抽象名词后面，对该名词作进一步解释说明。 常用名词有belief, fact, idea, hope, news, doubt, result, thought, information, opinion等。特别关注suggestion, order, demand, advice等抽象名词对应的同位语从句中常使用虚拟语气。,同位语定义：同位语从句一般放在某些名词后面，用以 说明名词所表示的具体内容，作主句中的同位语。,Conjunction
18、s of Noun Clauses （引导同位语从句的关联词）：,what(ever), which(ever); who(ever), whom(ever), whose,that, whether,when(ever), where(ver), how(ever), why,不用if,that不可省略,1. The news _ we won the competition is very encouraging.2. I have no idea _ has happened to him.,Fill in the blanks:,what,that,1.We expressed the
19、 hope that had been existing in our hearts. 2.We expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.,定语从句,同位语从句,区别that引导的同位语从句和定语从句,A: The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year. B: The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.,A: He put forward the suggestion that
20、the second question should be discussed first. B: The suggestion that he had put forward was turn down.,仔细看，找区别,定语从句,同位语从句,同位语从句,定语从句,A: We dont understand the problem why this is the best choice. B: The reason why he didnt come to the meeting is that he is ill.,A: I have no idea when they will come
21、. B: Ill never forget the days when I lived there.,仔细看，找区别,the days,idea,(同位语从句),（定语从句）,the problem,the reason,(同位语从句),（定语从句）,The Differences Between Appositive clauses and Attributive Clauses,怎样区别 同位语从句与定语从句,一、同位语从句与定语 从句的相似之处,1、两种从句都可以译成“的” eg.,The news that our team has won the final match is enc
22、ouraging. （同位语从句） 我们队取得决赛胜利的消息令人鼓舞。The news that you told us is really encouraging.（定语从句） 你告诉我们的消息真的令人鼓舞。,一、同位语从句与定语 从句的相似之处,2、两种从句都可以用that引导 eg.,The suggestion that students should learn something practical is worth considering. （同位语从句） 学生应该学些实用的东西的建议值得考虑。The suggestion that is worth considering is
23、 that the students should learn something practical.（定语从句） 值得考虑的建议是学生应该学些实用的东西。,二、同位语从句与定语 从句的不同之处,1、从句的作用不同：同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容；定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的名词。,eg. The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging. （从句说明“消息”的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。）The news that you told us is really encouraging. （从句对“消息”加以限定
24、：是你告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道。但消息是何内容却不得而知。）,二、同位语从句与定语 从句的不同之处,2、引导从句的关联词that的功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分。,eg.1) Dad made a promise that he would buy me CD player if I passed the English test. （that 不充当任何成分）2) Dad made a promise that excited all his children. （that指代promi
25、se，又在从句中充当主语。）,二、同位语从句与定语 从句的不同之处,3、that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，故 不能用which替换；而that引导定于从句时是 代词，常可以和另一关系代词which替换。,eg. The fact that he is from Canada is new to me. （that不可换为which）The fact that surprised me is that he is not Chinese. （第一个that可换为which，第二个不行，因为它引导的是表语从句。）,二、同位语从句与定语 从句的不同之处,4、引导同位语从句关连词，除that外，还
26、可 以根据句义使用任何其它疑问代词或副词； 而定语从句不可用what, how, whether等引导。,eg. I had no idea at all what I should do next. There is no proof whether he was killed by others.,判断:定语从句or同位语从句,1.The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 2.The order that we received yesterday
27、was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 3.The news that he will leave for Shanghai is true.4.The question that we discussed yesterday is a difficult one.,(定语从句),(同位语从句),(同位语从句),(定语从句),1. Some researchers believe that there is no doubt _ a cure for AIDS will be found. A. which
28、B. that C. what D. whether 2. A warm thought suddenly came to me _ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mothers birthday A. if B. when C. that D. which 3. Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class _ he had to meet his uncle at the airport. A. why B. that C. where
29、D. because,典例题解,Tips: 1. 观察从句前的名词为同位语从句常用抽象名词。 2. 抓出从句主干，成分优先。 3. 兼顾语境和从句的来源。,4. Along with the letter was his promise _ he would visit me this coming Christmas.A. which B. that C. what D. whether 5. Danby left a word with my secretary _ he would call again in the afternoon. A. who B. that C. as D.
30、which 6. Word has come _ some American guests will come for a visit to our college next week. A. what B. which C. when D. that,1. Heres an announcement _ the winner at chess can get a prize of 1,000 yuan. A. that B. why C. whether D. when 2. Its a question _ he did it. A. what B. that C. how D. if 3
31、. The dream _ we are flying in space has finally been realized by a Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei. A. when B. that C. which D. what 4. They rumor spread _ a new school would be built. A. that B. what C. where D. which,ExerciseMultiple choices,5. The question _ it is right or wrong depends on the resu
32、lt. A. if B. which C. that D. whether 6. I have a question _ student should take the responsibility. A. that B. which C. what D. if 7. They expressed the suggestion _ she accept the award. A. what B. when C. that D. which,Tip:在某些名词（demand, suggestion, advice等）后的同位语从句要用虚拟语气！,同位语从句改错,Correct or not?,The fact which she broke his word again surprised all of us.,_,The fact that that ,Pay attention:同位语从句来源于对事实的陈述，不缺成分且无疑问含义，引导词要用that。,Correct or not?,Pay attention:同位语从句的引导词that 不能省略。,He expressed his hope that he would,*He expressed his hope he would visit China again.,Homework,Thank you!,
