1、非谓语动词疑难问题详解一、 非谓语动词各种形式所表表示的时间概念：(1) 如用“(to) do”，表该动作是重复性的或将要做的，如：I often see him draw. 我经常看见他画画。He is said to come tomorrow. 据说他明天来。(2) 如用“to be doing”，表该动作正在进行，如：I am excited to be performing on the stage. 在舞台上表演我很激动。He pretended to be reading when the teacher came in . (3) 如用“to be done”，强调该动作是被执
2、行。He was said to be sent to abroad.(4) 如用“to have done”或“to have been done”，表该动作已完成，如：Im sorry to have kept you so long. 对不起让你久等了。(5) 如用 being done,则可表时三种意思。A. 作主语，表被动 Being admitted to Beijing University is my dream. B. 作宾语( 在少数动词或介词后) ，表被动。Do you mind being left alone at home? Im worried about bei
3、ng left alone at home. C. 作定语，表被动(正在被) The building being built is a lab. (6) having done 表示的时间在谓语动词所表示的时间之前，且表主动，常用作句子的状语。Having finished his homework , he went out to play.(7) having been done 谓语动词所表示的时间之前，且表被动，用作句子的状语Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has
4、 many plants and animals not found anywhere else in the world. 二、 几种非谓语动词用法比较： 一、句法功能比较 以动词 make 为例，把这四种非谓语动词在句中所作的成分总结如下：主动语态 被动语态 句法功能make一般式 进行式 完成式 一般式 完成式 主 宾 表 定 状 补不定式 to writeto be makingto have madeto be madeto have been made ing形式 making having madebeing madehaving been made 过去分词 made 非谓语动
5、词的时态非谓语动词虽不是谓语，但仍然是动词的一种形式，在句子仍有着自己的时态。-ing 形式（以 do 为例）：主 .动 被 .动一 般 式 doing being done完 成 式 having done having been done动词不定式（以 do 为例）：主 动动被 动一般式 to do to be done 进 行式 to be doing 完 成式 to have done to have been done分词的用法I作状语: 表示时间、原因、方式和伴随状态。在表示时间、原因时相当于一个状语从句，在表示方式和伴随及结果时没有相当的状语从句代替。1. Bitten by t
6、he dog, the girl cried loudly.2. Helped by his friends, he could finish the work very easily.3. Pushed by the air, the balloon flied into the sky.4. Although shot several times, he still fought bravely with his enemy.5. Once bitten by a snake, he was very afraid of all the crawling things6. Although
7、 Questioned and tortured by the enemy, he never gave in.7. Working in the cotton field, they talked and laughed happily.8. Looking out of the window, he saw a lot of dinosaurs running through the main street.9. Once, while working n a new invention, Edison made 8,000 tests without success.10. Being
8、a student, we have a lot of responsibilities.(duties)11. Opening the door of your heart, youll find a wonderful world.12. Having lived in the lonely house for ten years, he hardly knew what the outside word was.II. 作定语；单个分词作定语,放在被修饰词的前面; 分词短语作定语放在被修饰词的后面。1. Crusoe lit a fire and from it took a burni
9、ng stick.2. Dont read in a moving car or bus.3. Running water never smells.4. I want get a shining star for you as a gift.5. A smiling face doesnt necessarily mean happiness.6. UFO is considered to be aliens flying machine.7. Falling leaves and fallen leaves are different.8. Sometimes a broken cup i
10、s more expensive than a new cup.9. The old man lived in the deserted castle.10. The newspaper printed in the 17th century is very valuable.11. The elephants living in Africa are different from the ones in Asia.The fish swimming through the water plants are very ugly.(一) 关于动词不定式的考点考点一：在下列情况下常用不带（或省略）
11、to 的动词不定式：1. 感官动词后面：feel， listen， hear， look at， notice， see， watch， observe， perceive2. 表示使役意义的动词，如：have， let， make3. 一些情态动词后面：had better， would ratherthan，would soonerthan，rather than， may well do，may as well do （还是好了） ，can not but，can not help but4. 在 do （did， does， done） nothing （ anything， ever
12、ything ）but （except） doI can do nothing but follow your advice.如果 but 或 except 之前没有 do，其后的 to 不能省略。There is no choice but to wait and see.5. 由 all， what 引导的主语从句或者主语被 only， first， one， least 或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中含有 do 时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去 to.What I have to do is take a rest.The only thing I could do was do
13、 it myself.（二）关于动名词的考点考点一：直接接动名词做宾语的动词和词组: admit， avoid， advise， allow， appreciate， consider， delay， deny， dislike， encourage， enjoy， escape， excuse， fancy， feel like， finish， forbid， forgive， imagine， involve， mind， miss， permit， postpone， practise， prevent， propose， resist， risk， stop， give up， ca
14、nt help， cant stand， suggest注意：上述动词中 allow， advise， forbid， permit， recommend 在有人作宾语时，则后接不定式作宾语补足语。如：allow somebody to do something考点二：下列短语中 to 为介词，后面只能接动名词或名词。apply to, look forward to, be familiar to, with regard to, oweto, be faithful to, turn to, get down to, be opposed to, be sensitive to, live
15、 up to, in relation to, admit to, be devoted to, owing to, thanks to, object toI am looking forward to seeing you again.我盼着再见到你。考点三：在 demand， deserve， need， require， want， worth 等词后面接动名词表示被动的意思，即用主动形式表示被动意义。如果接不定式，必须用不定式的被动形式。考点四：在下列 it 作形式主语或形式宾语的句型中，用动名词作逻辑主语或逻辑宾语。It is no use（no good， no point， n
16、o sense， a waste of time 等名词）+ doing sth.It is good （nice ， interesting， useless 等形容词） + doing sth.；There is no point （use， sense， good 等名词） + doing sth.考点五：在“have difficulty （trouble ， problem， pleasure， a difficult time） （in） doing sth.”结构中，后接动名词；但注意 take the trouble to do sth. ， have no time to d
17、o sth.后接不定式。考点六： 能跟不定式、动词的 -ing 形式或 ed 形式，但意义相差很大的动词有： have：have somebody/something do something 不定式作补语必须省去 to, I had the workers do the job for me. Jim often has his father help him with his homework. have somebody /something doing something -ing 形式作补语，They had the tractor working all the time. 他们让
18、拖拉机一直工作着。We wont have the child talking to his mother like that. have somebody/something done 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，有两种情况：a. 主语让别人做某事，强调主语的意志。如：He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理发了。Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.b. 主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境，说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为。He had his leg broken in the ma
19、tch last month. 他在上星期的比赛中摔断了腿。He had one eye lost in the war. 在战争中，他失去了一只眼睛。 + 宾语 + to do 不定式动作由宾语发出，表示一次性的动作。get + 宾语 + doing 动作由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或进行。+ 宾语 + done 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系I got him to help me when I did the repair. 我修理的时候让他帮我。Can you get the car moving? 你能让车发动起来吗？Get your work finished by noon.
20、在午饭之前把你的工作做完。I want to get this film developed very soon. (SBA P125) + 宾语 + to do 不定式动作由宾语发出，表示一次性的动作。leave + 宾语 + doing 动作由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或进行。+ 宾语 + done 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系。Dont leave the small child to take care of himself. To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of hig
21、her pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work. Then I left him standing by the counter so happy that I almost envied him. + 宾语 + (to be) find + 宾语 + doing 动作由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或进行。+ 宾语 + done 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系。We find him (to be) a clever boy.The teacher found him dozing in class.S
22、he found her wallet stolen.Surprisingly, we found no villagers injured in the hurricane. + 宾语 + do 不定式动作由宾语发出，强调动作的完整性。see/ hear + 宾语 + doing 动作由宾语发出，强调动作的某一点。+ 宾语 + done 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系。I can see it fastened to a nail. make + 宾语 + do 不定式动作由宾语发出，宾语和补语之间为主动关系。+ 宾语 + done 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系。Youd bett
23、er make your plan known to others, or you cant make them carry out your plan.2、跟不定式和动词的 -ing 形式皆可，但意义相差很大的动词这类动词常用的有： try：try to do sth. 尽力做难做的事；try doing sth. 试着做某一件可能会出现某一结果的事。He tried to stand up but failed. 他试图站起来，但没成功。Lets try telling him about the sad news. 咱们试着把这个不幸的消息告诉他。 regret：regret to do
24、 sth. 对马上要做的事表示遗憾；regret doing sth.对已发生的事表示遗憾或后悔。I really regret missing/having missed his lecture. I regret to tell you that I cannot come. 真遗憾，告诉你我不能来了。 cant help：cant help doing sth.禁不住；cant help (to) do sth. 不能帮忙干I couldnt help shaking with so few clothes on. I cant help to clean the place up. 我
25、不能帮助打扫这里了。 mean：mean to do sth. 想做；mean doing sth. 意味着。如：Wasting time means killing life. 浪费时光就意味着浪费生命。Revolution means liberating the productive forces. 革命意味着解放生产力。 forget：forget doing sth. 忘了已做过的事；forget to do sth. 忘记将要做的事。如：I forgot telling him about the news. 我忘了曾把那件事告诉过他。Dont forget to wake me
26、up at 6 tomorrow morning. go on：go on doing sth. 继续干未干完的事（强调动作的持续） ；go on to do sth. 继续干是一件事（强调事情的转接）The old man went on doing his work after a short rest. The old man went on to play another song. 这个老人接着弹奏另一首曲子。 remember：remember doing sth. 指记着做过的事；remember to do sth.记着要做事。如：Please remember to come
27、 on time. 请记着按时来。I still remember being taken to the Science Museum for the first time. stop：stop to do sth. 停下正在做的动作去做另一动作；stop doing sth. 停止做动名词所表示的动作。如：We stopped (in order /so as) to have a rest. 他停下来休息了一会。Dont stop trying once again. 不要停止，再试一次。 动词 need, require, want 作“ 需要”解且主语是物时，后面接-ing 形式的主动
28、式或不定式的被动式。如：The room wants cleaning / to be cleaned. 这个房间需要打扫。These little children require looking after carefully / to be looked after carefully.Your paper needs checking/to be checked again. 动词 allow, advise, forbid, permit 等可直接跟-ing 形式作宾语，不可以接动词不定式作宾语，但可接不定式作宾语补语。如：We dont permit smoking here. 我
29、们这儿不允许吸烟。Please permit me to say a few words. 请允许我说几句话。We advise their starting early. = We advise them to start early. 考点七：下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词，所表达的意义无太大的差别。考试中一般很少涉及到，这些动词有：begin ， continue， commence， discontinue， attempt， intend， plan， decline， dislike， fear， hate， like， love， neglect， omit， cant be
30、ar （stand， endure） ， prefer（三）非谓语动词的其他考点考点一：独立主格结构Weather permitting， well be going fishing tomorrow.The students having finished reading the text， the teacher went on to ask them some questions.All the money having been spent， we started looking for work.With her hair beautifully done，the customer
31、left the hair-dressers happily.考点二：非谓语动词三种表示被动的结构（语法常考题）to be done 不定式的被动态表示将来的动作being done 用来表示动作的正在（被）进行或者表示原因、条件等done （having been done）表示动作的被动关系或过去完成状态Are you going to attend the meeting to be held nest meeting？The question being discussed is very important.Did you attend the press conference he
32、ld in Beijing last week？All flights having been cancelled，they had to take the train.考点三：分词短语的固定表达方式，通常作句子状语，一般不受句子主语的限制。如：according to（根据） ， judging from（从 判断） ， talking of（谈到），owing to（由于） ， taking everything into consideration（全盘考虑） ， allowing for（考虑到 ） ， leavingon one side（抛开不谈） ， generally spea
33、king （总的说来） ， frankly speaking （坦率地说） ， roughly speaking （粗略地说） ， honestly speaking （老实说） ， strictly speaking （严格地说） ， theoretically speaking （从理论上说）1.She didnt remember_his before.(MET 88)A. having met B. have met C. to meet D. to having met2.What do you think of the book?Oh, excellent. It is worth
34、_a second time.(MET 89)A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read3.Do you know the boy_under the big tree?(MET 89)A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying 4.There was a terrible noise the sudden burst of light.(MET 89)A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed 5.Good morning. Can I
35、 help you?Id like to have this package_, madam.(MET 89)A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed6._more attention, the tree could have grown better.(MET 90)A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given 7.Most of the artists_to the party were from South Africa.(MET 90)A. invited B. to inv
36、ite C. being invited D. had been invited8.The secretary worked late into the night,_a long speech for the president.(MET 91)A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing 9.Shes upstairs_letters.(MET 91 )A. writes B. is writing C. write D. writing10.The speaker raised his voice but still co
37、uldnt make himself_.(MET 91)A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard 11.The murderer was brought in, with his hands_behind his back.(MET 91)A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 12.I can hardly imagine Peter_across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.(MET 91)A. sail B. to sail C. sailing D. t
38、o save sailed 13._a reply, he decided to write again.(MET 92)A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not Having received D. Having not received14.The salesman scolded the girl caught_and let her off.(MET 92)A. to have stolen B. to be stealing C. to steal D. stealing 15.I usually go there_by train.Why n
39、ot_by boat for a change?(MET 92)A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going16.I would appreciate back this afternoon.(MET 92)A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. youre calling17._is a good form of exercise for both young and old.(MET92)A. The walking B. Walking C. To walk
40、D. Walk 18.“Cant you read?”Mary said_to the notice.(MET 93)A. angrily pointing B. and point angrilyC. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing19.The computer centre,_last year, is very popular among the students in this school.(MET 93)A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened 20.How about the two
41、 of us_a walk down the garden?(MET 93)A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking21.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with his talks,_that he has enjoyed his stay here.(NMET 94)A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added22.The first textbooks_for teaching English as a foreign langua
42、ge came out in the 16th century.(NMET 94)A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written23.I must apologize for_ ahead of time.Thats all right.(NMET 94)A. letting you not know B. not letting you knowC. letting you know not D. letting not you know24.You were brave enough to raise objec
43、tions at the meeting.Well, now I regret_ that.(NMET 95)A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done25._in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.(NMET 96)A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose26.The Olympic Games,_ in 776B.C.? didnt include women players until 1912.(NMET
44、97)A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first played27.Cleaning women in the big cities usually get_by the hour.(NMET 98)A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay28.European football is played in 80 countries,_it the most popular sort in the world.(NMET 98) A. making B. makes C. made D. to make1.A 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.A 8.B 9.D 10.D 11.D 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.D 16.C 17.B 18.A 19.D 20.C21.C 22.D 23.B 24.D 25.C 26.C 27.C 28.A
