1、第八讲 非谓语动词- 134 -第八讲 非谓语动词在句子里作为谓语出现的动词，称为限定动词；不作为谓语出现的动词称为非限定动词或非谓语动词。限定动词在句中作谓语受主语的人称和数的限制；非限定动词不可单独用作谓语，不受主语的人称和数的限制，所以又称动词的非谓语形式。非限定动词具有双重性质，即一方面保留着动词的某些特征，如可以有自己的宾语、状语等构成非限定动词短语，还可以有时态和语态的变化；另一方面又具有名词、形容词和副词的某些特征，在句中可以担任主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等。英语的非谓语动词有三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词。其中-ed 分词没有时态和语态的变化，动词不定式和-ing 分词的时态
2、和语态变化形式见下表（以动词 do 为例）：主动语态 被动语态 不定式 -ing 分词 不定式 -ing 分词一般形式 to do doing to be done being done 进行时 to be doing 完成时 to have done having done to have been done having been done完成进行时 to have been doing 一、动词不定式1. 动词不定式的句法功能1) 作主语。多表示具体的或未来的动作。例如：To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。To err is human. 犯错误是人之常情。To p
3、ersevere means victory. 坚持就是胜利。在现代英语中，常用 it 作形式主语，而把真正的主语动词不定式 (或短语) 放在谓语之后。特别当句子的不定式主语太长时，为避免结构上的头重脚轻，多采用 it 形式主语句。常见的这类结构有：a. 形如 It is easy (hard, difficult, right, wrong, necessary) to do sth.。如：It is difficult to finish the work. 完成这项工作是困难的。It must be hard to live only on your salary. 仅靠工资生活，日子一
4、定很艰苦。b. 形如 It is a pleasure (an honour, a pity, fun, no easy job) to do sth.。如： It is great fun to go swimming in the sea. 在大海里游泳很痛快。c. 形如 It takes sb. (some time) to do sth.。如：It took me almost two hours to cover the whole distance. 走完全程花了我两个小时。It costs nothing to be polite. 讲礼貌无需代价。It always pays
5、to tell the truth. 说实话总是不会吃亏的。2) 与助动词一起组成谓语。例如：语 态 形 式 时 态 第八讲 非谓语动词 - 135 -The letter is to be handed to Mr. Wilson himself. 这封信将被交给威尔森先生本人。I was just about to leave when the phone rang. 我正要离开时，电话响了。Im going to sell this old car and buy a new one. 我打算卖掉这部旧车，买辆新的。3）作表语。例如：His wish is to be a doctor.
6、 他的愿望是当一名医生。What surprised me most is to hear him ill. 最让我吃惊的是听说他病了。4) 作宾语。有些及物动词常跟不定式作宾语，如 agree, apply, ask, love, like, prepare, help, want, decide, hope, manage, plan 等。例如： He wanted to borrow my bike. 他想借我的自行车。What do you plan to do for the weekend? 这个周末你打算干什么？5) 作定语。放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。例如：He was al
7、ways the first to come and last to leave the office. 他总是第一个到办公室，最后一个离开办公室。He has an important meeting to attend. 他有个重要的会议要参加。6) 作状语。表示目的，原因，结果等。例如：We eat to live, not live to eat. 我们吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。 （目的）He felt relieved to have solved the tough problem. 解决了那个难题，他感到欣慰。 （原因）You wouldnt do that to sa
8、ve your life. 即使为了救自己的命也不能那样做。 （让步）7）作补足语。例如：I want you to be happy. 我要使你幸福。The manager will leave me to attend the matter when he is out. 经理不在时会托我照管事务。8) 作独立成分能够作独立成分的不定式短语往往形成了固定的形式和用法，如 to begin with (首先), to be frank (坦率地说), to be brief (简言之), to be exact (精确地说), to tell you the truth (老实说), to
9、make / cut a long story short (长话短说), to put it another way (换句话说), to get back to the point (言归正传 ), so to speak (可以这么说)，等等。例如：The rush work was completed in less one daysix hours, to be sure. 这一大堆活不到一天确切地说只有 6 个小时就做完了。To tell you the truth，the film was a great disappointment to me. 老实说，那部电影令我大失所望。
10、2. 动词不定式的否定形式不定式的否定式由“not 或其他否定副词 never, hardly 等 + 动词不定式”构成。例如：Not to be moved by the story would require a heart of stone. 不为之所感只需要有铁石心肠。He promised never to tell a lie again. 他保证今后绝不再说谎。Fugitives were nowhere to be seen. 到处都看不到有逃亡者。The changes in her personality are so trivial as hardly to be not
11、iced. 她的个性中的变化很微小，几乎不能引起注意。3.“疑问词 + 动词不定式”结构构成这种结构的疑问词有 who / whom, what, which 等疑问代词和 where, when，whether， 第八讲 非谓语动词- 136 -how 等疑问副词。它在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、介词宾语、补足语、同位语及双重宾语等。例如：How to earn daily by my pen was then the problem. 如何靠我的笔吃饭在当时是个难题。 （主语）He did not know whether to go there or not. 他不知道是否该去那里。 （
12、宾语）One of the main problems of this country is how to control the rapidly increasing population.这个国家主要问题之一是如何控制快速增长的人口。 （表语）They exchanged views on the question of who to elect.他们就选谁这个问题交换了看法。 （介词宾语）We dislike being told what to do and what not to do. 我们不喜欢被别人指使着做什么或不做什么。 （主补）Will you advise me wher
13、e to stay? 你会建议我住哪吗？（宾补）The problem how to put right the mistakes of the past is not our only problem. 如果纠正过去错误，并不仅是我们的问题。 （同位语）I can tell you where to get this book. 我可以告诉你在哪买这本书。 （直宾）此外， “介词 + 关系代词 + 不定式”结构还能用作定语。如：She is a nice person with whom to work. 她是一个很好共事的人。There is no key with which to op
14、en the door. 没有开这扇门的钥匙。4. 使用动词不定式需要注意的一些问题1) 不定式作使役动词 let, make, have 等和感官动词 see, watch, notice, look at, observe, hear, listen to, feel 等的宾语补足语时一般不带 to：动词 help 后的不定式可以带 to, 也可以不带 to。在被动语态中作补语的不定式 to 不能省略。例如： I saw him leave the room. 我看见他离开了房间。He was seen to leave the room. 有人看见他离开了房间。Could you hel
15、p me (to) lift the box? 请你帮助我抬抬这个箱子好吗？2) 介词 except, but 之后跟不定式作宾语时，如果介词前有动词 do 的某种形式，可以省略 to；反之不定式要带 to。例如：She will do anything but help the boy with his lessons. She wanted nothing except to stay here. 3) 当主语是 all 或是 what 引导的名词性从句，主语受 only, first, one, least 或形容词最高级修饰，且主语部分有实义动词 do 的某种形式时，作表语的不定式可带
16、也可不带 to。例如：What I want to do is (to) give them more help. 我想做的就是给予他们更多的帮助。The only thing you have to do is (to) stay home and sleep all day. All he does is gossip about others. The least you can do is help up a little.4) 在 had better, would rather /sooner (than), cannot but, cannot help but, do noth
17、ing but, might (just) as well, why (not) 等结构中不定式 to 也要省去。例如：They would rather die than surrender. 他们宁死也不投降。She cant do anything but ask silly questions. 她一个劲地问一些傻问题。Why leave the door open? 为何让门开着？第八讲 非谓语动词 - 137 -Why not try again? 何不再试一次？5) 不及物动词的不定式作后置定语与被修饰词有动宾关系时，其后该加上一个结构上或含义上所需要的介词。例如：I need
18、a pen to write with.（与 pen 呼应，表工具）Give me some paper to write on.（与 paper 呼应，表位置）There are some things to be grateful for.（与 things 呼应，表对象）He has a small room to live in. (与 room 呼应，表场所)6) 动词不定式的复合结构常用“for + 名词或代词 + 不定式” 。如果句中的形容词表示某人的属性，则用“of + 名词或代词 + 不定式” 。例如：It is important for us to learn Engli
19、sh. She is not a person for one to rely on. It is clever of the boy to work out the problem in such a short time.5. 常用带有不定式的结构用法举例in order to, so / suchas to, only to, enough to, tooto等是较为常用的带有不定式的结构，现举例说明其主要用法，供大家了解和掌握，并能举一反三地运用。In order to make a study of the Kangaroo, he came to Australia. 为了研究袋鼠
20、，他来到了澳洲。The house is so high and narrow as to resemble a tower. 这房子又高又窄，像一座塔。He is such a fool as to trust Geoffrey. 他如此傻，竞相信 Geoffrey。.For five hours she drove, stopping only to rest her horse. 连着走了五个小时，她停下来歇一歇马。 （only to 可表目的）He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石头砸了自己的脚。 （only to
21、表结果）We have enough money to but a house. 我们有足够的钱来买房子。The tea is too hot to drink. 茶太热，不能喝。 （表结果，tooto, 太而不能）Its never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。 （not / never tooto 表结果，意为“并不过于以致不能）He is too smart not to understand you. 他非常精明，不会不明白你的意思。 （too not to 表结果，意为“非常不会不” ）Im only too glad to stay at home. 我太想留在
22、家里啦。Im just too anxious to help you. 我正想帮你哩Youre too ready to find faults in other people. 你就爱找别人的岔儿。He is but too pleased to join us. 加入我们当中，他非常高兴。I shall be only too glad to get home. 我回到了家里，我非常高兴。(上述两句“but / only tooto”结构表示原因，意为“非常，因为”)6. 习惯接动词不定式的动词1）通常只接动词不定式（而不接-ing 形式）作宾语的动词。如 agree, aim, arr
23、ange, afford, apply, attempt, ask, appear, beg, choose, claim, care, decide, decline (拒绝)，demand, determine, desire, expect, fail, hope, hurry, hesitate, intend, long (渴望)， learn, manage, neglect, offer, prepare, plan, promise, require, struggle, swear, seek (寻求)，seem, threaten, tend, volunteer, ven
24、ture, vow, 第八讲 非谓语动词- 138 -want, wish, wait 等。例如：He promised to keep the secret. 他承诺保守秘密。She couldnt afford to displease her boss. 她得罪不起她的上司。We always desire to live in peace with our neighbors. 我们总希望与邻邦和平相处。2) 常跟“宾语 + 不定式”的动词。如 ask, advise, allow, assist, beg, cause, caution (告诫) ，challenge（挑战） ，co
25、nsider, command（命令） ，direct (指引 )，drive (强迫)，enable, encourage, entitle (使有权利)，expect, forbid, force, get, help, invite, order, permit0,promise, persuade, recommend, remind, request (要求)，show, teach, tell, tempt ( 引诱) ，urge, warn, want 等。例如：Learning allows us to maintain assurance of ourselves. 学习让我
26、们对自己保持信心。The teacher encourages his students to speak English whenever there s a chance. 老师鼓励他的学生们一有机会就讲英语。Constant supply of water enabled them to survive. 不间断的水供应使他们能够存活下去。二、动名词1. 动名词的句法功能动名词同时具有动词特征和名词特征，因此它可以有自己的宾语和状语，在句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、补语和定语等。例如：1）作主语Taking exercise in the morning is good for your
27、 health. 早上锻炼对我们的健康是有益的。Traveling abroad can be very exciting. 出国旅游会是很激动人心的。动名词短语作主语时，往往可以放在谓语的后面，而由 it 作形式主语。例如：It is good for your health taking exercise in the morning. It can be very exciting traveling abroad. 2) 作宾语Would you mind waiting for a while? 你不会介意等一会儿吧？He is not used to working at nigh
28、t. 他不习惯在夜间工作。Do you find it interesting living here? 你觉得住在这里有意思吗？（it 为形式宾语，living here 为真正的宾语）3）作表语 The only thing that interests her is dancing. 唯一使他感兴趣的是跳舞。What he likes is playing chess after supper. 他的爱好是晚饭后下下棋。 4）作补语I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul. 我管这叫做拆东墙补西墙。 （宾补）This is called turning
29、things upside down. 这就叫做把事物弄颠倒了。 （主补）5) 作定语He may be in the reading room, for all I know. 他说不定在阅览室里。 There is a swimming pool in our school. 我们的学校里有一个游泳池。2. 动名词的否定形式其否定形式由“not + 动名词 ”构成。例如：第八讲 非谓语动词 - 139 -I suggest not spending too much time on it. 我建议别在这件事上花太多时间。Im sorry for not being able to come
30、 here on time. 我很抱歉，没能准时到达这里。3. 动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构由“物主代词或名词的所有格 + 动名词”构成。这种结构中，物主代词或名词的所有格是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词的复合结构在句中多用作主语或宾语。例如：Sophias having seen them did not surprise us. 索菲亚看见了他们并不使我们感到惊呀。 （主语）Do you mind my turning on the radio? 你不介意我打开收音机吧？（宾语）关于动名词复合结构中的名词和代词用什么格的问题现说明几点供参考：据一位美国语法学家统计，动名词复
31、合结构在美国英语中，名词用属格，代词用宾格的较多。动名词复合结构作主语时，其名词或代词一般用属格 (在口语中也有用名词通格和代词宾格的情况)；用作宾语时，在当代英语中，其名词多用通格，代词用宾格的情况也不少见。例如：My daughter staying up so late worried me. 我的女儿睡得很晚令我担心。Does us singing in the room above disturb you? 我们在楼上唱歌吵你吗？It ended in the doctor being sent for. 结果是去请大夫来。You say nothing of us calling.
32、 你不要说我们来拜访的事。Im so afraid of you being angry. 我生怕你生气。动名词的复合结构的逻辑主语是 it 时，多用 its。例如：I had no doubt of its being highly agreeable to her. 我对它很适合她的口胃深信不疑。当动名词前有 all, both 时，或者动名词被看作名词化的动名词时，其前的代词多用所有格。例如：She insisted on their both accepting the invitation. 她一定要他们两个人都接受邀请。He prided himself upon his danc
33、ing. 他为自己的舞技感到自豪。 （名词化的动名词 dancing 不再具有动作意义而被看作名词）4. 习惯接动名词的动词 (短语 ) 或结构1) 通常只接动名词作宾语的动词。如 admit, advise, appreciate, avoid, allow, anticipate, consider, complete delay, deny, dislike, discuss enjoy, escape, endure, escape, excuse, explain, fancy (喜爱)，finish, forgive (原谅 )，favor, imagine, keep, ment
34、ion (提及)，miss, mind, practice, postpone, quit, pardon (饶恕) ，prevent, resist (抵制)，resent (怨恨), report, recall (召开), risk, suggest, stand, prohibit, tolerate, understand 等。例如：He still didnt admit stealing the jewels. 他仍不承认偷了珠宝。I dont fancy going for a walk in the snow. 我可不爱在雪中散步。Susan denies having sa
35、id anything. 苏姗否认说过什么。Would you mind ringing me up tomorrow? 明天打电话给我好吗？2）通常只接动名词作宾语的短语动词或结构。如 give up, look forward to, cant help, put off, feel like, keep on, carry on, burst out, set about；be used to, be busy doing，be worth doing；have difficulty / trouble (in) doing, spend / waste time (in) doing,
36、 stop sb./ sth.from doing sth， talk sb. into doing sth；its no use / good doing, theres no point (in) doing 等等。例如：第八讲 非谓语动词- 140 -The audience burst out laughing. 听众们大笑起来。The clock is hardly worth repairing. 这个表几乎不值得一修。Im sure youll have no difficulty passing the exam. 我敢肯定你考试及格没问题。It is no use cryin
37、g over spilt milk. 覆水难收。三、不定式与动名词的比较1. 用不定式或动名词意思上的差别1) 不定式通常指某一具体情况，而动名词指一般的或经常的情况Id love to show him the picture. 我想把那幅画给他看。 （具体的动作）Id love watching the sunset. 我喜欢看落日。 （一般情况）2) 不定式的逻辑主语常是句子的主语，而动名词的逻辑主语可能是句子主语，也可能是泛指一般人I hate to be sitting idle. 我不愿闲坐着。 （句子主语自己）I hate saying one thing but doing a
38、nother. 我讨厌说一套做一套。 （可能指自己，也可能泛指一般人）3) 不定式表示将要发生的事，动名词表示已经发生的事I cant help to do it. 我不能帮助做这件事。 （待做的事）I cant help doing it. 我不能不做这件事。 (已经做过的事 )4）有时不定式表一次性动作，现在分词则表示动作的重复性 She felt the tears roll down her cheeks. 她感到眼泪流下来了。 （一次性动作）She felt the tears rolling down her cheeks. 她感到眼泪不断地流下来。 （表重复性动作）5）有时不定式
39、叙述一个事实而现在分词具有描写色彩 We saw the sun rise. 我们看见了日出。We saw the sun rising behind the trees. 我们看见太阳从树后升起。6) 有些动词如 need, want, require, be worth 之后可用-ing 分词的主动形式表示被动意义，这相当于用不定式的被动态 The letter needs signing by the manager. 这封信需要经理签名。(= This letter needs to be signed by the manager.)Your car required repairi
40、ng. 你的车需要修理了。(= Your car required to be repaired.) 2. 既能接不定式，又能接动名词作宾语的动词1) 意义上几乎无差别的动词。主要有 begin, continue, cant bear / stand，hate, like， prefer, start 等等。例如：He started to do /doing his experiment right after dinner. 他一吃过晚饭就开始做实验。John hates to walk / walking to school. 约翰不喜欢步行去学校。We prefer having /
41、 to have some Chinese food. 我们更喜欢吃中餐。如果“深层”地去探求它们的区别的话，仍然不外乎上面叙述的几个方面的细微差别。2) 意义上有显著区别的动词。这类动词包括：try to do 试图或企图干try doing 试着做mean to do 打算做mean doing 意味着第八讲 非谓语动词128be used to do 被用于做 be used to doing 习惯于 propose to do 打算干 propose doing 建议做cant help to do 不能帮助干cant help doing 不禁要做 go on to do 接着干 (
42、另一件事） stop / quit to do 停下来干（另一件事）stop / quit doing 停下（正在做的事）remember to do 记住做remember doing 记得做过forget to do 忘记了做forget doing 忘记做过regret to do 遗憾未能做 regret doing 后悔干过 remain to do 留待、尚待（去做）remain doing 继续保持（某种状态不变）go on doing 继续干 (同样的事）例如： I mean to go and nothing is going to stop me. 我决意要走，什么也阻拦不
43、了我。His words mean refusing us. 他的话意味着拒绝我们。We regret to inform you that your application has not been successful. 我们遗憾地通知你，你的申请没有成功。He regretted having mentioned it. 他后悔提到了这件事。四、现在分词和过去分词 分词兼有动词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以做定语、表语和状语等。现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间概念上。在语态上，现在分词（除被动式外）表示主动意思，过去分词表示被动意思；在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去
44、分词则表示动作的完成。1. 作定语 作定语的现在分词或过去分词，如果是单个词，一般放在被修饰词的前面；如果是分词和其附加成分一起构成的分词短语则放在后面，其功能相当于一个定语从句。例如：China is a developing socialist country. 中国是一个发展中的社会主义国家。They lived in a house facing the street. (= which faced the street) 他没住在临街的一幢房子里。The students are doing their written exercises. 学生们在做书面练习。The TV sets
45、 made in this factory are of high quality. 这家工厂生产的电视机质量很高。2. 作表语The story is very touching. 这个故事很感人。I was much touched by the sight. 我被这景象深深地打动了。3. 作状语分词（或分词短语）作状语，可以表示时间、原因、方式或伴随状况等。其中，现在分词与句子的主语具有逻辑上的主动关系，过去分词与句子的主语具有逻辑上的被动关系。Sitting on the lawn, some young people are chatting. 一些年轻人坐在草地上聊天。People
46、 stood at the bus stop waiting for the bus. 人们站在公共汽车站上等车。Written in simple English, the short story is easy to read. 这个短篇小说是用简单的英语写成的，所以很容易读懂。第八讲 非谓语动词 129He lay on the bed, troubled with a headache. 他躺在床上，头很疼。4作补足语I saw him crossing the street. 我看他在过马路。I found the door shut when I came back. 回来时我发现
47、门关着。注意：1）现在分词作补足语时着重说明动作的正在进行，而不定式仅仅说明动作发生了，指事物的全过程。试比较：Do you hear someone knocking at the door? 你听见有人在敲门吗？（正在敲门）Do you hear someone knock at the door? 你听见有人敲门了吗？（已敲过门）2）在“have / get + 宾语 + 过去分词”的结构中，过去分词所表示的动作往往是由别人来完成的。如：He had his hair cut. 他理了发。When are you going to have your television set rep
48、aired? 你准备和时请人修理电视机？五、分词独立结构从上述的讲解中我们知道，非谓语动词的各类形式可以以主句中的一定成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句，这就是非谓语动词的复合结构。但当非谓语形式有自己的逻辑主语时，这就是传统语法所称谓的“独立结构”(Absolute Construction)（又叫独立主格结构） 。独立结构由“逻辑主语（名词或代词）+ 分词”构成，可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步，方式或伴随状况等。按其结构形式，主要有不定式独立结构、现在分词独立结构、过去分词独立结构和无动词独立结构等。它在结构上与主句不发生关系，但本质上还是一种从属分句，在整个句子中起状语分句的作用。例
49、如：A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on. 许多官员尾随黄帝之后，有的拎着皇帝的衣袍，有的则给他整腰带，等等。We divided the work, he to clean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。The monitor being ill, wed better put meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。Weather permitting, we shall go there on foot. 天气允许的话，我们可以步行去那儿。This done, we went home. 做完此事，我们就回家了。 Health and persistence given, one can do great things.有健康的身体和顽强的毅
