1、1非谓语动词作状语全解不定式和分词作状语的用法一、不定式作状语可以作：1主要用作目的状语。常与 in order to do (为了)或 so as to do(以便)连用。so as to 不用于居首。He got up early in order to catch the first bus. 他早起为了赶上第一班车。He sat down to have a rest.他坐下来休息。He went to France to learn French。 他去法国学习法语。They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan他们站在路边为的是谈
2、论这个计划。They stopped to ask the way.他们停下来问路。 （停下来的目的）2作结果状语。表示出乎意料的结果。做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾，常见的不定式动词有：to find, to hear, to see, to be told, to form, to give, to make, to produce 等。He hurried to the station only to find the train gone. 他匆匆忙忙地赶到火车站，发现火车已经开走了。He woke up to find everybody gone. 他醒来发现大家都走了。H
3、is family was too poor to support him他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架。He is old enough to go to school. 他到上学年龄了。He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.他搬起石头砸了自己的脚。He lived to be a very old man.他活得很长。In 1935 he left home never to return.1935
4、年，他离开家再没有回来。The house is so high and narrow as to resemble a tower.这房子又高又窄，像一座塔。The room is big enough to hold one hundred people.这房间大得足以容纳一百人。I hurried to school, only to find the gate is locked.He hurried to the station, only to be told the bus had left. 他匆忙赶到车站,结果却被告知汽车已经走了。3表示喜怒哀乐的形容词作表语其后的不定式作原
5、因状语。表示引起这种情绪变化的原因。Im sorry not to have come on Tuesday. 很抱歉没有在星期二来。I am very glad to see you. 见到你我非常高兴。 （to see you 作 glad 的原因状语）We are glad to hear the news我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)二、不定式做状语时应该注意：1not/never tooto do, toonot to do, but/only too to do, too ready to do, too eager to do 表示肯定意义。He is too careful n
6、ot to have noticed that.他那么小心 ,肯定会注意到那一点的。She is too sad not to help crying. 她那么伤心，忍不住哭了。I am only too glad to help you.我很高兴能帮助你。I am only too glad to go.我很高兴能去。I am only never too glad to know you.认识你我再高兴不过了。2Mary was only too ready to help others,玛丽总是乐于助人 .He is only too ready to help others, seld
7、om, if ever, refusing them when they turn to him. 他很乐意帮助别人，别人向他求助时他从不拒绝别人。You cannot be too careful when you drive car. 你开车时无论怎么小心都不过分。2不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用 for 引导主语。We studied hard to pass the exam. 不定式做目的状语 其逻辑主语是 we。Li Mings mother went to the lecture hall early for him to get a good seat. 李
8、明的母亲一早就去演讲厅了，为了让他可以得到一个好座位。三、分词作状语可以作:1作时间状语Hearing the noise, I turned round. 听见响声我转过身去。Having done my shopping, I returned home. 买完东西，我就回家了。Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。2表示原因。往往位于句首，表示发生某一行为的原因。Not having received a reply, he decided to write aga
9、in. 没有收到答复，他决定再写一遍。Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。Being League members, we are ready to help others. 由于我们是团员，我们乐意帮助别人。Not knowing his address, I cant write to him 由于不知道他的地址，我无法给他写信。3表示条件。Reading carefully，youll learn something new只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。Working hard, yo
10、u will surely succeed. (=If you work hard, you will surely succeed.) 如果你努力工作，你就一定会成功。Given more time, we could have done it better. （If we had been given more time, we could have done it better.）如果给我们时间多一些，我们本来会做得更好。4表示伴随或方式。They stood by the roadside talking about the plan他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)The boy
11、sat in front of the farm house cutting the branch. 那男孩坐在农舍前，小树枝。 （伴随）He came running back to tell me the news. 他跑回来告诉我这个消息。 （方式）5表示结果。现在分词作结果状语表示自然的结果。充当结果状语的现在分词的逻辑主语有时并不是句子的主语，而是句子的内容或部分内容。A lot of good land has gone with them, leaving only sand. 许多好地也随之消失了，留下来的只是沙漠。The child slipped and fell, hit
12、ting his head against the door.那孩子滑了一跤，头撞到了门上。A hurricane hit this area last night, blowing down a lot of trees.3European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world. 欧式足球在 80 个国家盛行，是世界上最流行的运动。四、现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。1现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。He went out
13、 shutting the door behind him.他出去后将门随手关上。Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。2过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 （过去分词和现在分词一般被动式及完成被动式作状语，两者无多大区别。见下。 ）Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。Faced with difficulties,
14、we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。 过去分词和现在分词一般被动式及完成被动式作状语的比较： 1过去分词与现在分词一般被动式都有被动意义，有时两者无多大区别。例如:(Being) seized with a sudden fear, she gave a scream. 在某些情况下，二者则是有区别的。例如： United, we stand; divided, we fall.(条件) Badly polluted, the water cannot be drunk.(原因) Being written in haste, the
15、composition is full of mistakes. (原因,强调写的过程,故应用现在分词一般被动式) 2有时过去分词与现在分词完成被动式皆表示已完成的动作，在意义上无多大区别。例如： (Having been) weakened by storms, the bridge was no longer safe.但有时是有区别的。例如： Having been deserted by his guide, he couldnt find his way through the jungle.(为了强调已完成的动作) Asked to stay, I couldnt very wel
16、l refuse. (这里 asked 可能意味着 having been asked, 也可能意味着 when/since I was asked, 但用了 having been asked 就不会有歧义。)3下面句中过去分词表示的时间与谓语动词所表示的时间相同，所以不能代之以强调先于谓语动词的现在分词完成被动式。例如： Covered with confusion, I left the room.我很窘地离开了房间。 United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡。4有时现在分词一般式的被动式与其完成式的被动式完全同义，皆表示已完成的动作。这
17、时用一般式的被动式较好。例如：Being surrounded (Having been surrounded), the enemy troops were forced to surrender.5. 现在分词被动式的一般式在句中主要作定语或宾语补足语,表示该动作说话时4正在进行或与谓语动词同时进行。例如:The bicycle being repaired doesnt belong to me. 正在修理中的那辆自行车不是我的。being repaired 在句中作定语,相当于: The bicycle which is being repaired doesnt belong to
18、me.They saw huge boxes being carried away by ships in the harbour. 他们看见巨大的箱子在港口正被轮船运走。being carried away 在句中作宾语补足语。6但如果分词作状语,表示条件,方式或伴随状况等,即使说话时仍在进行,也只能用过去分词表示。Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful.从山顶上看,那城市更加美丽。五、分词和分词短语在表示时间、原因、条件、让步和方式时，通常可转换为相应的状语从句；表示方式和伴随情况时，可以转换为一个并列的谓语
19、成分。Seeing the teacher entering the room, the students stood up.=When the students saw the teacher entering the room, they stood up.学生们看见老师走进房间，都站了起来。Heated, ice will be changed into water.=When it is heated, ice will be changed into water.当冰加热时，它就会变成水。Being excited, I couldnt go to sleep.=As I was e
20、xcited, I couldnt go to sleep.我兴奋得睡不着觉。I stood there, listening to the broadcast.=I stood there and listened to the broadcast.我站在那儿听广播。The children went away laughing.=The children went away. They laughed as they went.孩子们笑着走开了。Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.=Although they know all
21、 this, they made me pay for the damage.他们尽管了解这一切，还是要我赔偿损失。 六、分词作状语时前面可用连词。when, while, once, if, unless, though 等引导的状语从句，若其主语与主句主语相同时，可保留该副词连接词，其余部分则化简为分词短语。When (being) free，Ill fetch you.有空时，我会来接你。While walking along the street early in the morning, he saw her.一早在街上散步时，他看到了她。If falling ill, Ill se
22、e my doctor.如果生病我会去看医生。Once completed, this power station supplies the nearby towns and villages with electricity.这个电站一旦建成，将向附近的城乡供电。Even though given every opportunity, they would not try.即使给他们一切机会，他们也不肯试一试。5Though knowing the truth, he remained silent.虽然他知道实情，却保持沉默。Unless (being) rich, I am not go
23、ing abroad.除非有钱，要不然我是不会出国的。 七、分词或分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句中的主语相同（即保持一致） ，否则句子就是错误的。Entering the room, I found the walls newly-painted （对） 我走进房间时，发现墙壁油漆一新。Entering the room，the first thing that met eyes was the newly-painted walls （错）Badly wounded the soldier was sent to hospital at once （对） 士兵受了重伤，立即被送到医院。
24、 Badly wounded，we sent the soldier to hospital at once （错） Being very busy，I could not afford the time to go to the cinema （对） 我因为太忙，不能花时间去看电影了。 Being very busy，the film tickets were given to others （错） Led by the Party，we are making great progress in our work （对） 在党的领导下，我们的工作有很大的进展。 Led by the Part
25、y，great progress in our work is being made （错） Written in haste，the letter had some mistakes （对） 由于写得匆忙，这封信里有几个错误。 Written in haste，he made some mistakes in the letter （错） Running after each other in the street，the two boys were knocked down by a bike （对） 两个男孩在马路上相互追逐的时候被自行车撞倒了。 Running after each o
26、ther in the street，a bike knocked down the two boys （错） 八、如果分词或分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语不是句中的主语，分词必须有自己的主语。这种带主语的分词结构称作分词的独立结构，或独立主格。有时也可用“with(或 without)+名词(或代词宾格)+ 分词”的结构，表示伴随情况。The professor entered the lab，his students following him那位教授走进实验室，学生们在后面跟着。 A few seconds later，he was looking at the screen again
27、with the machinery turned on几秒钟后，他开了机器，盯着荧光屏。 The day being very wet，Mary wore her new mackintosh 因为这天是阴雨天气，玛丽穿上她的新雨衣。 The authorities having arrived and taken the seats reserved for them，the ceremony began在负责人到达并在为他们保留的座位上就座以后，典礼就开始了。 Weather permitting，the ship will leave the harbour at dawn如果天气不错
28、的话，船将在黎明时离港。 He lay on his back，his knees drawn up他蜷着腿，仰面躺着。 The rain having stopped, the soldiers continued their match.雨停后，战士们又继续行军了。6The boys returned, their face covered with sweat.孩子们回来了，满脸是汗。He fell asleep with the lamp burning.他亮着灯睡着了。The teacher entered the classroom, with a bag (being) in h
29、is hand.老师进了教室，手中提着一个包。九、有些现在分词和过去分词已具有介词或连词的性质，由它们组成的词组作状语时其逻辑主语和整个句子的主语不必保持一致。如： 1He couldnt attend the meeting owing to illness 他因病没能出席会议。 2According to the text，please answer the following questions 请按照课文的内容，回答下面问题。 3The boy did quite well considering the circumstances 考虑到具体情况，可以说这孩子干得很不错了。 4Reg
30、arding the case，he knew nothing 关于这件事，他一无所知。 经常这样用的分词有： admitting that（conj confessing that，承认） assuming that（conj if，假定） barring（prepexcept ，除 以外，除非） considering（prepin view of ，having regard of 鉴于，就而论）concerning（prepabout，关于） excepting（prepconj leaving out，excluding ， -often after not，always ，with
31、out，除之外，包括） failing（ prepin default of ，in the absence of 若缺少时，如果没有） owing to（prepbecause of ，on account of ，因为，由于）providing provided that（conjon condition that，假若，倘使） regarding（prepwith reference to ，about，关于，有关） seeing that（conjin view of the fact that；considering，鉴于的事实，由的缘故） 上述诸词有些已完全变成了介词或连词。 这些
32、分词还有:provided (or provided that)，providing that, supposing, seeing (that), considering 等。You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you dont mind taking the night train. 如果你不介意搭夜班火车，你就能早点儿到北京开会。Ill go, providing you go too. 如果你去的话我就去。Supposing it rains, what shall we do? 假如要下雨的话，我们怎么
33、办 ?Seeing (that) she is old enough to get married, I dont think you can stop her. 鉴于她已到结婚年龄，我看你阻止不了她。Considering he has been learning English only for a year, he speaks it quite well.考虑到他学习英语才一年，他讲得相当不错。十、只有一些分词或分词短语可用来表示说话人的态度或看问题的角度，这些分词或短语已转变为独立成份，含有“泛指” 之意，在句中常作插入语，这时分7词或分词短语的逻辑主语也可以不必和全句的主语保持一致
34、。如： Judging from his appearance，he looks like an old doctor 从外表看，他像一位老医生。 Strictly speaking，her pronunciation is not quite good 严格地说，她的发音不十分地道。 Taken as a whole，there is nothing wrong with the article 总地来说，这篇文章没有什么问题。 Looking at the question objectively，what he said is something believable 客观地看，他说的话
35、还有些可信之处。 经常这样用的分词短语有： frankly speaking 老实地说，坦率地说 generally speaking 一般地说 strictly speaking 严格地说 properly speaking 确切地说来 talking or taken one with another 总地看来 taken as a whole 总地来说 这种分词短语可以说是一种句子状语，也可以看作是一个句子的独立成份。 十一、在一些句子中，作状语的分词或分词短语的逻辑主语并不是整个句子的主语，而是包含在句子的另一个成份之中，大多数是宾语和定语。如： Seeing her health s
36、inking rapidly，alarm seized her fathers heart 她父亲看到她的健康状况急剧恶化，非常惊慌。 （seeing 的逻辑主语是 heart 的定语 her father） His summer holidays were spent in the countryside，helping the farmers with their work 他在乡下度过暑假，假期中帮助农民干活。 （helping 的逻辑主语是 holiday 的定语 his） Running to school，a terrible thought struck her 跑到学校时，她突
37、然产生了一个可怕的念头。 （running 的逻辑主语是 struck 的宾语 her） 注： 1若逻辑主语在句中根本没有出现，以上下文推测，常为泛指人称代词（we，you， one）等。如： Facing north, there is a large mountain on the right 面向北方，右边有座大山。 注： 2其逻辑主语为整个句子，该分词短语相当于关系代词 which 引导的特殊定语从句。如： The bus was held up by the snowstorm, thus causing the delay 公共汽车为大雪所阻，因而耽搁了。 First of all
38、, this difficult problem has to be tackled, thus enabling us to proceed to the others首先这个难题必须解决，这样我们才能解决其它的问题。 十二、如果句子的谓语是被动语态时，作状语的分词或分词短语的逻辑主语不是整个句子的主语，而是包含在由 by 引起的动作执行者或发出者中，尽管 by8引起的动作执行者大多不写出来。如： 1Ideas can be expressed completely using simple sentence 用简单的句子也可以表示出完整的意思来。 （using 的逻辑主语包含在 by没有写
39、出来之中） 2Knowing as much as you do，the situation is easily explained 像你这样了解情况，很容易解释这一局面。 （knowing 的逻辑主语包含在 by没有写出来之中） 十三、如果句子的主语是非人称代词 it 时，作状语用的分词或分词短语的逻辑主语也可不必与全句的主语保持一致。如： 1It rained hard coming back回来时雨下得很大。 (coming 的逻辑主语显然不是句子的主语 it） 2It was quite hot getting up this morning今天早晨起床时，天气非常热。 （gettin
40、g up 的逻辑主语显然不是句子的主语 it） 此类句子过去被认为是不合语法的，不被多数人所承认，但语言总是随着时代的发展而发展，随着社会的进步而丰富。目前在美国和英国，此类句子已被普遍接受。十四、ed（感到） 形式及常见短语与 ing（令人）形式形容词归纳：excited (be excited about) / excitingsurprised (be surprised at) / surprisingamazed (be amazed at) / amazingembarrassed (be embarrassed in) /embarrassingencouraged (be en
41、couraged at / by) / encouragingfrustrated (be frustrated of) / frustratinginterested (be interested in) / interestingthrilled (be thrilled at) / thrillingterrified (be terrified at/ of / with) / terrifyingpleased (be pleased with) / pleasing, = pleasantsatisfied (be satisfied with) / satisfyingfrigh
42、tened (be frightened at / of ) / frighteningtired (be tired of) / tiringbored (be bored with) / boringrelaxed (无固定搭配) / relaxingfascinated (be fascinated by) / fascinatingannoyed (be annoyed with) / annoyingmoved (be moved by) / movingworried (be worried about) / worryingconfused (be confused about) / confusinginspired (be inspired by) / inspiringlost (be lost in) / 作状语时，句子的主语是人，直接用 ed 分词就可以了。
