1、 第 20单元 状语（3）1707 12让步状语从句Although（or Though）he is（or be）rich，he is（still， yet，nevertheless）unhappy （He may be rich ）If he is old，he is still activeEven if（or Even though）he is（or be）willing，I will not trouble himGranting（or Granted，Admitting）it is true，what is wrong？He is contented，notwithstanding
2、that（or in spite of the fact that，despite that） he is poor （文气的说法）While（or When） he has got everything，he is still unsatisfiedThough he were rich，he would not be happy （But in fact he is poor ）Even if he were willing，I would not trouble him （But in fact he is not willing ）Rich as（or Though） he is（=T
3、hough he is rich） ，he is not happy （P）（让步状语从句的最后一词移到 as或 though前面）Small as the dog looked，it was viciousSincerely as Mary loves him，he ignores herHero（不加冠词）as（or though）he was，he turned palePowerful man as he may be，he is a coward before his wifeEasy as you think it，it costs me a lot of labourGreat
4、wealth as he has，he is not contentPunished as he was，he remained stubbornWhile（=although） （正式文体） I object，I say nothingWhile I like his face，I dont like his mannersShe looks sick，if pretty（=though she looks pretty） （L）Stay with me if only for a day（=though you stay with me only for a day） He works h
5、ard if only to earn two dollars a day1708 13 “不管”状语从句“不管”状语从句可以看作一种带有疑问词的让步状语从句，在多数情况下可译作“不管”：Whatever（or No matter what）you（may）say，I cant believe（=Though you may say this，that or anything，I cant believe ）However（or Any way）you do it，you will get nothingWhichever road we（may）take， we shall be too l
6、ateWherever we live，we have troubleYou must select at least one job，no matter what（or which） You must get married，no matter whenWhether you like the job or whether you think it useless， you have to do itWhether you like the job or（whether you）think，etcWhether you like the job or（whether you do） not
7、（like it） ，etcWhether it is（or be） true or not（或 or no） ，the ru-mour will be believedWhether（it is）true or not，the rumour will be believed（Whether it is）True or not，the rumour will be believedRich or poor，we remain relativesWin or lose，we re-main good friendsSay what you will（or may） （=No matter wha
8、t you may say） ，there is no place like home （动词+疑问词+主语+ will 或 may） （P）Look which way you will（or may） ， you will see povertyCost what it may，Ill buy itCome what may，I will do my bestCome hell（or Come hot water） ，I will save her from dangerTry as I may（=No matter how I may try） ，I cant succeedRun as
9、 he might，he couldnt overtake the thiefBe a man as rich as he will（=No matter how rich a man may be） ，he should be humble （P）Art，vary how it may，remains artThe enterprise，be it as small as it may，requires great abilityLet the consequences be what they may（=Be the con- sequences what they may） ，he re
10、mains firmLet John work never so hard（=However hard John may work） ，he remains poorDetest him as they may，he grows richer and richer1709 14限制状语从句限制状语从句，不是单修饰动词，而是修饰整个主句，常可译为“据” ，“就来说” ，或“在方面”：So far as I can see（or can judge，can learn） ，he cant be honestHe has a happy family，as far as I know（or my k
11、nowledge goes） That is all right，as far as I am concernedHe has done everything，as nearly as I can guessAs far as buying machines，we all agree （商业英语）He has never been a doctor，that（or as） （=as far as） I know（or that I remember） （L）He was not happy，that I saw（or that I heard of） “Has he been a soldie
12、r？” “Not that I know of ”（ not=He has not been a soldier） For anything（or all，what，ought） I know（or hear，see，care，can tell） ，he is playing you a trickHe may have escaped，for anything I know （or for anything that appears in the papers）to the contrary （但 for引起的不是从句）He is a good official，as officials（o
13、r times，the world）go（=according to the present circumstances） He is a good businessman as businessmen goAs the world goes（or As times go） ，John is a good sonAs things go（or run，are） ，this car is very cheapAs the case（or the matter，matters）stand（s） ，we can do nothing yetAs（it） （it 总是省略掉的）regards foot
14、ball，I am not much interestedHe was very unhappy as regarded his marriageAs（it） （it 总是省略掉的）concerns your proposal，I will answer you in a few daysHe was unable to do anything as concerned their re-quest（As far）As（it）concerned philosophy，he had studied it twenty yearsThese books are the same in that（o
15、r in so far as） they deal with war （限制在某个方面） （L）It is different from mine in that it looks prettierKnowledge is only important in that it is useful1710 15除外状语从句I dont want anything but（or except，save，saving， beyond，only） that my children should obey their parents （that 很少省略）She is pretty except（or b
16、ut）for the fact that her eyes are too bigNothing can satisfy her except that I buy her a neck-laceSave that a few pictures hung on the wall，the room was emptyHe does not need me except when he wants to borrow money（=except that he needs me when he wants to borrow money ）He never touches any vitamins
17、 except because he is illNobody came but（or except，save）John（=except that John came） （but 用在名词前时，可以看作是连词，后面有一从句省略，但不如看作是介词，跟有一名词作宾语。）Every（or Any）student can answer the question，but he （or him） （若把but看作连词，后面可用 he；若把它看作介词，则后面用 him ）I have no other friend than（=friend but）you （前面有 other，otherwise或 els
18、e时，but，except 或 save必须用 than 代替。 ）The murderer is no（or none）other than he（or him） Come on any other day than SundayHave you anything else than this old song-book？Nobody else than mother cares about itI can do no other（or otherwise）than（=cannot but） laugh说明 11711 并列（非限制性）关系从句可以看作是一种状语从句，不过它们的意义不如普通状
19、语从句表达得那么清楚：The labourers， who（=when they） had finished their work， went homeThe criminal，who（=when he） heard the sentence，cried bitterlyThis house，which（=because it） is painted red，looks oddThe street，where（=because on it） so many cars drive up and down，is dangerous to childrenThe city，which（= thoug
20、h it）looks so pretty，covers up many crimesJohn，who（=though he） has lived here twenty years，does not know even a single street说明 21712 在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中，作主语的代词和动词 be 有时可以省略，这时主句和从句的主语必须指同一人或物：John waited there till（he was） called for （由于从句中的主语 he和主句中的主语 John指同一个人，时间状语从句中的代词主语 he和 was可以省略。 ）He ran up an
21、d down，as if（he was） looking for some-thingThey will not surrender，unless（they are） caughtSee me if（you are） in needWhen（he was） young，Lee lived in KoreaThough（he is） rich，he works hardHowever cold（it is） ，the weather is still pleasantGood books，whether（they are）easy or hard，are to be read carefully
22、The park，while（it is）unde repair，is not open to the publicWhen five years old，his father died （错句。从句中主语与主句中主语不一致，应说 When five years old， he lost his father或 When he was five years old， his father died参 阅 1095）She wont marry him until mutually understood （错句。从句中的主语与主句中的主语不一致，应说 They wont marry until
23、mutually understood；或 She wont marry him until they are mutually understood ）但是在一些特殊用法中，省略的主语与主句的主语并不指同一个人或物（省略的部分多为 it is，或 they are）：You can come at 5 am ，if possible（= if it is possible，而不是 if you are possible） He will consult a lawyer，if necessary（=if it is necessary） You can earn as much as pos
24、sibleI will do it whenever possibleThe students are to insert prepositions where required（=where they are required） （You） keep the cap on while not in use（= while the liquid is not in use） C以动名词为宾语的介词短语1713 介词后跟有动名词作宾语的结构也可用来修饰谓语动词。 “介词+动名词”结构的作用和状语从句的作用差不多，也可表示时间、原因、结果等。注意所使用的不同介词与介词短语。a时间：My broth
25、er goes to school after taking（=after he takes）his breakfastSome women never think before speakingand not even afterOn arriving（= as soon as I arrived） in London，I visited DrWest；and just before leaving it，I called on him a-gainI was shocked at hearing（=when I heard） the news that our manager had be
26、en arrestedIn saying this，I dont mean to offend my boss， my coworkers or anyoneHe lost his passport during his travelling in Japan and other Asian countriesShe had a baby four months after getting married to an engineerOn receiving the goods，I sent him the moneyLong，long before Europeans making guns
27、，Chinese knew how to make firecrackersb方式：The war spread quickly like the burning of the forestShe danced so beautifully，just like swimming（=as if she were swimming）under waterI prefer staying at home to wandering about the world （=I like staying at home better than wandering about the world ）c伴随情况：
28、He never talks without offending others （=He never talks but he offends others ）d原因：He lost heart because of（or owing to，due to，on account of） being attacked（=because he was attacked） by the publicHe is dismissed for doing something wrongHe died from drinking too much liquorHe became crazy through l
29、osing all his fortuneHe has a bad cold in consequence of（or as the result of）walking in the raine除外情况：He has nothing to do beyond playing（=except that he plays） the guitarHe is fit for the post except for being（=except that he is）too oldf条件：She cant defend herself in case of（ or in the event of） bei
30、ng robbed（=if she should be robbed） I should have been wet through but for having carried（if I had not carried） a raincoat with meWithout greasing（= If you dont grease） his palm，youll have troubleg目的：He saved all his money towards sending（ = so that he might send）his children to collegeJohn takes ex
31、ercise every day for the purpose of（or with the intention of，in hopes of，in the hope of，with the hope of） improving his healthShe talks for the sake of talkingShe said this with a view to（or of） intimidating JohnHe sent presents to my mother by way of pleasing herThey built a city wall against being
32、 attacked（=lest they should be attacked） h结果：He enticed her into marrying（=so that she did marry）himHe provoked her into slapping himI talked him out of earning（=so that he refrained from earning）the dirty moneyI reasoned her out of going out with a playboyi让步或不管：We continued our journey in spite of
33、 feeling（=though we felt） illHe made the decision without regard to creating any enemiesWe shall stand firm regardless of （or irrespective of） being （=no matter whether we shall be） praised or attackedj限制：He is foolish in divorcing（=in that he divorces）his wifeJohn is wrong in not following your adv
34、iceHe has done something wonderful in accomplishing thisHe is skilful at playing tricksAs for（or With regard to，In regard to or of）cooking，my sister is unequalledIn respect of writing essays，she is better than her brotherI trust John for judging the quality of curiosNothing can be done about ending
35、this war另一些介词短语可以改为并列分句，有下面种种意义：k外加：Besides selling rice，he keeps chickens （=He sells rice，and besides he keeps chickens ）l替代：Instead of doing business，he became a monk （=He did not do business，but instead he became a monk ）m手段By using our brains and hands，we create our civilization（=We use our brai
36、ns and hands，and thus we create our civilization ）n选择：You must take more rest on pain of ruining（=or you will ruin）your health和分词与不定式相同，这类动名词也应指句子主语的动作：oAfter explaining，the doorman let me in （错句。explain 不是 doorman的动作，应说 After explaining，I was let in by the doorman或 After I explained，the doorman let
37、 me in参阅 1091）Before getting married，our parents opposed us bitterly （错句。不是 our parents got married应说 Before getting married，We were bitterly opposed by our parents或说 Before we got married，our parents opposed us bitterly ）这里 burning已成为一个纯粹的名词。D分词1715 词也可用来修饰谓语动词。1起状语从句作用的分词分词可以放在主语前面，也可紧跟在主语后面，这时较不强
38、调。它们的作用和as，when，after，if，though 等引起的状语从句相似（参阅 1087，1089）：Having（=As or Because I had）no money，I borrowed some from JohnSeeing me，he gave me the warmest welcome，extending his arms and shoutingBelieving that she can be a good merchant，she decides to do businessFinding that the other members of my fami
39、ly all smoke cigarettes，I smoke，tooBeing（=As he is）a little child，my brother likes sweets（Being） Addicted to the gayeties of city life，they do not like to live in the country （在后面跟过去分词时 being 常可省略）（Being）Written（=As it is written） hastily，the letter left a bad impression（Being）Born of rich parents，P
40、edro is not accustomed to hard workHe adopts the latest method，having been trained in the United States and Germany（Being）Defeated in every battle，the enemy will soon sur-renderWalking（=When I walked） along the bank，I met a friendLooking outside，I saw it was raining（Being）Seen（=When they were seen）b
41、y men，the mice began to runTurning（=If you turn）to the right，you will see the shopTaking（ If he had taken）more doses of the medicine，he would have diedTaken in large doses，the drug will be fatalTaking（=After she took）up the basket，she went to the marketHaving been taught for years，he knows how to be
42、have （having 能强调动作的早先发生）Having been working（=After he had been working）for forty years，he retiredSnowdrop，suspecting（=As she suspected）no evil，let the witch come in （紧跟在主语后面的分词，比放在主语前面的分词更不让人注意。 ）The merchant，seeing（=when he saw） the customers， showed them his goodsThe king，having been（=after he had
43、 been） too busy with State affairs， went to bed earlier than usual1716 分词可放在谓语后面，这是三种位置中最受强调的位置（参阅 1089）：She decides to do business，believing that she can be a good merchantThey do not like to live in the country，being addicted to the gayeties of city lifeThe thief ran away， having killed a young la
44、dy in a hotelHe arrived in Hong Kong，starting from Europe some days ago （分词短语若放在谓语后面，它表示的时间应在谓语所表示的时间之后，除非有时间状语表示它在前，如some days ago表明 starting在 arrived之前，或是分词用完成形式，即以 having开头。）2前面带连词的分词1717 和状从句相似，分词前也可加一个连词，来使分词所表示 的时间、条件或让步关系更清楚（可参阅 1090）：While listening（=While she was listening） to the radio， sh
45、e fell in a swoonBefore speaking（Before you speak） ， you must think over what you are to sayWhen going to church，I lost my watchThough living near her house，I have never seen herWhether staying at home or going out， they are always togetherHe talked about every subject as if having seen much of the
46、worldThe article will make a sensation when published（=when it is published） If caught（=If he is caught） ， the robber will be put to deathThough caught， the pickpocket will not be punishedUnless suppressed quickly， the unrest will spread every whereThe Japanese，as compared（=as they are compared） wit
47、h the Chinese， are different in characterThe mountain，as seen（=as it is seen） from here， looks blueI will buy trucks when really needed（=when trucks are really needed） （Trucks 不是主语，而是宾语。 ）Dont send me any money unless required（=unless any money is required） （Money 不是主语，而是宾语。 ）（这种习惯用法，虽说与语法规则不合，却是大家已
48、经接受 的。 ）（CfIf any，if possible，when necessary，where necessary）3有意义上主语的分词1718 如果分词本身需在句子主语之外有自己的主语，可以在它前 面加一个意义上的主语（参阅 1092）：Night coming（When night came） on， we went homeThe moon having risen（=When the moon had risen） ， we took a walk with our friendsThis being the case，we shall have to change our pl
49、anThey being hard up，my father lent them some moneyShe being so much grieved，I advised her to go for a tripIt being Sunday， the shops were closedThe task having been finished， we waited for dinnerWe were compelled to dismount， the hill-side being too steep （=because the hillside was too steep） All was quiet i
