1、IELTS WRITING,Alina,图表作文类型,Table Line graph Bar chart Pie chart Process diagram map,图表题三要素,客观性（objectivity） 准确性 （accuracy）(just under 2000/ around 1700) 详尽性 （thoroughness),小作文的学习方法,1. 选真题中任意图 2. 确定图的类型（动态、静态、地图、流程） 3. 确定思路，模仿必备句式 4. 重复大于五个图，掌握所有句子,必备句式,必备1：分词结构1. 电力供应差不多增长两倍（double），从50 涨到100。Electr
2、icity supply nearly doubled, rising from 50 to 100.2. 开荒（land clearance）是土地退化（degradation）的主要原因，占据了10%。Land clearance was the main reason for degradation, accounting for 10%.3. 人口上升到61亿在2005，在2006年轻微下降到60亿之前。The population rose to 6.1 billion in 2005, before declining slightly to 6 billion in 2006.,
3、必备2：用while, 或者although引导的状语从句 ， 或者是but引导的并列句1. 结婚的数字上升，而离婚的数字下降。The number of marriages rose, while the number of divorces dropped.2. 虽然读科学的男生比女生要多，这个数字在下降。Although men outnumbered women in science, this number declined.,必备3：用after which, during which time, by which time, when, where 引导的定语从句1. 手机用户的
4、数量在2005上升到2百万，在那之后数字保持水平。The number of mobile phone users rose to 2 million in 2005, after which the figure remained constant.2. 这个趋势一直保持到2005，在那一年，离婚人数显著上升。The trend continued until 2005, when the number of divorces rose markedly.,必备4：使用倍数1. 老年人的百分比在2005年是1955年的3倍（15% 相比5%）。The proportion of elderl
5、y people in 2005 was three times the figure in 1955 (15% versus 5%)The proportion of elderly people in 2005 was 15%，three times the figure in 1955 (5%).2. 在伦敦的居民看到了房价5倍的增长。Residents in London saw a five-fold increase.The housing price in London rose five-fold.3. 出生率在2010年是1.2%，大概是2005年的一半。The birth
6、rate in 2010 was 1.2%, around half the level in 2005.,必备5：使用比较级和最高级1. 年轻人比中年人更加可能为了职业而读书。Young adults are more likely than middle-aged people to study for career.2. 美国的犯罪率比其他国家要高。The crime rate in the United States was higher than in other countries.The crime rate in the United States was highest.,必
7、备6：there be 句型在教师工资的费用上有显著的上升。There was a marked increase in the spending on teachers salaries.,句型应用练习,1. 在美国，开车的人最高，而骑车的人最少。 In the US, the proportion of car users was highest, while those who travelled by bike accounted for the lowest proportion.2. 中国使用公共交通工具的数字是美国的三倍。In China, public transport wa
8、s used by a large proportion of people, at 67%, three times the figure for the US.3. 美国开车的人比中国的人的比率高。In the US, the proportion of car users was higher than the figure for China.,4. 美国开车的人最多Cars represented the most popular means of transport for Americans.5. 美国开车的人是53%， 对比中国的7%。53% of Americans trav
9、elled by car, compared with 7% of Chinese people.,数据很多，如何处理？,数据控制在12个左右即可,动态图,1. 确定是动态图 2. 确定有四个国家四个对象 3. 确定中国上升，Italy上升，Australia下降，Canada基本不变 4. 从最高值Italy开始,数据的选择： 一等：Italy在2003数据 二等：2003的四个数据 三等：2000年四个数据 四等：中国2002和2001加拿大2001最低意大利2002和2003,静态图,1. 确定静态图 2. 确定三个对象 3. 类似数据归类，如subway，美日类似 4. 从最高值（英国
10、bus，英国subway，中国car）,引出数据的方法,1. 括号（无需定语从句，常跟n后面）Europe, with the highest overall percentage of land degraded (23%), also suffered from over-cultivation (7.7%) and over-grazing (5.5%). 2. byThe percentage gradually declined by 10-20% every decade. 3. at(1)用于动词后面After peaking at 90 billion the followin
11、g years, these calls had fallen back to the 1995 figure by 2002.(2)当句子主语是number，proportion，amount，figure时The figure for resources was highest in 1991， at 20%.(3) 跟在所指代的数据后面North America had a lower proportion of degraded land at only 5%.,4. with(主语经常不是number，proportion)Petrol and oil are the dominan
12、t fuel sources throughout this period, with 35 quadrillion units used in 1980，rising to 42q in 2012. 5. toThere was a dramatic increase in mobile calls from 2 billion to 46 billion minutes.,小作文常犯错误,1) 对象词的错误。对象词就是图里的数字所代表的东西。 2) 时态的错误。多为一般过去时，有时候可能出现一般现在时或者将来时态。 3) 侧重细节描述，而忽视趋势。所谓趋势，就是一个区间内最主要的一个变化（
13、譬如说，如果大部分时候是上升，就是上升趋势） 4) 侧重读数据，没有将数据归类和归纳（具备类似特征的数据要放在一起） 5) 用奇怪的词，而忽视词性的变换。,对 象 词,Turkey accounted for 32.14%. The percentage of food/drinks/tobacco accounted for 32.14%. Food/drinks/tobacco accounted for 32.14% of expenditure in Turkey. The percentage of Turkey was 32.14%. Turkey spent 32.14% of
14、expenditure or money. The proportion of expenditure on food/drinks/tobacco in Turkey was 32.14%.,看图写句,如何 描述 45.5%？,West Europe was responsible for the largest proportion of the worlds bottled water consumptionThe consumption of bottled water in West Europe accounted for 45.5% of the worlds consumpti
15、on. 45.5% of the worlds bottled water was consumed in West Europe.,如何描述15%？,15% of the countrys working population worked in the manufacturing sector. Those working in the manufacturing sector accounted for 15% of the countrys working population.,如何描述50？,Half of Australias electricity was produced b
16、y coal. The electricity produced by coal accounted for half of the country total production.,小作文得高分的要点,Task response：主要的趋势和特征；对象词 Coherence and Cohesion：连接词Lexical resources：单词词性的变化 Grammatical range and accuracy：语法的准确句子的变化,词性变化,The amount transported by road saw a significant increase. The amount t
17、ransported by road increased significantly. There was a rise in the unemployment rate between 2000 and 2005. The unemployment rate rose between 2000 and 2005. The expenditure on clothing saw a 5% fall. The expenditure on clothing fell by 5%.,小作文的注意事项,1. 一定要从最高值说起，不管静态还是动态图。 2. 写作过程中多注意文字信息，数字信息作为辅助说
18、明 3. 小作文连接词很重要类似的趋势：also，likewise，similarly相反的趋势：in contrast， however， on the other hand （不要用on the contrary）有时候连词although，while，whereas，but也有转折的功能,4. 不要太注意对象词，重复也是可以的，也可以用the figure for代替5. 数据不要读太多，一般12个数据就足够,开头段改写-句式,1. The chart provides information about . 2. The chart shows the changes in/of .
19、3. The chart compares . 4. The chart shows how . changed .,例如：题目：The graph shows the number of daily durables consumed by Australian between 1982 and 1995. 改写：The table reveals the changes offrom 1982 to 1995.,开头段改写-词汇,The table below shows the proportion of different categories of families living i
20、n poverty in Australia in 1999.,Show的替换词：describe、illustrate、demonstrate、summarise、outline、indicate Proportion替换词：percentage Categories替换词：kinds、types Families替换词：households切记below要去掉,Practice-1,The diagrams provide some information about the housing prices of five cities around the world from 1990
21、to 2000.The chart show how housing prices changed in five cities during the period between 1990 and 2000.,Practice-2,The graph below shows the quantities of goods transported in the UK between 1974 and 2002 by four different modes of transport.The graph provides information about the quantities of goods transported in the United Kingdom by four means of transport over the period 1974 to 2002.,
