1、Grammar,What is grammar? the inner rules system which forms the structure of English as a language. In other words, it shows how the language elements combine and form sentences.,Grammar rules dont tell us the contents a language can express, but they tell us how to use language structures to expres
2、s complete ideas correctly.,Grammar and vocabulary are the core of a language. If we imagine vocabulary as the building materials, then grammar rules are the building frames. You can build up your vocabulary through many different ways, such as through reading extensively, but your grammar knowledge
3、 need to be built up systematically.,IELTS test belongs to English language ability test. It focuses on four skills, including writing, speaking, listening, and reading.,A puzzle to almost all of us,Do you have such a puzzle?On one hand, unlike CET band 4 or Band 6, IELTS test has no grammar module,
4、 why should we learn English Grammar? On the other hand, there are so many rules in English grammar that we cant have a good command and we even have no idea of how to learn it.,However, it is important to be able to recognize and use grammar appropriately, although the IELTS test does not include a
5、 specific grammar module.,雅思写作评分标准,Task Response 回答问题 Coherence and Cohesion连贯性及一致性 Lexical Resource词汇量 Grammatical Range and Accuracy语法范围及准确性,雅思口语评分标准,Fluency and Coherence流畅,连贯性 Lexical Resource词汇量 Grammatical Range and Accuracy语法范围及准确性Pronunciation 语音 (sound/stress/intonation),Grammar is one of t
6、he three main elements of a language. A language consists of three main elements: speech soundgrammar vocabulary.,What will you learn from my lecture?To learn some important rules of English grammar, esp. for the testWith these rules in your minds, you can_analyze some difficult sentences in reading
7、_ write English compositions in a correct way _ speak English with no grammatical mistakes,My tutor plan,How to analyze and understand some difficult sentences when you read2. How to avoid mistakes when you write and speak3. How to make your sentences diverse,Part One,Entry Test for English grammar
8、This is a test paper for you and you must finish it within 20 minutes. And then we will have a discussion on your work.,_ the experiment three times now with different results each time!a. Weve done b. We did c. Weve been doing(a),Entry Test,2. I know its not much of a present but I made it _.a. me
9、b. myself c. by myself (b) by myself =on my own 3. The bookshop _ the end of road is excellent.a. at b. on c. in(a),4. Im aiming _ a band 7 in IELTS.a. on b. for c. to(b) 5. _ I cant go to the conference as Ive got to go to Sydney on business.a. Frankly b. Unfortunately c. Personally(b),6. What will
10、 you do if _. You dont get a good IELTS score? You didnt get a good IELTS score? You wont get a good IELTS score?(a)7. I wish that man _ tapping his fingers on the table. its really annoying me.a. stopped b. had stopped c. would stop(c),We use wish +past verb to talk about situations that we would l
11、ike to be different. I wish I could help you.= I cant help you and I am sorry about that. We use wish + something /somebody + would do to show that we want something to happen or someone to change their behavior. I wish they would stop talking so loudly! = they are talking loudly and I want them to
12、stop.,We use wish + past perfect to talk about past situations that we regret. I wish Id thought about the other costs before I bought the SLR. = I didnt think about the other costs and I regret it now.,8. The government has released some _ data showing how schools are not providing an adequate educ
13、ation to our children.a. shocking b. shock c. shocked(a)9. She got a terrible mark in the exam so she _ very hard at all.a. mustnt have workedb. cant have workedc. didnt work(b),He must have gone abroad. He cant have gone abroad.The news must be true. The news cant be true.,10. If the trend continue
14、s, the average income _ by 107% by 2020.a. will increaseb. will have increasedc. will be increasing(b),By the end of last yearby the time (past time)By the end of next yearby the time (future time),11. I dont know whether to accept the job offer. Its _ .a. a difficult decisionb. the difficult decisi
15、onc. difficult decision(a),The usage of articles,Part Two Sentence Structures,Long sentences,Most of our students are much scared by the long and complex sentences. They dont even know the structure of the English sentence. So we will focus on the long sentences. First of all, however, simple and sh
16、ort sentences can not be ignored.,I. Simple and short sentences Really simple?,There is no rule but has its exceptions.只要主句中有否定词, 定语从句中就可以用but作关系词,只要把它替换成普通关系词的否定形式,即thatnot就能看懂了。There is no rule that has not its exceptions. 没有什么事是没有例外,即凡事都有例外。,More example:,There is no man but has his own faults.Th
17、ere is no man that has not his own faults 没有人没有缺点,即人无完人。,2. It is a wise father that knows his own child. 只有睿智的父亲才能懂他自己的孩子。再聪明的父亲也未必了解自己的孩子。,More examples:,It is a wise man that never makes mistakes. 无论怎样聪明的人也难免要犯错误。It is a long lane that has no turning. 无论怎样长的巷子也有弯。,3. All that glitters is not gold
18、.发光的不一定是金子。This flower is not seen everywhere.这花并不是随处可见的。 Everybody does not know himself.不是人人都有自知之明。,More examples,Both of the books are not published in England. 这两本书不都是英国出版的。 (cf. Neither of the books is published in England.) 这两本书都不是英国出版的。I dont agree with you completely. 我并不完全同意。 (cf. I can not
19、 agree with you any more.) He did not speak clearly and correctly.他讲得清楚但不正确。 ( cf. He did not speak clearly or correctly.),我们可以使用 or 引出多个追加的否定内容, 但是最后一个追加的否定内容必须用nor或neither来引导。如:The elephant isnt like a wall, or a spear, or a snake, or a tree, neither is he like a fan。这只象不象一堵墙, 不象长矛, 不象蛇, 不象树也不象扇子。
20、,4. A man can not have too many friends. 一个人不能拥有太多的朋友。No man can have too many friends. 没有人能够拥有太多的朋友。 以上两种理解都是错的。too和否定词连用表示 “再怎么也不为过”, 即“越越好”。一个人拥有的朋友越多越好。,5. Ripe,the apple tastes better. It is short form of an adverbial clause.When it is ripe, the apple tastes better.,6. He knew better than to ta
21、lk back to his father.他应该知道不该跟父亲顶嘴的。,II. Long complex sentences,1. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions,deserve the opportunity to fully develo
22、p their capabilities.,a. 主干结构The great interest. indicates the strong feeling.。b. 而主语the great interest后面有一个修饰成分in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades,分词短语做后置定语c. 在宾语the strong feeling后面有一个同位语从句that all citizens deserve the opportunity to fully develop their ca
23、pabilitiesd. 让步状语从句 whatever their special conditions, 后面省略 they are in,过去30年间公共教育所表现出的对特殊儿童的巨大关注表明了存在于我们社会中的那种强烈的感受,即所有公民,不论情况特殊与否,都应该得到全面发展其能力的机会。,2. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate r
24、esponses will experience greater intellectual development.,All the complex sentences come from the simple ones.,Guangzhou citizens plan to buy a private car.1. One third of Guangzhou citizens plan to buy a private car in the following year.,2. It is reported that one third of Guangzhou citizens plan
25、 to buy a private car in the following year. 3. We are not sure whether one third of Guangzhou citizens plan to buy a private car in the following year.4. The news report that one third of Guangzhou citizens plan to buy a private car in the following year is not true to the fact.,5. When I paid a vi
26、sit to Guangzhou last year, I was told that one third of Guangzhou citizens planed to buy a private car in the following year.6. It is the fact that one third of Guangzhou citizens plan to buy a private car in the following year that encourages many car manufacturers to increase their products on a
27、large scale.7. The man who told me that one third of Guangzhou citizens plan to buy a private car in the following year is none other than my boss in our company, which established more than 10 years ago.,A Practice for you,We found the classroom full today.,We found our classroom full of students a
28、nd teachers.We found our big classroom full of students and teachers listening to an important report. We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the Peoples Daily on current affairs in Libya.,Variety of sentences,The goats grazed pe
29、acefully in the farm. They were unaware of the approaching hunter.,The goats grazed peacefully in the farm and were unaware of the approaching hunter.(并列分句(1)+2) (2) Grazing peacefully, the goats in the farm were unaware of the approaching hunter.(现在分语短语+简单句) (3) In the farm, the goats grazed peacef
30、ully and were unaware of the approaching hunter. (副词短语+并列分句(1)-(2) ) (4) There were goats grazing peacefully in the farm, unaware of the approaching hunter. (简单句+形容语短语) (5) As the goats grazed peacefully in the farm, they were unaware of the approaching hunter. (原因副词从句+主句),The young pilot was on his
31、 first overseas training. He felt very uneasy.,Try it by yourself,(a) The young pilot on his first overseas training felt very uneasy. (b) The young pilot felt very uneasy during his first overseas training. (c) The young pilots first overseas training made him feel very uneasy. (d) Extreme uneasine
32、ss seized the young pilot on his first overseas training. (e) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, feeling very uneasy. (f) It being his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy.,(g) Being on his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy. (h) The young
33、 pilot was on his first overseas training and felt very uneasy. (i) The young pilot, who was on his first overseas training, felt very uneasy. (j) When the young pilot was on his/first overseas training, he felt very uneasy. (k) As the young pilot was on his first overseas training, he felt very une
34、asy. (l) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, so that he felt very uneasy.,Part Three Common Errors,Common errors in your writing,词性的错误; 名词和动词,形容词和名词词性区分不是很明确Children have a special curious / curiosity.The boy is honesty / honest.The old man was hit by a car when he across/ crossed th
35、e street.,2. 时态不协调 He speaks English better than I did. I am a student who has studying in the college for two years. I have been studying in the college for two years.Some people insisted that women shouldnt join the army., while others argued that they should join the army just like men.在首段表达不同的观点
36、时,不需要使用过去时态,一般现在时就可以,3. 主谓不一致Half way to the city stands two buildings. She is one of those girls who is (are) afraid of difficulties. Half of the furniture are (is) damaged. The manager, accompanied with three engineers, are (is) visiting the factory. The poor is (are) suffering starvation.,4. 语态的问
37、题The sports meet is to put off to next Sunday. The accident was happened when he was away. 5.非谓动词作状语时逻辑主语与主句主语不一致 After finishing their degrees, the company will employ them for two or three years.,6.非完整句 缺少必要成分(多数情况是缺少动词)的句子 The first reason. There is an explosion in population. The rapid developme
38、nt of PC has benefited people. Playing an important role in modern society.,7. 语气错误 If there is no water, there is no human being.8.分句或从句缺少连接词He was looking for the dictionary in the home, he couldnt find it. In this country, spring is windy, summer hot, winter cold.,but,and,9. run-on sentencesThere
39、 are about two thirds of criminals have saw the violence in films and on television.10. Wordy and redundant My little sister has a preference for chocolate milk. My little sister prefers chocolate milk. We had a serious crisis at school yesterday when our chemistry laboratory caught fire. We had a c
40、risis at school yesterday when our chemistry laboratory caught fire.,Exercises for you,I will never forget the days when I spent with her in Shanghai. (X)-I will never forget the days that I spent with her in Shanghai. 2. Police departments in the United States and Canada see that they respond to ca
41、lls for help as quickly as possible as central to their role. (X)- Police departments in the United States and Canada see it as central to their role that they respond to calls for help as quickly as possible.,3. The major reason why animals are facing the extinction is because people have paid litt
42、le attention to the problem. (X)- The major reason why animals are facing the extinction is (that) people have paid little attention to the problem.,4. 我们有必要认识到环境保护的重要性。We are necessary to know the importance of environmental problem. (X)- It is necessary that we (should) know the importance of envi
43、ronmental problem.,5. There are about two thirds of criminals have saw the violence in films and on television. (X)- There are about two thirds of criminals having seen the violence in films and on television.,6. When looking out of the window, a mountain came into the view.Looking out of the window
44、, we saw a mountain.We looking out of the window, a mountain came into the view.(独立主格结构:主句主语与分句逻辑主语不一致, 分句自带主语) 分词作状语要时刻记住主句主语就是分词的逻辑主语。介词短语、不定式也会有这种错误发生。,7. At the age of ten, my father gave me a puppy.At the age of ten, I got a puppy from my father.8. To crack an egg, the yolk should be left intac
45、t.To crack an egg, you should leave the yolk intact.,9. She is a teacher,she is my best friend.She is a teacher,who is my best friend. She is a teacher and she is my best friend.,10. Many people dont know what is the purpose of save money. (X)很多人根本不明白存钱的目的何在.Many people dont know the purpose of savi
46、ng money. ( why they save money),11. 有些人认为我们花那么多钱在环保上面根本就是浪费时间。Some people think that we spend so much money on environmental protection is simply waste of time. (wrong)Some people think it a waste of time to spend so much money on environmental protection. (right),The house, which we bought last mo
47、nth, is very nice. This is the house which we bought last month.,There are many students play football on the sports ground. How to correct?,改正的方法有四种,1)变成两个独立的分句.There are many students on the sports ground. they are playing football. 2)通过使用分号和连词变为并列句。There are many students on the sports ground; they are playing football.orThere are many students on the sports ground and they are playing football.,3)将其中的一部分改为充当修饰成分的短语。There are many students playing football on the sports ground.4)通过使用关联词if, when, who等将其中一个句子改为从句。There are many students who are playing football on the sports ground.,