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曾哥就英语学习的问题答网友问2-疑难问题篇.docx

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1、1. 网友问:我在美国口语中听到一句话:All you do is eat and sleep! 这句话里边的 eat and sleep 是动词原形,怎么能作表语呢?请问这句话对吗?答:这句话是对的。在美国口语中,主语中出现动词 do 的时候,表语可以用动词原形。请看下面的电影截图。2.网友问:我看到一句话 I don t believe he will come. 按理说应该是:我不相信他会来。 但是译文是:我相信他不会来。 请问这个翻译对不对?答:这是英汉思维方式的差异,在将 think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine 等动词后面宾语从

2、句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。例如: I don t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。 阅读的时候怎么理解无所谓,但是写作和汉译英的时候最好这样用,更符合英语的造句原则。注意:若谓语动词为 hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。例如: I hope you werent ill. 我想你没有生病吧。3.网友问: “他的行为让我感到很失望”这句话,我翻译成 His reaction made me feel deeply disappointed. 完全符合第四大句型“主+谓+宾+宾补”但一位很有名的老师告诉我,这句话虽然

3、正确,但是更地道的说法是:His reaction deeply disappointed me. 请问这种说法对吗?答:这位老师的说法是正确的。在“使感到”这个词的翻译时,英语中有几个及物动词,可以代替使役动词 make。例如,新概念英语第三册第 18 课的第一句话:“现代雕塑不再使我们感到惊讶了。”课文并没有说:Modern sculpture rarely makes us feel surprised any more. 而是用的 Modern sculpture rarely surprises us any more.类似的及物动词还有:astonish 使 惊讶disturb 使

4、不安confuse 使困惑convince 使 确信refresh 使 恢复活力写作的时候,用上这类词,可以使句子更精练。4.网友问: 我在学习新概念英语第 3 册的时候,遇到过很多类似下面的句子:The more expensive kind of antique shop where rare objects are beautifully displayed in glass cases to keep them free from dust is usually a forbidding place.这句话的谓语部分 is usually a forbidding place 放在句末

5、,给人一种头重脚轻的感觉,老师们不是一直告诉我们“英语的主干要放在前面,次要信息放在后面” ,这样的句子是不是不太优美?答:这个句子没啥问题,这是英语的一种修辞方法,叫做“圆周句” ,特点是主要信息或实质部分迟迟不出现,使之造成一种悬念,藉以抓住读者的吸引力;随着句子层层深入,在句尾形成一个高潮,有力地表达了关键意思。这样的句子,英语中很常用。以新概念 3 册为例,我列举几句。Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the co

6、untry is beyond me.人们为什么情愿每天在路上奔波 4 个小时去换取值得怀疑的乡间的优点,我是无法理解的。分析:该句话的主要信息“be beyond me”在句尾出现。读者在阅读前面的信息“whyliving in the country”的时候,一边在读,一边在好奇,到底这句话要表达什么意思,直到最后才恍然大悟。Though my aunt pursued what was, in those days, an enlightened policy, in that she never allowed her domestic staff to work more than

7、eight hours a day, she was extremely difficult to please.姑妈待佣人在当时算是开明的,从来不让佣人每天工作超过 8 小时,但他们很难使她称心如意。分析:该句话所作者想强调的重点是“我姑姑很难感到满意”即“she was extremely difficult to please”,而在这个重点信息出现之前,作者在前文安排了大量次要信息,以制造悬念。The self-discipline required to drag myself out of bed eleven minutes earlier than usual was cons

8、iderable.这就要求我比平时早 11 分钟把自己从床上拽起来,这种自我约束是很艰苦的。分析:该句话所作者想强调的重点是“(自我约束)是很艰苦的”即“was considerable”,而在这个重点信息出现之前,作者却在缓缓地描述“这是怎么样的一种自我约束”,以制造悬念。另外需要说明,圆周句是一种书面语,口语中是不可能出现的。5.网友问: 连词 once 引导的从句,有些书上说是时间状语从句,有些书上说是条件状语从句,请问到底是什么从句?答:其实任何时间状语从句都含有“条件”的意味,时间也是一种条件,对吧?英美人说话的时候可不会考虑这么多,只有在中国,因为翻译的需要才强行区分的。二者区别不

9、大. 一般来讲用 once 翻译成时间和条件都是允许的,只是哪个更贴切的问题。如 Ill call you once I known.翻译成“我只要一知道就告诉你。 ”比翻译成“当我知道的时候我会告诉你要好一些” ,所以算是引导条件状语从句。而 There are a lot of birds here once it is sunny.翻译成“当天气好的时候这就有很多鸟” ,比“只要天气好,这就会有很多鸟”要好,算是引导时间状语从句。总之一句话,怎么翻译符合汉语的习惯就怎么翻译。6.网友问:新概念英语第二册 92 课,最后一句话是:Fortunately, the shouting woke

10、 up my wife who opened the window just as the policeman had started to climb towards me. 这句话里边的 wife 是独一性名词,和mother, father 一样的,后面接了一个限定性定语从句修饰,请问这是定语从句的特殊用法吗?答:废话!哪儿有那么多的特殊用法?就是一个印刷错误而已。wife 后面少了一个逗号。7. 网友问:我们有时候看到类似下面的句子。After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confide

11、nce.He was sent to prison for failing to pay his debts and died in poverty in 1836.请问 after, for 后面的 v-ing 是分词还是动名词?答:由于 after 和 for 都既可以视为介词,也可以视为连词。所有,后面的 v-ing,既可视为分词,也可视为动名词。这样的特殊语法,只要会用就行,不用深究。8. 网友问:动词 wish 和 hope 都表示“希望” ,用法我一直搞不懂,一会是虚拟语气,一会是双宾语等等,请问能讲解一下如何使用这两个动词吗?答:hope 很简单,就是一般的及物动词。I hope

12、 to see you again sometime next year. 我希望明年某一时候再见到你。I hope he will be adequate to the job. 我希望他将胜任这一工作。wish 相对复杂一点。可以作普通的及物动词,后面接宾语从句,但是要注意,其后的宾语从句必须使用虚拟语气。现在虚拟,用一般过去时。I wish he were here.我真希望他在这儿。过去虚拟,用过去完成时。I wish I had kept faithful to my childhood dreams.我希望当初信守儿时的梦想。将来虚拟,用过去将来时。 (would 可改为 shou

13、ld, might, could)I wish you would keep on trying to improve your English.我希望你继续坚持提高英语水平。另外,wish 还能作宾补动词,构成五大句型中的第 4 大句型。最后,wish 还能作授予动词,构成五大句型中的第 5 大句型。I wish you a pleasant stay here. 祝您在这儿过得愉快。I wish you a safe and pleasant journey. 我祝你旅途平安愉快。9. 网友问:我在学习新概念英语第三册 27 课的时候,发现最后一句话是:We often speak of

14、tramps with contempt and put them in the same class as beggars, but how many of us can honestly say that we have not felt a little envious of their simple way of life and their freedom from care?这样的句子经常在阅读中遇到,请问这样的只有问句没有回答的句子,属于什么类型?答:这是一句修辞疑问句,相当于说话者在自言自语,是不需要回答的,如果你回答,那就是犯傻了。说白了,就是说话人在明知故问。修辞问句分为两

15、类:反问:用疑问的形式表达确定的意思,不需要回答,其答案寓于问句的反面。其作用是加强语气,表达强烈的感情,以引起读者或听者的深思。O, wind, if winter comes, can spring be far behind?(玛丽雪莱名言)设问: 为引出下文而先提问,目的在于引起读者或听众的注意。例如:Are we going to tolerate this intrusion upon our freedom? Are we going to accept these restrictions? Are we to be intimidated by time-serving bu

16、reaucrats?反问和设问的共同点:都是“明知故问” ,即说话人或作者事先均有了答案而“故问” ; 反问和设问的不同点:反问在问话中暗示了答案,勿需回答便表明了态度,而设问没有在问话中暗示答案,其答案在问话之后。经典例句欣赏:Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to shatter mens bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them?(新概念英语第四册 22

17、课)直译:例如,难道任何公开展示都会比炮手利用专门技巧炸碎人的肉体而此时外科医生就在眼前用专门技巧修复它们的公开展示更加阴森般的异想天开吗? 意译:比方说有一种公开展示:炮手利用专门技巧炸碎人的肉体,外科医生就在此时此地再用专门技巧把它们修复;难道还有任何公开展示比这种异想天开的场面更加阴森可怕吗?10. 网友问:我们经常在美剧中听到类似下面这句话的句子:She will come see me this evening. 句子里边的 come 和 see 都是动词原形,怎么能放到一起呢?答:美国口语中,并列连词 and 连接两个谓语的时候,如果前面的动词是 go和 come,可以省略连词 a

18、nd.所以上面这句话其实就是 She will come and see me this evening.11. 网友问:我们用英语表达动词“有” ,一个是 have,另一个是 there be,以前老师都教我们说:两者的区别是 have 的主语是人,there be 的主语是物。但是后来我经常在国外的文章上看到 have 的主语也可以是人,难道老师们教错了?答:老师们就是教错了,国内的语法书也是以讹传讹。事实上,have 是表示从属关系, there be 仅仅强调某种东西“存在”。而老外的思维方式中,通常认为万物皆是活的,所以即使是物体名词作主语,也经常更喜欢用 have.比如这句话:那条

19、短裙上有两个口袋。中国人通常会说:There are two pickets on the skirt.美国人通常会说:The skirt has two pockets.经典例句:The house has many large rooms and there is a lovely garden.这栋房子里有许多房间,还有一个漂亮的花园。(本句里边 rooms 属于 house 的组成部分,而 garden 属于 house 外的东西,故前面用 has, 后面用 there is)另外要说明的是 there be 句型的主语一定是实体名词,而不能用抽象名词比如meeting, conver

20、sation 等。尤其是 GMAT 考试中,there be 句型几乎可以判断为全错。12. 网友问:老外认为所有物体都是活的?这是什么意思?答:这是思维方式的差异。比如新概念英语第三册第 1 课第 2 句话:When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. 这句话里边说:消息 进入 伦敦动物园。而中国人写句子,显然会说:伦敦动物园的工作人员收到消息。这种用物体作主语的特点,称为“

21、无灵主语”,又叫“物称主语”,看看下面的例句,就明白了。1. 因为疼痛,我早早起床了。中:I got up early in the morning because of pain.英:The pain woke me up early in the morning.2. 晚餐菜单上有丰富的食物。中:There is a wide choice of dishes on the dinner menu.英:The dinner menu presents a wide choice of dishes.3. 我突然产生了一个可怕的想法我锁门了吗?中:I suddenly produced a

22、terrible thoughthad I locked the door?英:A terrible thought suddenly struck mehad I locked the door?4. 顺着小路,我们来到一个座落在陡峭山坡上的小村庄。中:If we followed that path, we came to a tiny village perched on the steep sides of a mountain英:The path led to a tiny village perched on the steep sides of a mountain.5. 突然其

23、中一个工人想打开箱子。中:Suddenly, one of the workers wanted to open up the box.英:It suddenly occurred to one of the workers to open up the box.6. 一个阳光和煦的周末,我们全班去公园烧烤。中:The students in our class went to the park for barbecue on a warm and fine weekend.英:A warm and fine weekend found our class going to the park

24、for barbecue.7. 不但素昧平生的人寄来了大量的礼物,而且婴儿食品、婴儿肥皂制造厂商为了替自己产品做广告也寄来了大量的礼物。中:Not only unknown people sent many gifts but baby food and soap manufacturers who wished to advertise their products sent gifts as well.英:Gifts poured in not only from unknown people, but from baby food and soap manufacturers who w

25、ished to advertise their products.在写作中,可以根据具体情况选用人称主语或物称主语。13. 网友问:表示“长时间”的副词 long 和 a long time 有区别吗?答:在比较正规的英语中(尤其是英国英语):long=for long 通常用于否定句或疑问句,且要放在句末。如:I cant stay here long. 我不能在这儿呆很久。Have you been working here long? 你在这儿工作很久了吗?a long time=for a long time 通常用于肯定句,且可以用于句首。如:He stayed here for

26、a long time. 他在这儿呆了很久。经典例句:Our clavichord is kept in the living-room. It has belonged to our family for a long time.我们的这架古钢琴存放在起居室里。我们家有这件乐器已经很久了。(新概念2)Though he managed to take a number of brilliant photographs, he could not stay near the volcano for very long.尽管他设法拍了一些十分精彩的照片,但他却不能在火山附近停留太长的时间。(新概

27、念 2)They employed a few farm hands, but no one was willing to work there long.他们雇了几个农工,但谁也不愿意在那儿长期工作下去。(新概念 3)For a long time, I watched them scurrying around the base of the tree in bewilderment.在很长一段时间里,我看见它们围着大树底部来回转悠,不知所措。(新概念3)不过最后要指出,上述区别只是在书面语中的区别。现实中,尤其是在美国人中,这些区别早就不是问题,都在随心所欲乱用。14. 网友问:答:an

28、d now 应视为一个连词,不可分割,意思是“那么”。后面的句子,时态不一定非要用现在时。A great mass of rock had fallen from the cliff and now blocked the road. 一大堆岩石从悬崖上掉了下来,堵塞了道路。15.网友问:答:这句话没有语法错误。这里的两个 what,都是复合关系代词,相当于 the thing which,后面的 what was 和 what will be 都是定语从句,这个定语从句是主系表结构,其表宾语是被省略了的 the thing。所以,这句话的意思是“你太关注过去和未来(而不是现在)了。”15.网

29、友问:有些语法书上说,定语从句的先行词是 the way 的时候,可以用how 代替 the way,请问 how 能作关系副词吗?答:how 可以视为关系副词引导定语从句,但也可视为副词连词引导方式状语从句。但是用得最多的句型是:the way/manner+ that/in which 引导的定语从句(that/in which 可以省略)The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed.接待她的售货员不喜欢她的那副打扮。(有了 the way 作先行词,后面就不能用how!)I liked the way

30、that she organized the meeting.我喜欢她组织会议的方法。I hate the way in which he stares at me.我讨厌他那样盯着我。注:上面句型中的 the way (in which)可被 how 取代,但用得不多,仅需了解。The assistant who served her did not like how she was dressed.I liked how she organized the meeting.I hate how he stares at me.16. 网友问:英语中有一些定语从句,翻译的时候不管按照限定性定

31、语从句还是非限定性定语从句翻译,都不通顺,例如:The small ship, Elkor, which had been searching the Barents Sea for weeks, was on its way home. 这句直译,就是: 小船埃尔科号在巴伦支海搜寻了几周,在返航途中 。 这句话明显不通顺啊?答:这又是英语思维的一个特征,那就是:用定语从句作状语功能。这句话如果用状语从句表示,其实是 The small ship, Elkor, after she had been searching the Barents Sea for weeks, was on its

32、 way home.所以正确的译文是:小船“埃尔科 ”号在巴伦支海搜寻了几个星期之后,正在返航途中。英语中用定语从句表示状语的情况还有很多,还可以表示让步,目的,条件,原因,结果等状语。My Grandfather, who is already 65 years old this year, plays the piano very beautifully.= My Grandfather, though he is already 65 years old this year, plays the piano very beautifully.我爷爷虽然今年 95 了,可是钢琴弹得非常好。

33、(让步状语从句)I could not recognize her who had changed so much in the past ten years.= I could not recognize her because she had changed so much in the past ten years.我几乎认不出她了,因为在过去的十年中,她变得太多了。(原因状语从句)She was a beautiful, independent and heroic girl who pleased all of them.= She was a beautiful, independ

34、ent and heroic girl so that she pleased all of them.她是一个美丽、独立勇敢的女孩,所以逗人喜爱。 (结果状语从句)Men became desperate for work, any work, which will help them maintain their families.= Men became desperate for work, any work, if it will help them maintain their families.人们迫切地要求工作,不管是什么工作,只要能维持一家人的生活就行。(条件状语从句)The

35、y have built a new college here, where students could be trained to be engineers and scientists.= They have built a new college here, so that students could be trained to be engineers and scientists.他们在这里建了一所学院,以培养工程师和科学家。(目的状语从句)同理,汉译英的时候,上述状语从句,也可以翻译为定语从句。17.答:这是倒装语序。主语是 books, 正常语序是:Books have to

36、 be found in bookshop.表示地点、方向、次序的副词放在句首,主语是名词必须倒装,主语是代词不倒装。谓语是及物动词不倒装。Up came the sun as we climbed to the mountain top.太阳在我们爬到山顶时升起。(完全倒装)On the desk is a book.桌上有本书。(完全倒装)Next came a horse.随后来了一匹马。Among them will be debbies mother, who swam the Channel herself when she was a girl.他们当中还会有黛比的母亲,她本人还

37、是个姑娘时,也曾横渡过英吉利海峡! (本句中的 mother 被定语从句修饰,故倒装以后和紧邻定语从句,使句子主干更突出)There you have it and thats the news for today.新闻报道到此,以上就是今天的新闻。(不倒装)On the hill I saw Lulu.我在山上看到了 Lulu. (不倒装)18.答:这个句子不是 tooto结构,而是 it 作形式主语代替不定式 to blame the railway authorities,这个不定式才是真正的主语。这里只不过是一个巧合,有点像 tooto而已。所以这句话的意思是:当铁路真出了问题,人们便

38、不假思索地责备铁路当局!至于里边的 all too,是一个副词,意思是“太”。The sports meet ended all too briefly. 运动会过于简单地结束了。The end of the holiday came all too soon. 假期结束得未免太快了。The time passes all too quickly when people play cards. 当人们在玩扑克的时候,时间很快就过去了。19. 网友问:我看到一句话 Much as I would like to stay, I really must go home. 请问这句话里边的 Much

39、 as 是固定用法吗?答:这种结构,是让步状语从句的强调句。这句话不如不强调,其实就是Though I would like to stay much, I really must go home. 要强调让步状语从句,可以去掉连词 though, 然后把需要强调的部分放在句子开头,后面加上副词 as。例:Though he is rich, his life is not happy.= Rich as he is, his life is not happy.他虽然很有钱,但生活并不幸福。Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, w

40、e are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.尽管我们可以自夸自己的鉴赏力如何敏锐,但我们已经无法独立自主地选购自己所需的东西了。这是因为广告在我们身上施加着一种潜移默化的影响。(新概念英语第三册 26 课)20. 网友问:我考专业四级的时候遇到一个句子:Shakespeare makes his characters live through languages.请问里边为什么用一般现在时?是不是印错了?答:这个句子没有错,在图片、电影、戏剧

41、等评论中,可以使用一般现在时。同理,福建省 2009 年高考中也有一个类似的句子:Shakespeare makes his characters lively through their language in his plays.再看一个例子:Perhaps this is because it ( The Mill On the Floss) contains one of the most delightful pictures ever drawn of childhood lived in the authentic world of rural England, or becau

42、se it reveals an unparalleled insight into the workings of the childs and young adults mind, or perhaps it is because , in accomplishing both of these, George Eliot ( The Mill On the Floss 的作者)gives us so much that is herself. 21. 网友问:答:could not be reached for comment 在美国是一个固定用法,意思是:还没有就此事发表评论。至于这个

43、句子的语法是否严谨,老美也未必想过,但是人家知道就该这么说。这样的用法其实就是一种习惯,就像四川人说:走,中午我们去吃馆子。馆子能吃吗?当然不能。但是四川人都这么说。从这个例子可以看出:语法也不能死板硬套,语言本身的习惯的优先级,是永远高于语法规则的。22. 网友问:2009 年四川英语高考有一道题:She will never forget her stay there _ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. A.that B.which C.where D.when标准答案是 D。这句话里边 when 引导的定语

44、从句,前面没有表示时间的名词,那么这个定语从句修饰的是哪个先行词呢?答:此题考查定语从句的关系词的选择。 1. 先行词是 her stay,而不是 there,因为定语从句所修饰的先行词只能是代词/名词(短语),而不能是副词。 此题中的 stay 是一个名词,意思也是“停留/逗留”。 2. 将先行词 her stay 放入定语从句中,连接为: (when) she found her son who had gone missing two years before. = (in/during which) she found her son who had gone missing two

45、years before. = (in/during her stay) she found her son who had gone missing two years before. 在她(在那儿的)逗留期间,她找到了两年前失踪的儿子。 很明显,该定语从句缺少时间状语。 当然,这种脑残考题也只有中国特色的英语考试中会出现。23. 网友问:我在给客户发邮件的时候想说“我们的产品优于所有竞争产品。”我在发邮件的时候写到:Our product is superior than all compete product.但是对方说我写的句子不对,请问哪儿错了。答:如果要用 superior 这个词表示“比更有优势”,应该是 be superior to,而不是用 than。这是一个特殊的表达。所以这句话应该是:Our product is superior to all compete product.这个表达只有自己牢牢记住,有时候美国人都会用错。同理,如果要表达“比更有劣势”,是 be inferior to。

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