1、11.Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.难句类型：复杂
2、句子结构+大量生僻名词本句比较长，理解起来比较有难度，因为句子结构有些复杂，同时夹杂着众多的生僻名词。如果一个句子里有超过 5 个单词不认识或者不熟悉，对我们的阅读都会构成一定的影响。这句话是一个表示对比关系的复合句，主句和从句都各有一个状语来修饰，表明条件的变化；然后说明在两种不同条件下植被的构成发生了变化。整句的主干结构是这样的：adjacent to timberline, the tundra consists of shrubs and grasses and so on, while rise up, the species and diversities will decreas
3、e. 同学们只要能读出来这句话的核心意思是“靠近林木线的土地上到处覆盖着灌木和草，而海拔高度提高的时候，物种减少直到出现大片的荒地”就可以了。timberline: n. 林木线（树木生长的极限海拔高度） timber + line tundra: n.冻原，苔原 moss ： n. 苔藓， lichen n. 地衣， prostrate：adj. 俯倒，拜倒cushion ：n. 垫子，垫状物译文：由于紧挨着林木线，苔原上比较完整地覆盖着矮灌木、药材和草地。随着海拔的增加物种的数量和多样性会逐渐减少，直到出现大片的空地，这些空地仅仅伴有零星的苔藓和地衣或者一些伏地植物。意群训练：Immedi
4、ately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.2.In order for t
5、he structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered themeven while building materials have changed dramatically.难句类型：复杂状语+复杂句子结构+插入成分+ 不明显
6、的倒装+抽象名词虽然表面看来这个句子没有什么生词，但是这个句子理解起来并不容易，因为这个句子中出现的单词都是比较抽象的单词，例如 structure, achieve, size, strength, purpose, method, 所以读句子的时候让人觉得不舒服。句子开头就是一个目的状语，但是这个状语很长，让2同学们搞不清楚谁是为了实现谁。主句结构是 architecture employs methods of support，但是随后作者又用 that 引导了一个定语从句来修饰 method,并且在定语从句一开始，that 后面直接用 because 引导了一个插入的句子，割裂了定语从
7、句。所以完整的复合句是这样的：architecture employs methods of support that have changed little since people first discovered them，到此处作者仍不肯收手，用 even while 引导了最后一个从句和定语从句做对比。于是整个句子的结构就变的十分混乱了。实际上 because they are based on physical laws 在句子中位置稍作调整，同学们就可以比较清楚的理解这句话了：architecture employs methods of support that have ch
8、anged little since people first discovered them, because they are based on physical laws. 所以本句意思是“建筑学上采用了一些支撑的方法，这些支撑的方法自它们被人类发现以来就鲜有变化，因为它们是建立在物理定律上的” 。作者隐含的意思是物理定律不变，所以这些方法不变。译文：建筑结构必须达到大小和强度的要求，以实现必要的建筑目的，因此建筑学上采用一些支撑的方法，这些方法都是以物理定律为基础的，尽管建筑材料已经发生了翻天覆地的变化，这些支撑的方法却自人们发现它们以来就鲜有变化。意群训练In order for t
9、he structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered themeven while building materials have changed dramatically.3.There are two principal
10、influences that shape the terrain: constructive processes such as uplift, which create new landscape features, and destructive forces such as erosion, which gradually wear away exposed landforms.难句类型：并列句做主语从句+插入成分本句的主句结构是一个 there be 结构，句子的主语应该是 two principal influences，主句的意思是“两个主要的影响决定了地形” ，后面的标点符号用
11、冒号，表示冒号后面使用并列句对主语进行具体解释，并在每个并列的分句中都插入了一个定语从句。省略掉两个并列分句中的由 which 引导的定语从句，并列句应当如下 : There are two principal influences that shape the terrain: constructive processes such as uplift, and destructive forces such as erosion. 在并列结构中两次对称地插入了定语从句，把一个好好的句子弄得四分五裂，虽然作者的逻辑思路是清晰的，但是对同学的阅读造成了不利的影响。此类型的句子在托福阅读中出现的
12、频率很高，同学们要多练，习惯了这种句子就会发现理解它们并不难。译文：主要有两种影响会改变地形：建设性的过程，如产生新的地表特征的地壳隆起；和破坏性的力量，如缓慢清除突出地貌的地表侵蚀。3意群训练：There are two principal influences that shape the terrain: constructive processes such as uplift, which create new landscape features, and destructive forces such as erosion, which gradually wear away e
13、xposed landforms.4.The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of
14、a smooth, fan-shaped slope.难句类型：复杂修饰+插入成分本句的主句结构很简单 the same thing happens,但是作者为了说明是什么同样的事情发生而大费周章，though on a smaller scale 做插入成分，说明现在是在更小的规模上发生同样的事情，如果跳过这段插入成分，主句和从句连在一起读就是 The same thing happens to this day, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively
15、flat land. 到此处句子并不难理解，但是作者用动名词构成的短语 dropping its load as the current slows 来修饰从句，表示伴随发生的动作。并在状语结束的时候用冒号，引出了一个句子来解释从句。译文：现代也有冰水沉积，尽管规模相对较小。凡是有携带泥沙的河流或者溪流从山谷流至相对平坦的地面时，砂石就随着水流速度的减慢逐渐沉淀；水流通常呈扇形扩散，它们所携带的砂石也会沉淀为光滑的扇形斜坡。意群训练The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment
16、-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope.5.Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the
17、 sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.难句类型： 复杂修饰+插入成分本句的主句结构应当是 Sediments are also dropped，but will be located inland at
18、 some future date; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick. 这是一个由分号隔4开的并列句，分号前面的句子结构比较复杂，Sediments are also dropped ，后面跟了一个由 where 引导的状语从句,紧接着这个状语从句又加上了一个插入结构， the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, 然后才开始进行转折 but will be located inland at some future date, 但是
19、马上又跟上了一个由 when 引导的状语从句。分号后面的半句比较简单 such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.同学们面对这样的句子一定要先找主干，把状语从句、插入结构纷纷跳过，从纷繁复杂的句子中找出主干来，才能不被 ETS 出题人改写的句子所迷惑。译文：当河流汇入湖泊和海洋的时候也会有沉淀，这些沉淀最初在湖底或海底，但将来海平面下降或者陆地崛起时，它们就会分布于内陆，通常厚达几千米。意群训练Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the
20、sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.6.In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the be
21、d of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the waters upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.难句类型：复杂修饰+省略本句也是一个由分号隔开的并列句，主句结构是 almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was
22、 once the bed of a river; if they are now below the waters upper surface, they will be saturated with groundwater.但是作者在 river 后面用 that 引导了一个定语从句修饰一下 river，在 surface 后面用括号和两个插入成分 the gravels and sands of the former riverbed，and its sandbars,打乱了分号前后两个并列句自己内部的主谓宾结构的连贯性。所以阅读时就十分困难。所以我们的对策仍然是先读主干，不重要的定语、
23、状语、同位语、插入成分纷纷略过，读出核心意思来即可。译文：低地区域上的任何位置可能就是曾经的河床，后续被土壤覆盖而变成现在的样子。如果那些河床和沙洲现在位于地下水位之下，一定会有大量的地下水浸在它们的沙砾和沙石之间。意群训练In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the waters upper surface (the wate
24、r table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its 5sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.7. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths
25、 that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.难句类型：复杂修饰本句的主句结构应该是 some early societies ceased to consider certain rites and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition and admired them for
26、 their artistic qualities. 在 rites 后面有 essential to their well-being 做后置定语的修饰成分，在 tradition 后面有一个 the myths that had grown up around the rites 的同位语从句，在 artistic qualities 后面有一个 rather than for their religious usefulness 进行转折。同学们只要能够读出来本句的核心意思是“一些早期社会的人们取消了仪式。虽然如此，人们还是保留了那些口头传述故事的传统，是因为出于它们的艺术性。 ”译文：
27、例如，一些早期社会的人们认为有的仪式对他们的幸福生活来说不再是必需品，并且取消了那些仪式。虽然如此，人们还是保留了那些口头传述故事的传统并且热爱从这些仪式里发展起来的神话，出于它们的艺术性，而不是宗教原因。意群训练：For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that
28、 had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.8. Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates
29、 of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.难句类型：插入结构本句其实并不是很难，就是有个插入结构和同位语在作怪，如果我们跳过插入结构和省略掉最后的同位语，句子就变成了 Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal.这个句子就不难理解，
30、同学们只要能读出来这个句子的核心意思是：这个含水层水很丰富，但是蓄水率却很低。理解这个句子就足够了。6译文：据估计，奥加拉拉蓄水层的含水量足以填满休伦湖，但不幸的是，在目前该地区半干旱的气候条件下，奥加拉拉蓄水层的蓄水能力极低，每年仅半厘米左右。意群训练：Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region,
31、rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.9. The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entir
32、e regions water supplies.难句类型：并列句+复杂修饰+倒装本句是一个由 and 引导的并列句，但是 and 前面的句子比较复杂，后面有一个倒装，所以句子读起来比较不舒服。首先来看 and 前面的句子，在 farmers 后面有一个由 who 引导的定语从句，隔开了主语 The incentive 和谓语 is reduced，谓语后面是由 by 引导的原因状语，然后又由 that 引导了一个定语从句来修饰 knowledge,其实前半句要表达的意思非常简单，就是这种节水的热情降低了，and 后面的句子是一个倒装，全句正常的语序应该是 The incentive of t
33、he farmers is reduced, and the entire regions water supplies are drawing down.，就是说“节水的热情降低了，整个地区的水资源供应在减少”就可以了。译文：当那些想节水的农民得知邻居们通过大量耗水的种植而盈利的时候，他们的热情降低了，从而导致了整个区域的供水量的减少。意群训练：The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profit
34、ing by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire regions water supplies.10. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.难
35、句类型：插入成分和状语衔接构成了复杂的从句本句的主句结构其实特别简单，就是 Timberline trees are normally evergreens，但是后面跟了一个 suggesting that 引导的从句，说这个显示了什么，从句的内容比较复杂，让同学7们读了之后忘记了主句结构其实很简单。其实从句就读 these have some advantage over deciduous trees 就足够了，后面的括号中的插入成分和表示地点的状语都是次要内容，(those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of th
36、e upper timberline，同学们扫一眼就行了。译文：树带界线内通常是常绿树木，他们和处于上行树带界线处极端恶劣环境中生长的落叶树木相比，具有一定的优势。意群训练：Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.11 Without this knowledge
37、 we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms.难句类型：并列句+复杂修饰本句是由两个并列句构成的，Without this knowledge 是 状 语 ， 主 句 是 we can appreciate only the formal content of Egypt
38、ian art, and we will fail to understand why or the concepts， 就 是 说 我们 只 能 在 形 式 上 理 解 埃 及 的 艺 术 ， 不 能 理 解 为 什 么 埃 及 艺 术 会 是 这 样 和 内 容 会 是 这 样 的 ， 在why 后 面 的 从 句 和 concepts 后 面 各 有 一 个 句 子 来 具 体 讲 它 们 的 内 容 ， 频 繁 出 现 的 and 扰 乱 了 同 学们 对 于 句 子 结 构 的 把 握 。 concepts 后 面 that 引 导 的 shaped it and caused it
39、 to adopt its distinctive forms.都是用来修饰 concepts 的。在第二个并列分句中宾语非常长，使用了层层追加修饰的方法，使句子变得难于理解。译文：没有这些知识，我们对于古埃及艺术的欣赏就仅仅局限在形式上，而无法理解这种艺术为什么会被创造出来，以及决定艺术品采用某种特殊形式的内在理念。意群训练：Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or
40、 the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms.12In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and tw
41、isted through space like classical Greek statuary?8难句类型：复杂修饰其实本句从逻辑结构的角度上来分析并不复杂。冒号后面的句子是在对冒号前面的部分进行解释和说明。但是本句就是在各种句子成分的修饰上比较繁琐。主语是 a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art ，谓语是 has often led, 宾语部分是 it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures，冒号后面的 Why did the
42、 Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary 是对这个不利的比较进行的说明，其中由 which 引导了一个从句来修饰雕塑。但是整体来说，这个句子并不很复杂。译文：事实上，缺乏对于古埃及艺术目的的了解经常会导致古埃及艺术被拿来和其他文明的艺术相比较，而这种比较对于古埃及艺术来说是相对不利的：为什么古埃及人不像古希腊人那样创作一些身体扭转或者弯曲的雕塑？意群训练：In fact, a lack of understan
43、ding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary?13He then set up experiments with caged starlings and
44、found that their orientation was，in fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements.难句类型：插入语+复杂修饰本句有一个很短的插入语 in fact，但是它出现的位置很讨厌，打乱了我们读句子时连贯的思维，所以还是要先跳过去，主句其实是 He then set up experiments with caged star
45、lings and found that their orientation was in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast 核心意思就是说他做的试验除了阴天的时候，其他时候鸟类都能准确的找到自己的方向。 at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements 用来修饰阴天时候鸟类的活动，属于典型的次要成分，但是同学们如果没有分清主次，读完对吼这个句子就会忘记主句的核心意思，得不偿失。译文：事实上，一般它们都扑向他
46、们迁徙飞行的方向，除了天阴多云的时候，此时它们拍打翅膀乱扑的行为没有明确的方向。意群训练：He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was, in fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements.14In fact, when tape
47、s of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg, the egg in that 9“noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials.难句类型：复杂修饰本句结构其实不难，但是有很多人读不懂， when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artifi
48、cial swallow nest containing an egg 是 状 语 从 句 ， 主 句 是 the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials.影响同学们理解本句的关键是在 before 这个词上，很多同学一看到它就认为是在什么之前，以为是方位上的比较，其实这是时间上的比较，就是说比较喧闹的鸟巢中的鸟蛋先被破坏。主谓宾都有修饰成分，所以句子读起来不是很舒服。译文：事实上，当在一个放有鸟蛋的
49、人工燕巢里播放燕子乞讨的录音时，37 次实验中有29 次，在“喧闹”环境中的鸟蛋比在附近安静燕巢中的蛋先被捕食者夺走或毁坏。意群训练：In fact, when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg, the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials.15 The hypothesis that begging calls have evolved properties that reduce their potential for attracting predators yields a prediction: baby birds of species that experience high rates of nest predation should produce softer begging signals of higher fr
