1、 宾语从句在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。学习宾语从句要抓住三要素:引导词、语序和时态。一、引导词1从句为陈述句,常选择引导词 that,that 引导宾语从句无意义,不充当句子成分常省略。例句:He told us (that)they would help us through the whole work.2从句为一般疑问句,常选择引导词 if 或 whether,表示“是否”。在 whether or not 结构中不能用 if 替换。例句:I dont know if there will be a bus any more.3. 从句为特殊疑问句,常选择 what,when,
2、where , which,who,how 等的疑问代词、副词作引导词。例句:He didnt tell me when we should meet again.二、判断时态情况:1. 主句是一般现在时,从句可以为各种时态。2. 主句是一般过去时,从句要用相应过去时态。注意:从句描绘客观事实、真理、自然现象等,从句时态不受主句时态限制,仍用一般现在时。例句:He answered that he was listening to me.Father told me that practice makes perfect.三、宾语从句的语序要用陈述句语序陈述句语序,就是主语在前,谓语动词在后。
3、错误:He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.正确:He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.注意:宾语从句的否定转移主句的谓语动词是 think,believe ,imagine,suppose,consider,expect,fancy,guess 等, 并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。例如:I dont think he will come to my party.而不能说成 I
4、think he wont come to my party.常见考法典型例题:Please tell me _ last year.A.where does your sister work B where did your sister workC .where your sister works D where your sister worked解析:本题考查对宾语从句的掌握。宾语从句要用陈述语序,所以排除 A 和 B;last year 表示过去时 ,所以排除 C .答案:D误区提醒宾语从句的语序要用陈述句语序 ,但要注意当疑问词为主语时,句式为:疑问词+谓语+其他 ,问句和陈述句语
5、序一样。典型例题:I didnt know ?A. What wrong was with her B.what was wrong with herC .what wrong is with her D.what is wrong with her解析:主句是一般过去时,从句要用相应过去时态,所以排除 C 和 D;在 what was wrong with her 中,what作主语,所以问句本身又是陈述句语序,不用变化。答案: B要学定语从句,得知道什么是定语。定语是用来限定、修饰名词或代词的。例如,a good book, good 就是定语。那么复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句就叫做定语从
6、句。定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导,相当于形容词,在句中作定语。被定语从句修饰的 词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有 that, which, who, whom, whose 等,绝对没有 what;关系副词有 where, when, why, how 等。关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的某个成分。一、关系代词引导的定语从句1、由 who, whom, that, Whose 引导的从句这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,who 作主语指人,whom 作宾语指人,that 既可作主
7、语又可作宾语(作宾语可以省略),可以指人也可以指物。Whose 用来指人或物,只用作定语。(1)Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗?(who/that 在从句中作主语)(2)He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that 在从句中作宾语)(3)The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher 你刚刚说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师(4)he man whose son is a d
8、octor is our professor. 那个儿子是医生的男人是我们的教授。2、由 which, that 引导的从句它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,作宾语时可以省略,例如:(1)Prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that 在从句中作主语)(2)The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿那
9、个包裹快要散开了。(which / that 在从句中作宾语)注意:代表物时多用 which,但在下列情况中用 that 而不用 which:a)先行词是 anything, everything, nothing , none 等不定代词时;b)先行词由 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修饰时,这时的 that 常被省略;c)先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时;d)先行词中既有人又有物时;e)整个句中前面已有 which,who,that 时;f)当先行词为物并作表语时;g)先行词为 one 时;h)先行词同时又被 the on
10、ly, the very ,the same 修饰时;二、关系副词引导的定语从句1、 when 指时间在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用 I still remember the day when I first came to the school.2、 where 指地点在定语从句中做地点状语 Shanghai is the city where I was born.3、 why 指原因在定语从句中做原因状语 ,用在 reason 后面。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.常见考法对于定语从句的考查,多以单选的形式考查
11、学生灵活运用的能力。一般情况下,常从关系词的意义和功能的角度考查,重点是 that,which,who 引导的定语从句。典型例题:Youre the only person _Ive ever met _could do it.A. who B. whom C. whom D. who解析:先行词 person 后有两个定语从句,第一个从句省略了关系代词 whom.因为, whom 作从句中 met 的宾语,可以省略。第二个从句 who could do it.who 在从句中作主语,不可省略。答案:D误区提醒当表示时间或地点的名词作先行词时,要判断出它们在从句中作状语还是主语或宾语。作状语时
12、用关系副词,反之用关系代词。典型例题:I can never forget the day _ we worked together and the day _ we spent together.A. when, which B. which, when C. what, that D. on which, when解析:两个先行词 the day 都是表示时间的名词,但第一个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作状语,因此要用关系副词 when. 第二个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作动词 spent 的宾语,因此要用关系代词 which 或 that 来引导定语从句。答案:A知识点总结结果状语从句是补
13、充说明主句中谓语动词发生的结果的,结果状语从句常由 so that 或 suchthat 引导。要掌握这两个句型,我们首先来了解一下 so 和 such 与其后的词的搭配规律。1、 such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,such(+a/an )(+形容词)+名词+that;例如:such a good book, such nice girls2、 so 是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词,“so+ 形容词/ 副词+that” 。例如:so nice, so slowly一般情况下,such+a+形容词+名=so+ 形容词+aan+ 名 例如:so nice a flower = such a n
14、ice flower表达“如此多/少”时,常用 so ,so 与表示数量的形容词 many, few, much, little 连用,形成固定搭配。例如:so many peopleso that 和 suchthat 都可译成“如此的以至于”,二者可以互换,(当 so 修饰副词的时候,二者往往不互换) 例句:The boy is so young that he cant go to school.He is such a young boy that he cant go to school.常见考法对于结果状语从句的考查,多以单选和完形填空的形式,从连词的意义角度让大家选择连词。典型例
15、题:His plan was such a good one _ we all agreed to accept it.A. so B. and C. that D. as解析:题干的意思是“他的计划如此好以至于我们都同意接受它”,that 与前面的 such 呼应, 引导结果状语从句。答案:A误区提醒结果状语从句中。除了要注意 so that 和 suchthat 的区别外,还要注意它们和 tooto do(太而不能)和 enough +形容词/副词+to do(足够的可以)的转换。典型例题:Ann is too young to go to school.(同义句转换)Ann is go
16、to school.解析:原句的意思是“安太小了而不能去上学”。那也就是说“安是如此的小,以至于她不能去上学”,根据所给出的空数,可以用 so that 句型。答案:so young that she cant知识点总结是用来说明引起主句这个结果的原因的从句,在初中阶段引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要的有 because, as, since, for 等。例如:1.I didnt go to school yesterday because I was ill. 我昨天没去上学,因为我生病了。2. Since everybody is here, lets begin our meeting.
17、 既然大家都来了, 让我们开始开会吧。3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late. 既然你身体不好, 你就不该熬夜。4.I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her. 我请她留下来喝茶,因为我有事要告诉她。原因状语从句应注意的问题1、 because, since, as, for,辨析1) because 语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答 why 提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用 as 或 since.I didnt go,
18、 because I was afraid.Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.2)由 because 引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用 for 来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用 for.例:He is absent today, becaus e / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today.3) as 和 for 的区别:通常情况下,as 引导的从句在主句前,for 引导的从句在主句后。例:As
19、 the weather is cold, I stay at home.(同义句) I stay at home, for the weather is cold.2、 because 习惯上不与 so 连用汉语习惯上说“因为所以 ”,但英语习惯上却不能将 so 与 because 连用:正:Because it was raining, we stayed at home. / It was raining, so we stayed at home.误:Because it was raining, so we stayed at home. 因为下雨,所以我们呆在家里。3、 becau
20、se 从句与 because of 短语的转换Because 引导的原因状语从句有时可与 because of 短语转换,because of 后加的原因可以为好或坏 ,但最正规的还是 because.He cant come because he is ill. / He cant come because of his illness. 他因病不能来。I said nothing about it because his wife was there. / I said nothing about it because of his wifes being there. 因为他妻子在那儿,
21、我对此事只字未提。常见考法对于原因状语从句的考查,多以单选和完形填空的形式,从连词的意义角度让大家选择连词。典型例题:He found it increasingly difficult to read, _ his eyesight was beginning to fail.A. and B. for C. but D. or解析:“his eyesight was beginning to fail“是“he found it increasingly difficult to read“的原因, 因此本题应选用可以表示原因的连词 for 引导原因状语从句。答案: B误区提醒除了 bec
22、ause、since 、as、for 这四个词的辨析外,对于 because 从句与 because of 短语的区分也是难点之一。Because 引导的原因状语从句有时可与 because of 短语转换,because of 后跟的是短语,because 后跟的是句子。典型例题:He didnt go to work the heavy rain.A .because B.because of C.so D.since解析:题干的意思是“由于那场大雨,他没有去上班”,the heavy rain.表示原因,排除 C;since 和 because 表示原因,后面跟的是从句,也就是说必须是一
23、个完整的句子,本题中 the heavy rain 没有主语和谓语。只是一个短语,所以排除 A 和 C;because of 表示“由于” ,后跟名词、代词或短语。答案:B引导条件状语从句的连接词主要有:if(如果)、unless (除非)或 as long as(只要)等。unless 在意思上等于ifnot.一、条件状语从句用法1、引导条件状语从句最常用的连词是 if,由 if 引导的条件状语从句表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生。如:If you ask him, he will help you.如果你请他帮忙,他会帮你的。If you fail in the exam, you will
24、 let him down.如果你考试不及格,你会让他失望的。另外,if 从句还表示不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件,也就是一种虚拟的条件或假设,从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时。如:If I were you, I would invite him to the party.如果我是你,我会邀请他参加聚会。2、 unless = ifnot. 除非,若不,除非在 的时候例如:Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired.=If you are not too tired, lets go out for a walk.Unless it r
25、ains, the game will be played.除非下雨,比赛将照常进行。3、 so/as long as 只要例句;You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean. 只要你保持书的清 洁,你就可以把我的书借去。So long as youre happy, it doesnt matter what you do. 只要你高兴,你做什么都没有关系。二、时态问题在条件状语从句中,要注意“主将从现”的规定,即主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时表示将来时。例句: I will come to see you if I have t
26、ime. 我有时间,我就来看你。常见考法对于条件状语从句的考查,多以单选和完形填空的形式,从时态的角度设题,考查学生灵活运用的能力,或从连词的意义角度让大家选择连词。典型例题:If he _in half an hour, we _wait for him.A. wont come, wont B.wont come, dontC.doesnt come, wont D.will come, dont解析:本题考查条件状语从句“主将从现”的运用。题干的意思是“如果他一小时后不来,我们将不会等他了”,从“in half an hour”,“一小时后”可知本句说的是未来的事,那么 if 引导的条件
27、状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来时,主句要用一般将来时。答案:C误区提醒if 既可以引导条件状语从句,表示 “如果”,也可以引导宾语从句,表达 “是否”。辨别它在这两种从句中的时态是我们经常容易出错的地方。另外,if 和 unless 的用法也需注意。典型例题: I wonder if your wife to the party.-If your wife _, so will mine。.A. will go, go B. will go, goesC.goes, will go D. will go, will go解析:第一句中 if 表示“ 是否”,引导宾语从句,用将来时 will g
28、o;第二句“如果你的妻子去,我的妻子也去 ”,if 引导条件状语从句,用一般现在时表示将来时。your wife,单三人称主语,所以用 goes.答案:B知识点总结在复合句中,由时间连接词引导的状语从句叫做时间状语从句。时间状语从句通常由 when, while, as, after, before, since, until 等词引导。一、时间状语从句种类1、引导的从句表示主从句的动作同时发生,或从句的动作在主句之前。when 引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。例如:When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时,我停止吃饭。(瞬时动词
29、)When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当我住在农村时,我常常为他担水。(延续性的动词)We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开,就在那时他进来了。2、 While 引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)。并且while 有时还可以表示对比。例 如:While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading 是延续性的动词
30、,was reading 和 was watching 同时发生)I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球。(对比)3、 As 表示“一边一边”,as 引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生; as 也可以强调“一先一后。例如:We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。(as 表示”一边一边“)As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时,开始下雪了。(as 强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始
31、下雪的特定时间)4、由 before 和 after 引导的时间状语从句,表示两个动作一前一后发生。例如:It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后,告诉我你是怎样决定的。5、由 till 或 until 引导的时间状语从句。till 和 until 一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用 until.并且要注意的 是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动
32、词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同。till 不可 以用在句首,而 until 可以放在句首。例如:I didnt go to bed until(till)my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。6、由 since 引导的时间状语从句表示“自从 以来”。I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来,我一直在北京了。7、由 as soon as 引导的时间状语从句表示“一就”。例如:As soon as I reach
33、Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大,就给你来电话。二、时态问题在状语从句中,有“主将从现”的规定,即主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时表示将来时。例句:I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我到北京就将给你打电话。(这是由 as soon as 引导的时间状语从句,从句中的谓语动词 arrive 是一般现在时,表示一般将来时,决不可用 will arrive)常见考法对于时间状语从句的考查,多以单选和完形填空的形式,从连词的意义角度让大家选择连词,或从时态的角度设题,考查学生灵活运用的能力。典型例题:I
34、m sure he will jump up when he the good news.A . know B will know C. knows D knowing解析:本题考查学生时间状语从句的时态问题。时间状语从句中,主句若是一般将来时,从句应用一般现在时表示将来时。从句的主语是单三人称,所以排除 A .答案: C误区提醒When 既可以引导时间状语从句,也可以引导宾语从句,辨别它在这两种从句中的时态是我们经常容易出错的地方。典型例题:I dont know when he next week. when he , please let me know.A. comes, comes
35、B. will come, will comeC. will come, comes D. comes, will come解析:第一句话“我不知道他下周什么时候来”,when 引导宾语从句 ,表示将来时,就用一般将来时 will come;第二句话“当他来的时候,请让我知道”,when 引导时间状语从句,用一般现在时表示将来时,所以用 comes.答案: C一、方式状语从句1、方式状语从句通常由 as, (just)asso, as if, as though 引导。1) as,(just ) asso引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后,但在( just)asso结构中位于句首,这时 as从句
36、带有比喻的含义,意思是“正如” ,“就像”,多用于正式文体,例如:Please do as what I told you. 请按照我告诉你的做。As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水。Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样,我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。2) as if, as though 两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所
37、说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作“仿佛似的”,“好像 似的”,例如:He looks as if (as though)he had been hit by lightning. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。)It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大,谓语用陈述语气。)说明:as if / as though 也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语,例如:He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清
38、了清嗓子,像要说什么似的。The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石,好像很愤怒。2、其他的引导词1) the way: Please pronounce the word the way I do.请照我这样,读这个单词。2)口语常用的 like: He sit there smiling like it was his birthday.他面带微笑坐在那儿,像是过生日似的。(这里用了虚拟语气,值得注意的是 be 动词用的 was,而表示虚拟 as if 引导的 be 动词则只能是 were.)地点状语从句表示地点、方位,这类从
39、句通常由 where,wherever 引导。例如:Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者, 事竟成。They will go where they are happy. 他们想到他们觉得快乐的地方去。二、地点状语从句1、地点状语从句类型1) Where地点从句。此句型通常译成“哪里哪里就”或“ 的地方”。例如: Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方,耕作是困难的,或根本不可能的。They were good persons. Where they w
40、ent, they were warmly welcomed. 他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方. We must camp where we can get water. 我们必须在能找到水的地方露营。2) Anywhere/ wherever地点从句,主句。anywhere 本身是个副词,但是,常可以引导从句,相当于连词,意思相似于 wherever, anywhere 引导的从句可位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后。 而 wherever 本身就是个连
41、词,表示“在何处,无论何处”。例如:Wherever the sea is, you will find seamen.有海就有海员。2、地点状语从句与定语从句的区别二者区别在于分句在句中作什么成分。作状语,则是状语从句;作定语修饰名词,则是定语从句。 where 引导定语从句时,从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词;而状语从句前则无需先行词。如:Go back where you came from.(where 引导地点状语从句)你从何处来到何处去。Go back to the village where you came from.(where 引导定语从句,修饰 village)回到你
42、来的那个村子里去。3、地点状语从句的省略, 如:Fill in the blanks with articles necessary.(necessary 前省略了 where it is)在需要的地方填上冠词。常见考法对于方式和地点状语从句的考查,多以单选和完形填空的形式,从连词的意义角度让大家选择连词。典型例题:She looks she is ill.A as if B though C because D since解析:as if 表示“好像”,though 表示“尽管”, because 表示“因为”,since 表示“既然”,从题干的意思“看上去她好象是生病了,确定答案为 A.答
43、案:A误区提醒单纯考查地点状语从句在初中一、让步状语从句所谓让步,就是我们日常生活中“退一步说” 的意思,有一种转折关系在里面。引导让步状语从句的连词主要有以下这些:though, although, while, as, even if, even though, whetheror, no matter+疑问词,疑问词-ever,一般翻译为“尽管”或“即使” ,“ 无论” 。用法如下:1、 though, although 表示“虽然,纵然”之意。这两个连词意思大致相同,在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中,though 较常使用, although 比 though 正式,二者都可与 ye
44、t, still 或 never, the less 连用,但不能与but 连用。例如:Although/Though he is very old, (yet)he is quite strong. 他虽然年纪大了,身体还很健壮。值得注意的是,although 引导的让步状语从句位于主句之前的情况较多,though 引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句之后。2、 as, though 表示“虽然 但是”,“纵使”之意。as 引导的让步状语从句必须以部分倒装的形式出现,被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或动词原形,though 也可用于这样的结构中,但 although 不可以这样用。例如:Har
45、d as/ though he works, he makes little progress. (=Though he works hard, he makes little progress.)尽管他学习很努力,但几乎没取得什么进步。3、 even if, even though 表示“即使” ,“纵使”之意,含有一种假设。 这两个复合连词的意思基本相同。它们常互换使用,但意义有细微差别。even if 引导的让步从句含有强烈的假定性,可用来表示与事实相反的假设,但不能用来描述已经发生的事实。而 even though 引导让步状语从句时,是以从句的内容为先决条件的,即说话人肯定了从句的事
46、实,表示已经发生了的事。例如:Well make a trip even if/though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好,我们也要作一次旅行。4、 whetheror表示“不论是否”,“不管是还是” 之意。由这一个复合连词引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果。例如:Youll have to attend the ceremony whether youre free or busy. 不管你忙不忙,都要参加这个典礼 .5、 “no matter+疑问词”或“疑问词-ever”的含义为“ 都;不管都”它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。例
47、如:No matter what happened, he would not mind. (=Whatever happened, he would not mind.)无论发生了什么,他都不会介意的。但“no matter+疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句,而“疑问词-ever”还可以引导名词性从句。例如:Whatever ( =No matter what) you say, I wont believe you. (Whatever 引导让步状语从句)无论你说什么,我都不会相信你。Ill eat whatever (no matter what) you give me. (whate
48、ver 引导宾语从句)你给我吃什么,我就吃什么。二、比较状语从句比较状语从句一般是指含有比较级的句子中由 as 或 than 引起的从句。从某种角度上说,它也是一种方式状语从句,例如:He moves more slowly than his sister does. 他行动起来比他妹妹慢。He works as hard as his brother(does). 他学习和他哥哥一样努力。常见考法对于让步和比较状语从句的考查,多以单选和完形填空的形式,从连词的意义角度让大家选择连词。典型例题:it is very late now, the workers are still working in the factory.A Although B As C When D If解析:本题考查让步状语从句的连词的用法。根据句意“尽管现在很晚了,工人们仍然在工厂工作”,前后有转折关系,是让步状语从句。误区提醒用 though/although, as 引导让步状语从句时,句中不能用 but 表示转折语气。例如:不能说:Though he looks weak, but he is healthy.而要说:Though he looks weak, he is healthy.或者说:He looks weak, but he is healthy.典型例题:Though it ra