1、 ChaseDream PREP2008 逻辑笔记 1ChaseDreamPREP2008 逻辑 笔记作者:Helr责编:ZerosChaseDream PREP2008 逻辑笔记 2版权声明:ChaseDream PREP2008 逻辑笔记,本材料版权属于 ChaseDream 网站所有。本材料中的所有内容,包括(但不仅限于)正文、图片、表格和图标,受中国版权法和其他国际版权法的保护。在任何单机上,您都可以免费下载、查看这些材料或打印作为个人使用;网络转载必须标明出处同时保证资料的完整;不允许用于其他任何目的打印、复制、复印、再加工、分发、传送、上载、下载、存储和公开演示,不得随意修改、和改
2、变这些资料;严禁利用此资料的全部或部分内容进行任何商业性应用,否则将受到依法追究。ChaseDream PREP2008 逻辑笔记 3序:ChaseDream 推出 GMAT 培训,一方面,很多 CDers 有这样的需求,而我们可以做得更好;另一方面,我们希望通过在 GMAT 培训中所积累的经验和资料用来回馈 ChaseDream 社区,为CDers 提供更好的帮助。Helr 研究出来的这套 GMAT 解题体系与 ChaseDream 上广泛流行的各种方法有着非常大的区别。这套方法的有效性经过 Helr 自己和非常多 CD Workshop 同学们的验证。但是,在培训的过程中,我们发现掌握这套
3、方法并不是一个非常容易的过程(并非这套方法有多难,而在于这是一个相对独立的体系,很多内容与之前的认知兼容度较小)。GMAT 是一个设计很精巧的考试,通过各种不同的方法备考,都有同学拿到很高的分数,这从 CD 的 1500 多篇 GMAT 高分备考心经中可以看出。Helr 的这套方法与传统的“通过 GMAT 真题倒推 GMAC 认为什么是对的 ”不同,而是站在一个更高的角度“出题者如何设计 GMAT 题目的角度”。有同学会问,“为什么你说你站在了出题者的角度,然后你就站在出题者的角度了?”这个问题问得好,这背后是他持续不断的探索和研发,是比 Helr 总结出这套方法更为复杂的一个过程。正所谓英雄
4、所见略同,我也问过 Helr这个问题。当时,Helr 非常有兴趣地给我讲了起来,不时从他桌上抽出一本书给我看,推荐我读读,半个小时过后,Helr 满脸兴奋地问我,感觉如何?咱再详细说说这个方法背后的理论基础?看着我面前小帅哥桌上几叠快有我高的书,我决定放弃,表示不用继续听下去,他讲的全是逻辑。与这套方法外面所呈现的 simple last year it was 40 pounds per production worker. Clearly, therefore, charges that the manufacturers program has not met its goal are
5、false. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?A. The amount of nonhazardous waste generated each year by the passenger-jet division has not increased significantly since 1994.B. At least as many passenger jets were produced by the division last year as had been produce
6、d in 1994.C. Since 1994, other divisions in the company have achieved reductions in hazardous waste output that are at least equal to that achieved in the passenger-jet division.D. The average number of weekly hours per production worker in the passenger-jet division was not significantly greater la
7、st year than it was in 1994.E. The number of production workers assigned to the passenger-jet division was not significantly less in 1994 than it was last year.1. 由问题问法得知,此题是评估类的题目。ChaseDream PREP2008 逻辑笔记 152. 找到前提和结论:结论句是:Charges that the manufacturers program has not met its goal are false.3. 判断推
8、理模式:从原文中,我们发现的情况是一个时间上的巧合。也就是说,飞机制造商客机部门执行了减排计划后,平均每个工人的排污量就下降了,结论认为是减排计划产生了效果。显然,前提当中是时间上的巧合,而结论中认为是因果关系,本题属于相关因果推理。前提中的变化关系是: “减排计划施行 工人平均排污(危险的)减少”结论中的因果关系是: “减排计划(因)导致工人平均排污(危险的)减少(果)”4. 找到答案方向:相关因果模式推理有四个CQ:CQ1:相关性不存在问题CQ2:独立第三因素问题CQ3:中间因素问题CQ4:因果方向问题注意到除掉CQ2以外,剩余所有的 CQ都要涉及因和果,而CQ2可以仅仅涉及果。故而该种推
9、理模式的答案必须同时涉及因果,或者可以提出另外一个产生果的原因。剩下的情况,都可以排除。选项分析:A. 从 1994年以来,飞机制造商客机部门排放的无危险污染并没有显著增加。 该选项不涉及“果”,不能成为正确答案。B. 去年制造客机的数量至少和 1994年制造的数量一样。 无论制造的飞机比1994年制造的多还是少,只要最后的排放减少了(前提已经说明),就可以证明减排计划有效,也就是因果关系存在。所以该选项不能评估这个推理。C. 从 1994年以来,其它部门排污的减少量至少和客机制造部门的一样。 该选项涉及了“果”的一个特点,但是不是能产生“果”的其它原因。D. 去年每个员工的平均工作时间没有明
10、显长于 1994年的每个员工平均工作时间。 员工工作的时间长短不能作为产生“果”的原因。E. Correct. 1994年在客机制造部门的员工数没有明显少于去年的员工数。 因为“果”是工人平均排污,所以如果工人数量发生变化,显然可以成为一个解释人均数值发生变化的因素,而不是更环保这个“因”。属于CQ2 :独立第三因素问题。77.Citizens of Parktown are worried by the increased frequency of serious crimes committed by local teenagers. In response, the city gover
11、nment has instituted a series of measures designed to keep teenagers at home in the late evening. Even if the measures succeed in ChaseDream PREP2008 逻辑笔记 16keeping teenagers at home, however, they are unlikely to affect the problem that concerns citizens, since most crimes committed by local teenag
12、ers take place between 3 p.m. and 6 p.m.Which of the following, if true, most substantially weakens the argument?A. Similar measures adopted in other places have failed to reduce the number of teenagers on the streets in the late evening.B. The crimes committed by teenagers in the afternoon are most
13、ly small thefts and inconsequential vandalism.C. Teenagers are much less likely to commit serious crimes when they are at home than when they are not at home.D. Any decrease in the need for police patrols in the late evening would not mean that there could be more intensive patrolling in the afterno
14、on.E. The schools in Parktown have introduced a number of after-school programs that will be available to teenagers until 6 p.m. on weekday afternoons.1. 由问题问法得知,此题是评估类的题目。2. 找到前提和结论:结论句是:Even if the measures succeed in keeping teenagers at home, however, they are unlikely to affect the problem that
15、 concerns citizens.3. 判断推理模式:通过前提和结论的关系,首先可以排除类比,统计枚举,和方案推理。又由前提与结论发生的逻辑时间,我们可以知道,前提是因,结论是果。所以该题目是因果模式推理。本题主要的前提其实是最后半句话:“most crimes committed by local teenagers take place between 3 p.m. and 6 p.m.” 前提(因)是:“大部分当地青少年的犯罪都是在下午3点到 6点发生的”结论(果)是:“就算晚上让青少年都在家中(6点以后),也无法减少 Parktown公民对于当地青少年严重犯罪的担心”4. 找到答案
16、方向:因果模式推理有两个CQ:CQ1:因果概括问题。CQ2:干扰因素问题。因果类型的题目,答案选项必须说出一个因的可导致结论可信度的变化的特点或者是直接涉及到因果之间的联系。选项分析:A. 其他地方用同样的防止青少年晚上外出的方法都无法令晚上外出的青少年数量减少。 该选项不是“因”的特点。B. Correct. 大部分青少年在下午时间犯的罪都是一些诸如小偷小摸和后果不严重破坏公务等罪。 显然,这是青少年下午犯罪的一个可以影响“果”中公众对于严重犯罪的担心的特点。可以减少结论的可信度。直接涉及了因果之间的联系,削弱原文。属于CQ1:因果概括问题ChaseDream PREP2008 逻辑笔记 1
17、7C. 青少年在家中比不在家中有更低的可能性严重犯罪。 该选项不涉及“因”的特点。D. 任何在晚上对于巡警的需求的降低并不表明在下午可以加强巡逻。 “因”的内容是大部分犯罪发生在下午,这个选项并不是“因”的某种特点。E. Parktown的学校在周末组织了很多直到下午 6点的课外项目 。这个选项是试图反驳前提,也就是3点到6点,学校一般都可以组织活动。请记住,如果想靠反驳前提而削弱文段,必须明确的直接反驳,而不是“削弱”前提。78.Kitchen magazine plans to license the use of its name by a line of cookware. For a
18、 magazine, licensing the use of its name for products involves some danger, since if the products disappoint consumers, the magazines reputation suffers, with consequent reductions in circulation and advertising. However, experts have evaluated the cookware and found it superior to all other cookwar
19、e advertised in Kitchen. Therefore, Kitchen can collect its licensing fee without endangering its other revenues.The argument above assumes which of the following?A. No other line of cookware is superior to that which will carry the Kitchen name.B. Kitchen will not license the use of its name for an
20、y products other than the line of cookware.C. Makers of cookware will not find Kitchen a less attractive advertising vehicle because the magazines name is associated with a competing product.D. Consumers who are not regular readers of Kitchen magazine will be attracted to the cookware by the Kitchen
21、 name.E. Kitchen is one of the most prestigious cooking-related magazines.1. 由问题问法得知,此题是评估类的题目。2. 找到前提和结论:结论句是:Kitchen can collect its licensing fee without endangering its other revenues.3. 判断推理模式:通过前提和结论的关系,首先可以排除类比,统计枚举,和方案推理。又由前提与结论发生的逻辑时间,也就是一个从事实向未知推测的一种推理。我们可以知道,前提是因,结论是果。所以该题目是因果模式推理。本题最主要的前
22、提其实是However后的半句话:“Experts have evaluated the cookware and found it superior to all other cookware advertised in Kitchen.” 前提(因)是:“专家评估了该厨具厂商并且发现它的质量是超过所有在Kitchen这本杂志上做广告的其他厂商的”结论(果)是:“Kitchen可以收取牌照费而不需要担心它的其他收入了”4. 找到答案方向:因果模式推理有两个CQ:ChaseDream PREP2008 逻辑笔记 18CQ1:因果概括问题。CQ2:干扰因素问题。因果类型的题目,答案选项必须说出一
23、个因的可导致结论可信度的变化的特点或者是直接涉及到因果之间的联系。选项分析:A. 没有其它的厨具比这个要用 Kitchen冠名的厨具好。 该选项涉及了“因”,但是几乎是重复了一次前提,因为就算有没在Kitchen做广告的厨具厂商的东西质量比这个将要被冠名的好,也不会对于Kitchen杂志现行的广告收入产生影响(本来就没放在Kitchen上)。所以该选项虽然涉及了“因”的特点,但是不能评估本题的推理。B. Kitchen不会冠名除了厨具以外的其他任何产品。 该选项不涉及“因”的能导致结论可信度变化的特点。C. Correct. 其他的厨具制造商会认为 Kitchen杂志是一个没什么吸引力的杂志因
24、为这个杂志的名字被和竞争对手的品牌联系在了一起。 该选项直接涉及到了因果之间的联系问题。也就是说,就算有“因”,结论中的“果”也不一定可以达成。因为Kitchen其他的收入肯定是包括广告费的。属于CQ1:因果概括问题。D. 那些原本不是 Kitchen杂志的订阅者会被 Kitchen杂志的名声给吸引到厨具上。 该选项其实涉及了冠名之后能带来的优势。不过这个选项并非“因”的特点,所以不能成为答案。E. Kitchen杂志是最有声望的厨房类杂志之一。 无论Kitchen 杂志是否有名,只要“因”不会带来现行的收入的减少就不会干扰到结论的可信度。79.The country of Baurisia
25、has, until now, been self-sufficient in both grain and meat. However, with growing prosperity in Baurisia has come a steadily increasing per capita consumption of meat, and it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat. Therefore, since per capita income in Baurisia is almost certain
26、 to rise further but increases in domestic grain production are highly unlikely, Baurisia is soon likely to become an importer of grain.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?A. When people increase their consumption of meat, they also tend to increase their consumption
27、 of grain.B. The per capita consumption of meat in Baurisia is roughly the same across all income levels.C. Per capita consumption of meat has not increased substantially in recent years in those countries from which Baurisia is likely to import meat.D. It is more economical for Baurisians to import
28、 meat than grain.E. During Baurisias years of growing prosperity, the countrys population has remained relatively stable.1. 由问题问法得知,此题是评估类的题目。2. 找到前提和结论:结论句是:Baurisia is soon likely to become an importer of grain.ChaseDream PREP2008 逻辑笔记 193. 判断推理模式:通过前提和结论的关系,首先可以排除类比,统计枚举,和方案推理。又由前提与结论发生的逻辑时间,也就是一
29、个从事实向未知推测的一种推理。我们可以知道,前提是因,结论是果。所以该题目是因果模式推理。 前提(因)是:“几磅的谷物可以换取一磅的肉,人均需求肉的数量上升而Baurisia无法种出更多的谷物”结论(果)是:“Baurisia 马上需要进口谷物”4. 找到答案方向:因果模式推理有两个CQ:CQ1:因果概括问题。CQ2:干扰因素问题。因果类型的题目,答案选项必须说出一个因的导致结论可信度变化的特点或者是直接涉及到因果之间的联系。选项分析:A. 当人们对于肉的需求增长时,同时也会对于谷物的有更多的需求。 如果人们对肉的需求上升而对谷物的需求下降的话,显然可以涉及因果之间的联系,成为削弱。所以该选项
30、为加强选项。B. 对于所有的收入阶层,大家对于肉类的需求都相差无几。 该选项涉及了众人对于肉的不同需求,虽然涉及了“因”,但是并不是一个能改变结论可信度的“因”的特点。C. 那些可能向 Baurisia出口肉类的国家本国的肉类人均消耗量没有增加。 这个选项不涉及Baurisia国的问题,所以不涉及“因”。D. Correct. Baurisia直接进口肉类比较进口谷物划算。 显然的,原文中的“因”,可能有两个果,一个是进口谷物,另一个是进口肉类。这个选项涉及到因果的联系,属于CQ1:因果概括问题。E. 在 Baurisia变得繁荣的这些年,其人口数量维持稳定。 因为前提是基于人均数量的,所以该
31、选项涉及“因”的一个特点。如果人口变少,人均增加也不用进口,选项说人口不变,所以该选项为加强选项。80.Given that employees of the XYZ Company could, in theory, do their work at home, the company developed a radical plan to increase efficiency: eliminate office-space expenditures by having employees work at home. To evaluate this plan, XYZs managers
32、 asked volunteers from the companys staff to try the arrangement for six months. There were several volunteers; significantly, their productivity during this period was as high as or higher than before.Which of the following, if true, would argue most strongly against deciding, on the basis of Chase
33、Dream PREP2008 逻辑笔记 20the trial results, to implement the companys plan?A. The employees who agreed to participate in the test of the plan were among the companys most self-motivated and independent workers.B. The savings that would accrue from reduced office-space expenditures alone would be suffic
34、ient to justify implementation of the plan apart from any productivity increases.C. Other companies that have achieved successful results from work-at-home plans have work forces that are substantially larger than that of XYZ.D. The volunteers who worked at home were able to communicate with other e
35、mployees as necessary for performing the work.E. Recent changes in the way work is organized at XYZs company offices have not brought about any productivity increases.1. 由问题问法得知,此题是评估类的题目。2. 找到前提和结论:其实本题中的结论并不明显,但是通过问题可以得知,是要论证方案达成了目标的。所以结论句是:”XYZ Company should implement the plan”3. 判断推理模式:从原文中,我们发
36、现的情况是一个时间上的巧合。前提说首先XYZ公司试点了一个方案,找了一些志愿者来试验,而后发现,这些试验者最终的生产率都升高了(至少一样),结论是,方案可行。显然,前提当中是时间上的巧合,而结论中认为是因果关系,本题属于相关因果推理。问的其实是削弱。前提中的变化关系是: “志愿者在家办公 工作生产率升高或至少不变”结论中的因果关系是: “在家办公(因)导致工作生产率升高(果)”4. 找到答案方向:相关因果模式推理有四个CQ:CQ1:相关性不存在问题CQ2:独立第三因素问题CQ3:中间因素问题CQ4:因果方向问题注意到除掉CQ2以外,剩余所有的 CQ都要涉及因和果,而CQ2可以仅仅涉及果。故而该
37、种推理模式的答案必须同时涉及因果,或者可以提出另外一个产生果的原因。剩下的情况,都可以排除。选项分析:A. Correct. 同意参加方案试验的员工都是公司中最独立和最自律的员工。 这个选项显然是能导致“果”的一个原因,就是工人的生产率升高的原因其实是员工自己自律而不是“方案”的帮助。属于CQ2:独立第三因素问题。B. 从办公室支出的减少而积攒下来的钱是足够可以去判断是否要用这个方案了,不需要参考生产率的增加情况。 这个选项说的是“果”的原理,不能形成独立第三因素。C. 其他应用在家办公这个方案而成功的企业在工作人数上都多于 XYZ公司的工作人数。 这是一个XYZ可能不选这个方案的理由,看起来
38、可以一定程度上去削弱XYZ 用方案的可能性,但在这道题目的推理模式下,只有能削弱在家办公和生产率高低之间的相关性的选项才能成为ChaseDream PREP2008 逻辑笔记 21评估型选项。D. 如果工作中需要,在家办公的员工是有能力和其他员工交流的。 该选项不涉及“果”,是“因”的一个原理性的东西,不是答案。E. 现在的 XYZ工作方式的变化并没有带来任何的产量增加。 如果这个变化指的是以前的,那么并不涉及现在的变化,也就不涉及原文中的“因”和“果”。如果这个变化指的是在家工作这个计划,那等于试图反驳结论。在CR题目中,反驳结论是无法削弱原文的。81.In Arumville, among
39、 those young children with elevated levels of lead in their blood, few live in houses containing lead-based paint, but many live in areas where vehicular traffic is heavy. These childrens elevated blood-lead levels probably result from lead added to gasoline, since, although gasoline sold in and aro
40、und Arumville has been lead-free since 1990, lead from vehicle exhaust remains in the soil for many years.Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?A. Sales of lead-based paint for use in homes was banned in Arumville in 1977.B. Vehicle traffic in most residential areas of Arumv
41、ille is heavier today than it was twenty years ago.C. Some lead in the soil comes from deteriorating lead-based paint on the exteriors of buildings.D. In Arumville, childrens blood-lead levels typically rise during the warm summer months when children frequently play outdoors but not in the winter w
42、hen children spend more time indoors.E. If improperly carried out, the removal of lead-based paint from older houses can significantly increase the risk that children living in such houses will ingest lead dust.1. 由问题问法得知,此题是评估类的题目。2. 找到前提和结论:结论句是:These childrens elevated blood-lead levels probably
43、result from lead added to gasoline.3. 判断推理模式:从原文中,我们发现的情况是一个时间上的巧合。前提说首先有一个现象,汽车多的地方有很多人血液中都有高含量的铅,而后又给了一个现象,1990年以前汽油是含铅的,而且会沉积在土壤中。结论把这两件事连在了一起。就是人体中铅含量高是由于汽油中的铅导致的。显然,前提当中是时间上的巧合,而结论中认为是因果关系,本题属于相关因果推理。问的是加强。前提中的变化关系是: “汽油含铅 汽车多的地方有很多人血液中都有高含量的铅”ChaseDream PREP2008 逻辑笔记 22结论中的因果关系是: “汽油中的铅(因)导致人体
44、中铅含量高(果)”4. 找到答案方向:相关因果模式推理有四个CQ:CQ1:相关性不存在问题CQ2:独立第三因素问题CQ3:中间因素问题CQ4:因果方向问题注意到除掉CQ2以外,剩余所有的 CQ都要涉及因和果,而CQ2可以仅仅涉及果。故而该种推理模式的答案必须同时涉及因果,或者可以提出另外一个产生果的原因。剩下的情况,都可以排除。选项分析:A. 含有 “铅 ”的颜料在 1977年就不让售卖了。 该选项既不涉及“因”,也不涉及“果”。B. 现在 Arumville的居住区的车辆通行率比二十年前要大。 因为现在的油都是无铅的了,所以无论汽车数量多少,都不会影响人类血液中是否含有铅,故而该选项不涉及“
45、果”,不能成为独立第三因素。C. 有一些土壤中含有的铅是来自于房屋外部掉下来的颜料。 这个选项可以在一定程度上说明原题中的“果”,也就是人体中铅含量高并不一定是汽油导致的。所以可以削弱整个推理。D. Correct. 在 Arumville,小孩血液中的含铅量在热天(也就是小孩大部分的时间在外面玩的时候)比冬天(也就是大部分时间在家里的时候)的时候高。 小孩子在外面玩的时候要接触土壤,所以这个选项提出了一个“相关性存在”的问题,也就是加强了文中“因”和“果”的相关性。属于CQ1:相关性存在。E. 如果不恰当的操作,移除老房子的颜料会显著增加住在这种房子里的小孩吞咽含铅的尘土的可能性。 该选项不
46、涉及“果”。前提中已经分开了两部分来讨论,整个相关因果的推理模式是基于住在车流量大的那部分孩子身上的,所以该选项无法评估整个相关因果推理。82.Technological improvements and reduced equipment costs have made converting solar energy directly into electricity far more cost-efficient in the last decade. However, the threshold of economic viability for solar power (that is
47、, the price per barrel to which oil would have to rise in order for new solar power plants to be more economical than new oil-fired power plants) is unchanged at thirty-five dollars.Which of the following, if true, does most to help explain why the increased cost-efficiency of solar power has not decreased its threshold of economic viability? A. The cost of oil has fallen dramatically.B. The reduction in the cost of solar-power equipment has occurred despite increased raw material costs for that equipment.C. Technological changes have increased the e