1、在平时的授课当中，我发现很多考生，读懂了题干，但是仍然难以定位题目在文中的具体位置。其实，很多学生已经学会了利用“特殊印刷体”去定位出题为止，如：人名、地点、时间、数字、生词以及大写字母等。但是很多人却忽略了作者在行文时最倚重的“导航仪”关系联接词(也称信号词 )，通过关系词我们可以有效地定位主旨、搜寻细节、锁定答案。可以说关系联接词适用于雅思阅读的任意一个题型当中。常见于阅读中的关系词主要包括六大类：因果关系词、转折关系词、比较关系词、并列关系词、顺承及递进关系词和举例说明关系词。1. 因果关系词：because of, hence, since, lead to, result in, r
2、esult from, as a result, due to, contribute to, owning to, accordingly, consequently, therefore, in that2. 转折关系词：despite, in spite of, but, although, though, while, yet, otherwise, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, nonetheless3. 比较关系词：more, than, less, the least, the most, prefer, equally, l
3、ikewise, similarly, in comparison, asas4. 并列关系词：first, secondfinally, and, or, as well as, one the other, notnor5. 顺承及递进关系词：also, apart from, besides, moreover, furthermore, not onlybut also6. 举例说明关系词：that is to say, in other words, such as, for example, for instance以下就上述六点各列举剑桥阅读真题讲解下：1. “因果关系词”在剑三
4、 A 类阅读 Test 2 Passage 2 中得以体现。All these activities may have damaging environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation and chemical fertilizers and pesticides may contaminate water supply考生在快速浏览此段中应当对“is the largest single cause of”这句因果关系词
5、非常敏感，因为它几乎就是在告诉你：前面是原因后面是结果。这样后面的 Question 19 的因果配对题就能迅速搞定了：跟 deforestation 这个 environmental damage that may result 相对应的就是原文里的 land clearing for agriculture，那么正确选项就是 land clearing for cultivation. 原文和选项间出现同义置换：agriculture 和 cultivation.2. “转折关系词”在剑三 Test 1 Passage 1 的“The Rocket From East To West”一文
6、中得以体现。It was not until the eighteenth century that Europe became seriously interested in the possibilities of using the rocket itself as weapon of war and not just to propel other weapons. Prior to this, rockets were used only in pyrotechnic displays. The incentive for the more aggressive use of roc
7、kets came not from within the European continent but from far-away India, whose leaders had built up a corps of rocketeers and used rockets successfully against the British in the late eighteenth century. The Indian rockets used against the British were described by a British Captain serving in Indi
8、a as an iron envelope about 200 millimetres long and 40 millimetres in diametre with sharp points at the top and a 3m-long bamboo guiding stick. In the early nineteenth century the British began to experiment with incendiary barrage rockets. The British rocket differed from the Indian version in tha
9、t it was completely encased in a stout, iron cylinder, terminating in a conical head, measuring one meter in diameter and having a stick almost five meters long and construted in such a way that it could be firmly attached to the body of the rocket. The Americans developed a rocket,complete with its
10、 own launcher, to use against the Mexicans in the mid-nineteenth century. A long cylindrical tube was propped up by two sticks and fastened to the top of the launcher,thereby allowing the rockets to be inserted and lit from the other end.However, the results were sometimes not that impressive as the
11、 behaviour of the rockets in flight was less than predictable.转折关系词在阅读文章中太常见了！以至于我非得找出一个比较难的题目才能让大家真正感受到转折小词的魅力！此段开头作者很平静地叙述“It was not until the eighteenth century that Europe became seriously interested in the possibilities of using the rocket itself as weapon of war and not just to propel other w
12、eapons.”（直到 18 世纪欧洲人才开始对将火箭本身作为军事武器而非仅仅助推其他武器的可能性非常感兴趣）让很多考生误以为首次将火箭用于军事是欧洲人做的事，因此文后的 Question 9 rockets as war weapons 的配对题（要求与首次发明或使用的国家相配对）众多考生纷纷落马，误选成“the British”。原因是大家都忽略了文中那个小小的 but from far-away India（并非来自欧洲而是来自遥远的印度） ，正确答案恰恰是 the Indian.3. “比较关系词” 剑四 Test 3 Passage 2 的“Volcanoes Earth-Shatt
13、ering News”一文中得以体现。The biggest eruption are deep on the mid-ocean floor, where new lava is forcing the continents apart and widening the Atlantic by perhaps five centimetres a year. Look at maps of volcanoes, earthquakes and island chains like the Philippines and Japan, and you can see the rough out
14、lines of what are called tectonic plates the plates which make up the earths crust and mantle. The most dramatic of these is the Pacific ring of fire where there have the most violent explosions Mount Pinatubo near Manila, Mount St Helens in the Rockies and El Chichn in Mexico about a decade ago, no
15、t to mention world-shaking blasts like Krakatoa in the Sunda Straits in 1883.最高级往往是考点的频发地带，此段中， “The most dramatic of these is the Pacific ring of fire”恰恰就是后面 Question 20 简答题 What is the earthquake zone on the Pacific Ocean called?对应的出处，正确答案是 ring of fire.4. “并列关系词”在剑五 G 类阅读的“Lack of sleep”一文中得以体现。F
16、or many people, lack of sleep is rarely a matter of choice. Some have problems getting to sleep, others with staying asleep until the morning. Despite popular belief that sleep is one long event, research shows that, in an average night, there are five stages of sleep and four cycles, during which t
17、he sequence of stages is repeated. In the first light phase, the heart rate and blood pressure go down and the muscles relax. In the next two stages, sleep gets progressively deeper. In stage four, usually reached after an hour, the slumber is so deep that, if awoken, the sleeper would be confused a
18、nd disorientated. It is in this phase that sleep-walking can occur, with an average episode lasting no more than 15 minutes. In the fifth stage, the rapid eye movement (REM) stage, the heartbeat quickly gets back to normal levels, brain activity accelerates to daytime heights and above and the eyes
19、move constantly beneath closed lids as if the sleeper is looking at something. During this stage, the body is almost paralysed. This REM phase is also the time when we dream.此段中，考生在扫读时只要抓住“In the first light phase, In the next two stages, In stage four, In the fifth stage”这些表示顺序的并列关系连接词，全段的脉络当下立现：睡眠
20、的各个阶段和不同周期。文章后面对应的“段落信息配对题”Question 35 题干“the process involved during sleep”就立刻能与此段对应起来了。5. “顺承及递进关系词”在剑三 Test 1 Passage 1 的“The Rocket From East To West”一文中得以体现。The concept of the rocket, or rather the mechanism behind the idea of propelling an object into the air, has been around for well over two
21、 thousand years. However, it wasnt until the discovery of the reaction principle, which was the key to space travel and so represents one of the great milestones in the history of scientific thought, that rocket technology was able to develop. Not only did it solve a problem that had intrigued man f
22、or ages, but, more importantly, it literally opened the door to exploration of the universe.not onlybut also 可以说是最司空见惯的递进关系词了，考生一旦看到 not only 就要立刻去后面定位 but also 引导的小分句，因为这必然会出现考点。上文中“but, more importantly, it literally opened the door to exploration of the universe.”（它打开了探索宇宙的大门）此句就是文章后面 Question 5
23、The greatest outcome of the discovery of the reaction principle was that单选题在文中定位之处，此题问的是反作用原理的最大意义是什么，正是文中的“它打开了探索宇宙的大门” 。正确答案是 B 选项里的 space travel become a reality.6. “举例说明关系词”在剑四 Test 3 Passage 2 的“Volcanoes Earth-Shattering News”一文中得以体现。Geologists consider the earth as having a molten core, surro
24、unded by a semi-molten mantle and a brittle, outer skin. It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but squishy white and a hard shell. If the shell is even slightly cracked during boiling, the white material bubbles out and sets like a tiny mountain chain over the crack- like
25、an archipelago of volcanic islands such as the Hawaiian Islands. But the earth is so much bigger and the mantle below is so much hotter.作者用类比来说明一个抽象事物，在剑三的“The Rocket From East To West”一文中也有体现。上文中作者将火山喷发的原理比喻成“a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but squishy white and a hard shell.”（一个未煮熟的鸡蛋，有着流质的蛋黄，凝固而湿软的蛋白和坚硬的外壳） 。与此相对应的是 Question 15 给 Section B 配对标题，正确答案是 causes of volcanic eruption（火山喷发的原理） ，恰恰是文中作者的类比内容总结归纳得来。综上所述，在时间有限、词汇量有限、题目量大的“三座大山”压迫下，考生们必须学会“见林不见木” ，多多运用关系连接词来圈定文中重点内容，而不要迷失在众多生词和句落之中，让“导航仪”真正发挥作用。
