1、 - 1 -英语四级考试语法精讲时态1主动形式2被动形式CET-4 常考的三种时态:过去完成时;将来完成时;(现在/过去)完成进行时。时间状语从句当中的时态:一般过去时 所有的过去用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成一非谓语动词一不定式:一)不定式的常考形式:1) 一般形式:He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能: 表示与谓语动词同步发生2) 完成形式:He
2、pretended not to have seen me.被动形式:The book is said to have been translated into many languages.语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前二)不定式常考的考点:1)不定式做定语-将要发生2)不定式做状语-目的过去 现在 将来 过去将来一般 did do will/shall do should/would do进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing /完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done
3、 should/would have done 用于虚拟语气完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing / /过去 现在 将来 过去将来一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given进行 was/were being givenam/is/are being given/ /完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been givenshould/would have been given
4、完成进行 / / /- 2 -3)不定式充当名词功能-To see is to believe.三)不定式的省略1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do 表示动作的完整性,真实性;+ doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“ 我看见了“这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。 (强
5、调“我见他正干活“ 这个动作) 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词:The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.三)有些动词后只跟不定式如:want,wish ,hope,manage,promise,refuse,pretend,plan, offer,decide, agree,expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be a
6、ble to do be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do二. 动名词: 具有动作性特征的名词一)动名词的形式:一般形式:I dont like you smoking. 完成形式:I regret not having taken your advice.被动形式:This question is far from being settled.二) 动名词常考的点1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.I would apprec
7、iate_ back this afternoon Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyoure calling(Key:C your calling 也对)I regret not having taken your advice.4)有些词后只能接动名词admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excus
8、e; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; cant help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand.另外还有一些接-ing 形式的常用说法 :its no good; its no/little/hardly any/ use
9、; its not/hardly/scarcely use; its worthwhile; spend money/time; theres no; theres no point in; theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point.5 有些词后加不定式和动名词均可remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean 后面用不定式和 -ing 形式,意义截然不容。prefer 的用法:我宁愿在这里等。I prefer to wait here. (所以啊,你不介意的话,我就等下去。 )I prefer
10、 waiting here.(我正在这里等,我就喜欢这么做。 )- 3 -I prefer swimming to cycling. (这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。 ) 3 分词:现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态现在分词的形式:1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean(主任)? (与谓语动词同步发生)2)完成形式:Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前)3)完成被动形式:Having been adapted, the script seems perfec
11、t.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动)过去分词1) 过去分词表示被动:Fight no battle unprepared.2)过去分词的进行形式:Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做)二:虚拟三:虚拟语气情态动词所表达的可能性程度:must/cant should/shouldnt might/may (not)另外两个“类情态词的形式:“need/neednt; have to/dont have to 最自然的虚拟状态:由 should/would+原型时态(不含时间只含状态)本质上是过去将来时:即,时间固定在过去
12、将来,状态不同:一般、进行、完成、完成进行。这时“虚拟语气 “的产生往往是因为我们要表达 “本来应该“(而现在却还没有)(本来可以,本来能)I should go! ( but Im still here!) (一般)I should be working now! (进行)I should have practiced more (than I did)! (完成) 我应该多多练习!(言下之意,现在我练习得不多。 )I shouldnt dream away my time too much! (完成的否定)(actually I did dream away my time too muc
13、h!)It shouldnt have been leaking for such a long time! (完成进行)I may/might/could have finished! (完成)一些常见的句型中,就会出现这种虚拟语气,而处于从句之中,should 常常被省略掉o suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;o demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;o require, request;o think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.由于他们的含
14、义中包含“建议,假设,应该 “这类的含义,所以,由他们引起的从句中,就会包含有 should+原型时态构成的虚拟语气。这些动词(以及他们的名次形式,分词形式)引起的从句还有其他的变形:主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句Its suggested that My suggestion is that (表语从句)The only suggestion that. (同位语从句)一些形容词引起的表语从句中,也会有同样的情况important; necessary; essentialIts natural ; strange; incredible that- 4 -a pity; a shame;
15、no wonder 由 lest, for fear that, in case 引起的从句中多使用 should 表达与事实相反1. 与现在相反:使用过去时 :I wish I were not here! (一般现在一般过去)Suppose we were not here.He loved me as if I were his own son. (一般现在一般过去 )Hope I werent always losing things! (现在进行过去进行 )If only/If I hadnt been there! (现在完成过去完成)What if I hadnt been wa
16、iting right here! (现在完成进行过去完成进行 )常考句型:Its (high) time (that); would rather (that) 这两个从句,只能表达对现在的看法,所以,从句中只有一般过去时。2. 与过去相反:过去完成时;How nice it is if I had past the test!How nice it is if I had slept a little more this morning!3. 与将来相反?将来的事情没有发生,所以只能推测。If it rains tomorrow, well have to stay one day mor
17、e.不过,由于可以用 be to 表示将来;所以,虚拟语气中经常出现 were to;也是 CET-4的常考语法点。 虚拟条件句o if 部分,做一个与事实相反的假设(所以只有一般过去和过去完成) ;o 主句部分,这是表示基于这个假设的推测,一般使用情态动词 would,少数情况下使用 could/might/may。o 注意:两个部分之间,是有逻辑关系,而在两部分的谓语动词时态上,没有必然的联系。 注意,虚拟条件句中的 if 可以省略,造成 were/had 提前,产生倒装。 隐含的非真实条件What would you do with 50 thousand dollar?How coul
18、d I be happy without you?除了条件状语从句之外,原因状语从句也会出现虚拟语气。o 由 in order that, so that 引起的从句,肯定的时候可以使用 may/might; can/could; 否定的时候,多用 shouldnt;o whoever, whatever, no matter what 引起的从句中,多用 may+情态动词的基本用法及其区别一、用“情态动词have done”结构表示对过去动作的推测,高考试题中常用过去时态或过去的时间状语给以暗示。情态动词的这一用法可以用 “对立统一”来概括。 1当试题的前句和后句在动作和意义上相互补充说明,
19、且整个句意在动作和时间上是一个整体时,我们可用“统一”关系来解决这样的试题。常见的结构有:must have done: 表示对过去动作的肯定推测,常译作“一定做了” ,只能用于肯定句。其否定形式为 cantcouldnt have done 疑问式为 CanCould.have done。 could might have done:表示对过去发生的动作的可能性推测,常译作“可能做- 5 -了” 。2当试题的前后句在动作和意义上构成转折关系时,常借助“but, however, instead”等词来表示过去的动作与客观事实不符,这时我们就可以用“对立”关系来解决这样的试题。这种结构常见的有
20、:should have done ought to have done:表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。should not have done ought not to have done:表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。need have done:表示过去本来有必要去做某事,但事实上没有做。need not have done:表示过去本来没有必要做某事,但事实上却做了。如:1) I was really anxious about you You home without a word (NMET2001)A mustnt leave B shouldnt have lef
21、t C couldnt have left D neednt leave“本不应该离家出走却走了” ,故本题选 B。 2) I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I for her (NMET94)A had to write it out B must have written it outC should have written it out D ought to write it out由句中的连词 but 可知前后句之间是对立关系,分析题意可知本题应选 C。二)、倒装1 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般
22、现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有:Up went the plane = the plane went up.1) here, there, now, then, thus 等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用 be, come, go, lie, run。2) 表示运动方向的副词(back, down, off, up)或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。注意:1) 上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能倒装。Here he comes. Away they went. 2) 谓语动词是 be 的时候,不能倒装。 Here it is.Here you are.3)
23、形容词短语/分词短语位于句首,引起倒装 *typical of characteristic of *coinciding with + n 4) 表示地点范围的介词短语位于句首,谓语动词为系动词,一定引起倒装 In(表语)+系动词+ 主,主同。 *在倒装句型答案中不能出现 there *常考介词要倒装:among between in at beneath 常考的系动词:be lie exist remain rest 2.部分倒装否定 副词 位于句首,引起倒装:not only, not until, hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, no soonert
24、han, no, not, never, seldom, little, 1) not until + 时间 + 主谓倒装, not until + 句子+主谓倒装 (经常考)- 6 -例:Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.(小约翰直到昨天才改变了主意。)如果上述否定副词出现在强调句型中的前半部分,不用倒装: 例: It was not until he went abroad that he know the truth of the fact.(直到他出国以后才了解到事实真相。) 2) 以否定副词开头并加状语放在句首的句
25、子要求部分倒装。这些否定副词有 barely, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely when, never, no sooner than, rarely, no more, not nearly, not only 等以及 only。 Only in the country can you learn the “true English”. 3)一些如 scarcelywhen, no sooner than, hardlywhen 引导的主从复合句主句要求使用过去完成式。 注意:在部分倒装句中,只有助动词、情态动词或连系动词to be 可以置于主语之前,其它部
26、分都要置于主语之后。 4)此外,一些介词+no+名词的结构中需要用部分倒装,这些结构包括 at no time; by no means; by no manner of means; for no reason; in no case; in/under no circumstances; in no sense; in no way; on no account; on no consideration; at no point 例如 Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money. 注意: a) 如果含有从句时,只要求主句倒装:
27、 例:Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.(只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。) b) 如果 hardly, scarcely 后面接的是 any, ever, at all 时,意义类似 almost no/ not/ never(几乎不、从不),则无须倒装。 例:Hardly any people having been invited went there.(几乎没有什么受到邀请的人去那里了。) 5) 由 no matter how, however
28、和 how 引导的状语从句要求部分倒装,因为形容词或副词通常紧跟在这三个引导词后面,然后才是主语和谓语,形成形式上的部分倒装句: 例:I know nothing about this river, neither how long, how wide nor how deep it is.(我一点也不了解这条河,不知道它有多长,多宽或多深。) 6) 由 as 引导的部分倒装句: a) 当 as 作为比较意义时,即用于 as + adj./ adv. + as 结构中时,如果把第一个 as 省略掉,就形成部分倒装句。 例:Cautious as the rest of her family (
29、was) , she didnt seem willing to give an immediate reply to my question.(正如她家里人一样谨慎小心,她似乎不愿意立即回答我的问题。) She charged the stairs, quick as a rabbit (ran).(她跑上楼去,跑得象兔子那么快!) b) 当 as 引导让步状语时,和 although, though 一样,当用作“尽管”之义时,可以用于部分倒装句。 Hard as he worked, he did not pass the exam.(虽然他很用功,但他还是没及格) c) 表示原因时,为
30、了强调起见,也可以倒装。 例:Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.(因为他太累了,我们决定不打扰他。) d) 等于 so 时,意义是 “也,也是” 例:She worked hard, so/ as did her husband. (她工作很努力,她的丈夫工作也很努力。)7)so, neither, nor 倒装a) 当 so 表示“也,相同,那样”时,通常表示对前一句肯定句的赞同、一致内容,要求使用完全倒装句: He promised to finish my homework, so did I. - 7 -b) so /such
31、 that 句型可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调 so /such 和 that 之间的部分: 例:So selfish was she that everyone avoid talking with her. c)也存在 such+be+主语的情况用以强调,例如 Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements.(阿尔伯特爱因斯坦是一个有伟大成就的普通人) d) neither 和 nor 共有 4 种倒装形式,其含义分别为: 1) 完全倒装时:表示“ 也不“ ,和上文 a)用法正好相反,表示对前一句否定句的赞同或一致内容
32、。 例:You dont know what to do now, neither/ nor do I .(你不知道现在该做什么,我也不知道。) 2) 和其它否定副词连用,表示“也(不)“ ,也要求用完全倒装句: 例:The besieged enemy could not advance, nor / neither retreat could they .(被包围的敌人既不能进,也不能退。) 注意:若把这句话改成:“The besieged enemy could neither advance nor retreat.(被包围的敌人既不能进,也不能退。)“ 就不必倒装。 She neve
33、r laughed, nor did she ever lose her temper. 3) 用在肯定句里,构成一般否定倒装: 例:All that is true, nor must we forget it.(那全都是真的,我们可不能忘记。)部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词 do, does 或 did,并将其置于主语之前。8) as / though 引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 (形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前) 。as让步虽然,尽管词序倒装。语气比 though 强 。 Successful a
34、s he is, he is not proud. 他虽成功,却不骄傲。Women as she is, shes every brave.Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.注意:A) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。B) 句首是实义动词 , 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。9) 其他部分倒装 a) so that 句型中的 so; such that 句型中的 such 位于句首时,需倒装。So frightened was he that he
35、did not dare to move an inch.b) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中:May you all be happy.c) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有 were, had, should 等词,可将 if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。Were I you, I would try it again.10)Only 领导的部分倒装(重点)1)only +副词 例如: Only recently 2)only +介词短语 例如:Only in recently years 3)only +从句 例如 : Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 病得狠重时,他才卧床休息。(如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装)注意:只有 only 一个词本身不倒装