1、大学英语四级考试语法结构命题规律及应试技巧这一讲我们一起来看一下语法在四级英语中的考查特点和应对策略。 英语是一个重结构的语言，要求句子必须符合句法结构的要求。用来规定句法结构的一些原则也就是我们常说的语法。英语中的语法条文比较多，总的来说可分为两大类，即词法和句法。具体说来，有情态动词的用法，形容词和副词的比较级用法，非谓语动词的用法，时态和语态，定语从句，状语从句，虚拟语气，名词性从句，倒装，强调与并列，主谓一致等。经过统计，95 年 1 月到 2000 年6 月，仅词汇和句法部分对语法的考查就有 190 题，占 52.8%，其中以非谓语动词、虚拟语气、时态/语态、状语从句和定语从句考查最
2、多。今天这一讲我们重点讲时态/语态、虚拟语气和各种从句，下一讲重点讲非谓语动词等。 一、时态和语态 英语中共有 16 个时态，最常用的是一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在和过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时。但从95 年以来的考题统计来看，15 个时态考题中将来完成最多，占 3 题，时态考查的次序依次为将来完成时- 过去完成时 - 现在完成进行时 - 现在完成时 - 一般将来 - 一般过去。先看以下各题： Test Yourself: 1) My train arrives in New York at eight oclock tonight. The plane I would li
3、ke to take from there _ by then.(1999.1) A. would leave B. will have left C. has left D. had left 2) She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she _ too long.(2000.1) A. has been reading B. had read C. is reading D. read 3) “May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five oclock tonight?“(
4、2000.6) “Im sorry. Mr. Williams _ to a conference long before then.“ A. will have gone B. had gone C. would have gone D. has gone 4) Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.(1997.1) A. are to challenge B. may be challenged C. have be
5、en challenged D. are challenged 5) Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it _ necessary for all planes to land for refueling. (1996.6) A. would be B. has been C. had been D. would have been 6) He came back late, _ which time all the guest had already left.(1999.6) A. after B. by C. at D. du
6、ring 7) Until then, his family _from him for six months. (1997.1) A. didnt hear B. hasnt been hearing C. hasnt heard D. hadnt heard Explanation and Expansion A：参考答案：1）B 2）A 3）A 4）C 5）C 6）B 7）D B：评析： 1) 以上各题都与完成时有关，完成时态用来表示到某一个时间为止已经完成的动作或某个状态/动作一直持续到某个时间。如果时间为过去，则用过去完成时，即表示过去的过去，如 5）和 7） 。 2) 如果表示到将
7、来某个时间为止已经完成的动作，则用将来完成时，如 1）和 3） ，再如： Its reported that by the end of the month the output of cement in the factory _ about 10%. A. will have risen B. has risen C. will be rising D. has been rising 3) 而现在完成时表示到目前为止某个动作已经结束，对现在有影响，如 4） 。从下文中的“正在修改“可以判断人们已经对牛顿的观点提出挑战，而不是将要提出挑战或者可能提出挑战，由此可以判断应该用现在完成时。 4
8、) 与现在完成时不同，现在完成进行时则表示某个动作从过去持续到现在，并且仍在进行，如 2） 。头疼的原因是看书时间太长。本题可以用现在完成时，但不会是过去完成时，选项 B 不对，一般现在时表示经常发生的动作，与这里的头疼不能构成直接的因果关系，由于时间状语表示的是一段时间，有不可能是现在进行时，所以这里只能用现在完成进行时。 C完成时态使用注意事项 完成时的时间状语一般表示“到为止“，以“by“短语居多。如果句中的时间状语是由 by 引出的短语或从句，谓语动词一般是用完成时态，如： By the time we got there, the fire had already been put
9、out. Well have completed the task by the time you come back. 在完成时态中，终止性动词不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，而表示状态或动作持续的谓语动词必须与表示一段时间的状语连用。 The conference _ a full week by the time it ends A. must have lasted B. will have lasted C. would last D. has lasted (1997.1) It seems oil _ form this pipe for some time. Well hav
10、e to take the machine apart to put it right. A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking (1997.6) 这两题中都有表示动作持续的一段时间，应该用完成时态。 但是，如果只表示状态已经存在，则不能用完成时态，如： By then, he knew what he waned to be when he grew up. 完成时可以用来表示量的积累。 对于完成时的考查有两种，一种是时态本身的选择，另一种是根据时态选择时间状语，如 6） 。从句时态为过去完成时，表示等到他回来，客人
11、都已经离开了，与完成时态连用的，表示“到为止“的应该是介词 by。 Test Yourself 刚才我们看了完成时态的考查，现在我们一块来看以下其它时态，请先试做以下各题： 1) Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _ advertisements showing happy, balanced families. A. are often seeing B. often see C. will often see D. have often seen (1995.6) 2) While people may refer to t
12、elevision for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television _ the newspaper completely. A. replaced B. have replaced C. replace D. will replace (1995.6) 3) Im sorry I cant see you immediately; but if youd like to take a seat, Ill be with you _. A. for a moment B. in a moment C. for the momen
13、t D. at the moment (1999.1) 4) If she doesnt tell him the truth now, hell simply keep on asking her until she _. A. does B. has done C. will do D. would do (1998.6) Explanation and Expansion A. 参考答案： 1）C 2） D 3） B 4） A B. 评析 从以上各题可以看到，在解时态考题时应注意一下几点： 结合形容词选择时态，如 2） 。从 unlikely 一词可以看出从句表示的是将来不大可能发生的事
14、情，自然用一般将来时。类似的形容词还有 possible, probable, impossible 等。 根据时态判断时间状语。如 3） 。谓语动词为将来时态，说明时间应该是 in a moment，表示我一会就去见你。 for a moment 同样可以与将来时态连用，但表示的是“与某人一块待一小会“，这样就与上文的 I cant see you immediately 意思上冲突。 注意句型对时态的要求，如 1） 。该句型中祈使句表示一种条件，第二个分句中一般要用 will 表示在这种条件下可能发生的事情。但是，本题中 often 的使用可能会造成一定的迷惑。这就要求考生对各种时态的表达
15、方式，以及其作用了解清楚。Will 可以表示习惯。 注意时间、条件和让步状语从句中时态的运用。 一般在时间、条件和让步状语从句中用一般现在时表示一般将来，用一般过去时表示过去将来，用现在完成时表示将来完成，用过去完成时表示过去将来完成。如 4） 。在如： He promised to send me an email as soon as he got there. No one is to leave the room until he has done the task. 但注意特殊句型中的时态，如： hardly/scarcely when no sooner than Hardly h
16、ad I put down the receiver when the telephone rang again. No sooner had they got to know the news than they went to the bar to enjoy a drink. 刚才我们一起分析了时态的考查特点和答题时应该注意的事项，现在我们一起来看一下语态的考查。语态的考查一般都与时态的考查相结合。在解语态题的同时必须考虑时态的因素。请同学们先做以下下列各题： 1) The last half of the nineteenth century _ the steady improvem
17、ent in the means of travel.(1998.6) A. has witnessed B. was witnessed C. witnessed D. is witnessed 2) The grey building is where the workers live, and the white one is where the spare parts _.(19995.1) A. are producing B. are produced C. produced D. being produced 3) This kind of glasses manufacture
18、d by experienced craftsmen _ comfortably. A. is worn B. wears C. wearing D. are worn (2000.1) 4) The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _ and perfected now.(1996.1) A. developed B. have developed C. are being developed D. will have been developed 5) Sir Denis, who is 78, has m
19、ade it that much of his collection _ to the nation.(1996.6) A. has left B. is to leave C. leaves D. is to be left 6) As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think _.(1997.6) A. ought to be said B. must say C. have to be said D. need to say 7) Once environment damage _,
20、 it takes many years for the system to recover.(1997.6) A. has done B. is to do C. does D. is done Explanation and Expansion A. 参考答案：1）C 2） B 3） B 4） C 5） D 6） A 7）D B. 评析 是否可用被动语态主要看谓语动词与句子主语之间的关系，如果是动宾关系自然用被动语态。 注意被动语态的各种时态构成，但四级考试中没有正误结构的判断，考生只需要根据上下文判断出该用什么时态即可。 不及物动词不可能有被动语态，但及物动词也未必有被动语态，主要是看句
21、子侧重表达的概念，如 3 题中 wear 表示眼镜的特点，不可用被动语态。在如： This kind of software sells well. It being too cold, the car wouldnt start. wont wouldnt 表示“拒绝“谓语动词不用被动形式。 注意含有情态动词的被动语态的结构，以及类似的结构，如have to be done, used to be done, be said to be done, be to be done。把握各种结构表示的意思。然后就是根据具体的上下文选择适当的情态动词或时态的问题。 二、虚拟语气 英语中的虚拟语气有
22、4 种，一种是条件句中的虚拟语气，一种是含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气，一种是名词性从句中的虚拟语气，还有一种是状语从句中的虚拟语气。其中虚拟时态的运用很大程度上和其所处的句型有关。95 年以来，对虚拟语气的考查有 28 题之多，占词汇/语法总数的 15.2%。下面我们也分四部分来看一下四级考试中虚拟语气的运用。 1.条件句中的虚拟语气 Test yourself 在我们分析虚拟语气的考查特点也应对策略之前，还上请同学们先做做一下以下各题： 1) If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _ now. (1999
23、.1) A. wouldnt be smiling B. couldnt have smiled C. wont smile D. didnt smile 2) _ for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand. (19995.1) A. Not being B. Had it not been C. Without being D. Not having been 3) _before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.
24、(1997.1) A. Had they arrived B. Would they arrive C. Were they arriving D. Were they to arrive 4) Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.(1996.1) A. has to get B. were to get C. had got D. could have got 5
25、) _ right now, she would get there on Sunday.(1996.6) A. Would she leave B. If she leaves C. Were she to leave D. If she had left 6) Had he worked harder, he _ the exams.(1997.6) A. must have got through B. would have got throughC. would get through D. could get through 7) If the whole operation _ b
26、eforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. (1999.6) A. was not planned B. has not been planned C. had not been planned D. were not planned Explanation and Expansion A. 参考答案：1) A 2) B 3) D 4) C 5) C 6) B 7) C B. 评析 对于虚拟条件句中时态的运用，首先应该区分主从句的不同。从句中用过去时，过去完成时，或 were to/should +原形动词，而
27、主句中用 would/could/might/should + 原形动词或动词的完成形式。 虚拟条件句有单一条件句，也有混合虚拟条件句，所以不能只根据从句与某一事实相反来判断主句就与该事实相反，同样，也不能想当然地认为主句与某一事实相反，从句也就与该事实相反。 如 1）从句与过去事实相反，而主句与现在事实相反。再如： If he werent such a kind man, he wouldnt lent a hand to such people as you the other day. (从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。) Were my friends not to come
28、 tomorrow, I wouldnt have bought so many foods. (从句与将来事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。) 熟记主从句动词与不同事实相反时的时态运用规则。解题时根据句子所表达的时间概念确定与什么事实相反，然后采用相应的时态。 如果与过去事实相反，从句中用过去完成时，主句中用would/should/could/might + have done 的形式，如 2）6）和 7） 。 如果与现在事实相反，从句中用一般过去时，主句中用would/could/might/should + 原形动词，表示与正在进行的事实相反用 would/might/could/shou
29、ld + be doing 的结构，如 1） 。 如果表示将来不可能实现的事情，从句中用过去时，或 were to / should + 原形动词，以上 3） 4） 5）表示的都属于这种情况。 if 引导条件状语从句时，可以将 were/had/should 提至句首，省略if。考试时经常是将省略 if 的与含有 if 的选项并列，在这种情况下，应注意分清从句的时态，尽管多数情况下都是倒装的结构为正确选项。如 2）3）5） 。 If it werent/hadnt been for 以及其倒装结构 were it not for/had it not been for 表示“ 如果不是的话“
30、正如真实条件从句中不用 will 一样，虚拟条件从句中也不可使用 would，应特别注意。 2含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气 Test Yourself 首先还是请同学们先做一下下面两题。 1) Some women _a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family. A. must make B . should have made C. would make D. could have made (2000.1) 2) We didnt k
31、now his telephone number, otherwise we _ him. A. would have telephoned B. must have telephoned C. would telephone D. had telephoned (1995.6) Explanation and Expansion A参考答案 1）D 2）A B评析 含蓄虚拟条件句指没有明确的条件从句的虚拟条件句，一般是条件用介词短语、分词短语或并列句的方式表达，这时主句的时态要求与含有条件从句的主句要求相同。四级测试中常考的含蓄虚拟条件句句型有： But for/Without, 主句 Bu
32、t for/Without your help, we wouldnt have accomplished the task on time. , otherwise/or He hadnt had food for two days, or/otherwise he wouldnt have fainted out at work. 上面 2）题就属于该句型，表达的是与过去事实相反的情况，所以用 would have telephoned 的结构。 分词 /不定式，主句 Having been born ten years earlier, you could have witnessed
33、the disaster. Given more time, we could have done the work much better. You would be foolish to make friends with such people. ，thought/but Einstein cared little for money, though he could have been very rich. He could have got the job, but he didnt apply for it. 上面的 1）题就属于该句型，表示他本来可以做那份工作弄到一份很不错的薪水
34、。 3名词性从句中的虚拟语气 Test yourself 与上述虚拟语气不同，名词性从句的虚拟语气大都与谓语动词有关，用法也比较简单，请同学们先做一下几题，然后我们一起总结以下都有哪些规律可以遵循。 1) Wouldnt you rather your child _ to bed early?(2000.1) A. go B. went C. would go D. goes 2) Mikes uncle insists _ in this hotel.(2000.1) A. staying not B .not to stay C .that he would not stay D. th
35、at he not stay 3) Sometimes I wish I _ in a different time and a different place.(2000.1) A. be living B. were living C. would live D. would have lived 4) It is essential that these application forms _ back as early as possible.(2000.1) A. must be sent B. will be sent C. are sent D. be sent 5) It is
36、 recommended that the project _ until all the preparations have been made. (1995.6) A. is not started B. will not be started C. not be started D. is not to be started 6) We are all for your proposal that the discussion _.(1998.6) A. be put off B. was put off C. should put off D. is to be out off 7)
37、The suggestion that the mayor _the prizes was accepted by everyone.(2000.6) A. would present B. present C. presents D. ought to present 8) Its already 5 oclock now. Dont you think it is about time _? (1996.6) A. we are going home B. we go home C. we went home D. we can go home 9) As Commander-in-Chi
38、ef of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures _ for our defense.(1999.6) A .had been taken B. would be taken C. be taken D. to be taken 10) It is vital that enough money _to fund the project. (1997.1) A. be collected B. must be collected C. is collected D. can be collected 11) I dont thi
39、nk it advisable that Tim _ to the job since he has no experience.(1997.6) A. is assigned B. will be assigned C. be assigned D. has been assigned 12) If only the committee _the regulations and put them into effect as possible.(1997.1) A. approve B. will approve C. can approve D. would approve Explana
40、tion and Expansion A.参考答案：1）B 2） D 3）B 4）D 5）C 6）A 7）B 8）C 9）C 10）A 11）C 12) D B.评析 与以上两种虚拟语气句式不同，这里虚拟语气中时态的变化比较少，主要依据所处的句型。考生所需要的是了解在哪些情况下用这种句式，测试中考生只需从四个选项中辨认答案即可。该部分所包含的句型有： 表示“命令 “建议“或“要求“的动词后面的宾语从句中用 should + 原形动词，should 可以省略。常用于该句型的动词有 direct, order, command, require, ask, request, demand, ins
41、ist, suggest, recommend 等。这里句型的考题中，一般都会有 would, must 等干扰项，正确选项以省略 should 者居多，并且常是 not do something, 或 be 的形，尤其是 not be done 的形式。如 2）5）和 9） 。 另外这类考题还常借助于动词本身的句法结构设干扰项。如insist 后可接 doing something, being done 或 on doing something 的结构，suggest 后也可接动名词。另外，这两个单词也有不用虚拟语气的句式，如 insist 表示 “坚持认为“，suggest 表示“说明“
42、表明“时，从句中就不用虚拟语气，考生应注意分别。 表示 “命令“建议“或“ 要求“的名词后面的同位语或表语从句中同样是用 should + 原形动词， should 可以省略。 与上面一条相同，表示这些概念的名词如 suggestion, order, proposal等后面的 that 从句中虚拟语气使用规则相同，如 6）7）中都是 that同位语从句中使用 should + 原形动词，should 省略的结构。 It is + 表示重要，有必要，吃惊，难以相信的名词或形容词，或表示“命令“ 建议“要求“的过去分词 + that 从句中用 should + 原形动词，should 可以省略。
43、 这一句型可分解为 It is important/necessary/vital/advisable/essential .that (should) It is strange/surprising/unbelievable that (should) It is a surprise/wonder that (should) It is suggested/requested/recommended that (should) 这些句型一律使用 should + 原形动词的结构，should 可以省略，如4）5）10）题。 注意 It is strange/surprising/unbe
44、lievable that (should)句型中如果表示过去的事情可以用 should have done 的形式，如： It is strange that he should have failed in the election. wish wish 后面的从句时态可以有以下几种情况 表示与现在事实相反用一般过去时： How I wish I had a memory as good as yours. 表示与现在正在进行的事情相反可用过去进行时，如 3） 。 表示与过去事实相反的情况用过去完成时，也可以用 could have done 的形式，如： I wish I _ longe
45、r this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept (1995.6) 由于 might 表示“也许“，与这里的意思不合，只能用 A。 表示将来不可能实现的情况用 would/might + 原形动词。 How I wish you would be able to come here for another visit. If only 表示愿望时与 wish 用法相同。再如： If only that phot
46、ograph werent missing. If only the letter had arrived in time. would rather would rather 的虚拟语气形式在这几年考查是最多的，有 7 道题，但would rather 从句的时态规则并不复杂。 如果表示与过去事实相反的情况用过去完成时，否则用一般过去时。在如以下各题： 1) The manager would rather his daughter _ in the same office. A. had not worked B. not to work C. does not work D. did n
47、ot work (2000.6) 2) To be frank, Id rather you _ in the case. (1995.1) A. will not be involved B. not involved C. not to be involved D. were not involved 3) You dont have to be in such a hurry. I would rather you _ on business first. (1998.1) A. would go B. will go C. went D. have gone 4) Frankly sp
48、eaking, Id rather you _ anything about it for the time being.(1999.1) A. didnt do B. havent done C. dont do D. have done 5) Id rather you _ make any comment on the issue for the time being.(1998.6) A. dont B. wouldnt C. didnt D. shouldnt 答案为: 1) D 2) D 3) C 4) A 5) C) Its (about/high) time that 该句型中一律用一般过去时，再如： “You are very selfish. Its high time you _ that you are not the most important person in the world,“ Edgar said to his
