1、General Principles of The Civil Law of The Peoples Republic of China(Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Sixth National Peoples Congress, promulgated by Order No. 37 of the President of the Peoples Republic of China on April 12,1986,and effective as of January 1, 1987)中华人民共和国第六届全国人民代表大会第四次会议于 1986
2、年 4 月12 日通过，1986 年 4 月 12 日中华人民共和国主席令第 37 号发布，现予公布，自 1987 年 1 月 1 日起施行。Contents 目 录Chapter I Basic Principles 第一章 基本原则Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person) 第二章 公民（自然人）Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil Conduct第一节 民事权利能力和民事行为能力Section 2 Guardianship 第二节 监护Section 3 Declarations
3、of Missing Persons and Death第三节 宣告失踪和宣告死亡Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm Households第四节 个体工商户、农村承包经营户Section 5 Individual Partnership 第五节 个人合伙Chapter III Legal Persons 第三章 法人Section 1 General Stipulations 第一节 一般规定Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person 第二节 企业法人Section 3 Official Or
4、gan, Institution and Social Organization as Legal Persons第三节 机关、事业单位和社会团体法人Section 4 Economic Association 第四节 联营Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency第四章 民事法律行为和代理Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts 第一节 民事法律行为Section 2 Agency 第二节 代理Chapter V Civil Rights 第五章 民事权利Section 1 Property Ownership and Related
5、 Property Rights第一节 财产所有权和与财产所有权有关的财产权Section 2 Creditors Rights 第二节 债权Section 3 Intellectual Property Rights 第三节 知识产权Section 4 Personal Rights 第四节 人身权Chapter VI Civil Liability 第六章 民事责任Section 1 General Stipulations 第一节 一般规定Section 2 Civil Liability for Breach of Contract第二节 违反合同的民事责任Section 3 Civi
6、l Liability for Infringement of Rights第三节 侵权的民事责任Section 4 Methods of Bearing Civil Liability第四节 承担民事责任的方式Chapter VII Limitation of Action 第七章 诉讼时效Chapter VIII Application of Law in Civil Relations with Foreigners第八章 涉外民事关系的法律适用Chapter IX Supplementary Provisions 第九章 附则Chapter I Basic Principles 第一章
7、 基本原则Article 1 This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution and the actualsituation in our country, drawing upon our practical experience in civilactivities, for the purpose of protecting the lawful civil rights andinterests of citizens and legal persons and correctly adjusting civilre
8、lations,so as to meet the needs of the developing socialistmodernization.第一条 为了保障公民、法人的合法的民事权益，正确调整民事关系，适应社会主义现代化建设事业发展的需要，根据宪法和我国实际情况，总结民事活动的实践经验，制定本法。Article 2 The Civil Law of the Peoples Republic of China shall adjust propertyrelationships and personal relationships between civil subjects with e
9、qualstatus, that is, between citizens, between legal persons and betweencitizens and legal persons.第二条 中华人民共和国民法调整平等主体的公民之间、法人之间、公民和法人之间的财产关系和人身关系。Article 3 Parties to a civil activity shall have equal status.第三条 当事人在民事活动中的地位平等。Article 4 In civil activities, the principles of voluntariness,fairness,
10、makingcompensation for equal value, honesty and credibility shall be observed.第四条 民事活动应当遵循自愿、公平、等价有偿、诚实信用的原则。Article 5 The lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons shall be protected by law; no organization or individual may infringe upon them.第五条 公民、法人的合法的民事权益受法律保护，任何组织和个人不得侵
11、犯。Article 6 Civil activities must be in compliance with the law; where there are norelevant provisions in the law, they shall be in compliance with statepolicies.第六条 民事活动必须遵守法律，法律没有规定的，应当遵守国家政策。Article 7 Civil activities shall have respect for social ethics and shall not harmthe public interest, und
12、ermine state economic plans or disrupt socialeconomic order.第七条 民事活动应当尊重社会公德，不得损害社会公共利益，破坏国家经济计划，扰乱社会经济秩序。Article 8 The law of the Peoples Republic of China shall apply to civil activitieswithin the Peoples Republic of China, except as otherwise stipulated by law.第八条 在中华人民共和国领域内的民事活动，适用中华人民共和国法律，法律另
13、有规定的除外。The stipulations of this Law as regards citizens shall apply to foreigners and stateless persons within the Peoples Republic of China,except as otherwise stipulated by law.本法关于公民的规定，适用于在中华人民共和国领域内的外国人、无国籍人，法律另有规定的除外。Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person) 第二章 公民（自然人）Section 1 Capacity for Civil R
14、ights and Capacity for Civil Conduct.第一节 民事权利能力和民事行为能力Article 9 A citizen shall have the capacity for civil rights from birth to death and shall enjoy civil rights and assume civil obligations in accordance 第九条 公民从出生时起到死亡时止，具有民事权利能力，依法享有民事权利，承担民事义务。withthe law.Article 10 All citizens are equal as re
15、gards their capacity for civil rights.第十条 公民的民事权利能力一律平等。Article 11 A citizen aged 18 or over shall be an adult.He shall have full capacityfor civil conduct, may independently engage in civil activities and shallbe called a person with full capacity for civil conduct.第十一条 十八周岁以上的公民是成年人，具有完全民事行为能力，可以独
16、立进行民事活动，是完全民事行为能力人。A citizen who has reached the age of 16 but not the age of 18 and whose main source of income is his own labour shall be regarded as a person with full capacity for civil conduct.十六周岁以上不满十八周岁的公民，以自己的劳动收入为主要生活来源的，视为完全民事行为能力人。Article 12 A minor aged 10 or over shall be a person with
17、 limited capacity for civil conduct and may engage in civil activities appropriate to his age andintellect; in other civil activities, he shall be represented by his agentad litem or participate with the consent of his agent ad litem.第十二条 十周岁以上的未成年人是限制民事行为能力人，可以进行与他的年龄、智力相适应的民事活动；其他民事活动由他的法定代理人代理，或者
18、征得他的法定代理人的同意。A minor under the age of 10 shall be a person having no capacity for civil conduct and shall be represented in civil activities by his agent adlitem.不满十周岁的未成年人是无民事行为能力人，由他的法定代理人代理民事活动。Article 13 A mentally ill person who is unable to account for his own conduct shall be a person having
19、no capacity for civil conduct and shall be represented in civil activities by his agent ad litem.第十三条 不能辨认自己行为的精神病人是无民事行为能力人，由他的法定代理人代理民事活动。A mentally ill person who is unable to fully account for his own conductshall be a person with limited capacity for civil conduct and may engagein civil activit
20、ies appropriate to his mental health;in other civilactivities, he shall be represented by his agent ad litem or participatewith the consent of his agent 不能完全辨认自己行为的精神病人是限制民事行为能力人，可以进行与他的精神健康状况相适应的民事活动；其他民事活动由他的法定代理人代理，或者征得他的法定代理人的同意。ad litem.Article 14 The guardian of a person without or with limite
21、d capacity for civil conduct shall be his agent ad litem.第十四条 无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人的监护人是他的法定代理人。Article 15 The domicile of a citizen shall be the place where his residence isregistered; if his habitual residence is not the same as his domicile, hishabitual residence shall be regarded as his domicile.第十
22、五条 公民以他的户籍所在地的居住地为住所，经常居住地与住所不一致的，经常居住地视为住所。Section 2 Guardianship 第二节 监 护Article 16 The parents of a minor shall be his guardians.If the parents of a minor are dead or lack the competence to be hisguardian, a person from the following categories who has the competence tobe a guardian shall act as h
23、is guardian:第十六条 未成年人的父母是未成年人的监护人。未成年人的父母已经死亡或者没有监护能力的，由下列人员中有监护能力的人担任监护人：(1) paternal or maternal grandparent; （一）祖父母、外祖父母；(2) elder brother or sister; or （二）兄、姐；(3) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the units
24、of theminors parents or from the neighbourhood or village committee in theplace of the minors residence.In case of a dispute over guardianship,the units of the minors parents or the neighbourhood or village committeein the place of his residence shall appoint a guardian from among theminors near rel
25、atives.If disagreement over the appointment leads to alawsuit, the peoples court shall make a ruling.If none of the persons listed in the first two paragraphs of this articleis available to be the guardian, the units of the minors parents, the neighbourhood or village （三）关系密切的其他亲属、朋友愿意承担监护责任，经未成年人的父
26、、母的所在单位或者未成年人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会同意的。对担任监护人有争议的，由未成年人的父、母的所在单位或者未成年人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会在近亲属中指定。对指定不服提起诉讼的，由人民法院裁决。没有第一款、第二款规定的监护人的，由未成年人的父、母的所在单位或者未成年人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会或者民政部门担任监护人。committee in the place of the minors residenceor the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.Article 17 A person from th
27、e following categories shall act as guardian for amentally ill person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct:第十七条 无民事行为能力或者限制民事行为能力的精神病人，由下列人员担任监护人：(1) spouse; （一）配偶；(2) parent; （二）父母；(3) adult child; （三）成年子女；(4) any other near relative; （四）其他近亲属；(5) any other closely connected relative
28、or friend willing to bear theresponsibility of guardianship and having approval from the unit to whichthe mentally ill person belongs or from the neighbourhood or villagecommittee in the place of his residence.In case of a dispute overguardianship, the unit to which the mentally ill person belongs o
29、r theneighbourhood or village committee in the place of his residence shallappoint a guardian from among his near relatives. If disagreement over the appointment leads to a lawsuit, the peoples court shall make a ruling.（五）关系密切的其他亲属、朋友愿意承担监护责任，经精神病人的所在单位或者住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会同意的。If none of the persons li
30、sted in the first paragraph of this article is available to be the guardian, the unit to which the mentally ill person belongs, the neighbourhood or village committee in the place of hisresidence or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.对担任监护人有争议的，由精神病人的所在单位或者住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会在近亲属中指定。
31、对指定不服提起诉讼的，由人民法院裁决。没有第一款规定的监护人的，由精神病人的所在单位或者住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会或者民政部门担任监护人。Article 18 A guardian shall fulfil his duty of guardianship and protect the person,property and other lawful rights and interests of his ward.A guardianshall not handle the property of 第十八条 监护人应当履行监护职责，保护被监护人的人身、财产及其他合法权益，除为被监护人的
32、利益外，不得处理被监护人的财产。his ward unless it is in the wardsinterests.A guardians rights to fulfil his guardianship in accordance with the lawshall be protected by law.监护人依法履行监护的权利，受法律保护。If a guardian does not fulfil his duties as guardian or infringes upon thelawful rights and interests of his ward, he shall
33、 be held responsible;if a guardian causes any property loss for his ward, he shall compensate forsuch loss. The peoples court may disqualify a guardian based on theapplication of a concerned party or unit.监护人不履行监护职责或者侵害被监护人的合法权益的，应当承担责任；给被监护人造成财产损失的，应当赔偿损失。人民法院可以根据有关人员或者有关单位的申请，撤销监护人的资格。Article 19 A
34、 person who shares interests with a mental patient may apply to apeoples court for a declaration that the mental patient is a person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct.第十九条 精神病人的利害关系人，可以向人民法院申请宣告精神病人为无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人。With the recovery of the health of a person who has been declare
35、d by apeoples court to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct,and upon his own application or that of an interested person, the peoplescourt may declare him to be a person with limited or full capacity forcivil conduct.被人民法院宣告为无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人的，根据他健康恢复的状况，经本人或者利害关系人申请，人民法院可以宣告他为限制民
36、事行为能力人或者完全民事行为能力人。Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death第三节 宣告失踪和宣告死亡Article 20 If a citizens where abouts have been unknown for two years,an interestedperson may apply to a peoples court for a declaration of the citizen asmissing.第二十条 公民下落不明满二年的，利害关系人可以向人民法院申请宣告他为失踪人。If a persons where
37、 abouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of the time period in which his where abouts are unknown shall begin on the final day of 战争期间下落不明的，下落不明的时间从战争结束之日起计算。the war.Article 21 A missing persons property shall be placed in the custody of his spouse,parents, adult children or other closel
38、y connected relatives or friends.In case of a dispute over custody, if the persons stipulated above are unavailable or are incapable of taking such custody,the property shall beplaced in the custody of a person appointed by the peoples court.Anytaxes,debts and other unpaid expenses owed by a missing
39、 person shall defrayed by the custodian out of the missing persons property.第二十一条 失踪人的财产由他的配偶、父母、成年子女或者关系密切的其他亲属、朋友代管。代管有争议的，没有以上规定的人或者以上规定的人无能力代管的，由人民法院指定的人代管。失踪人所欠税款、债务和应付的其他费用，由代管人从失踪人的财产中支付。Article 22 In the event that a person who has been declared missing reappears or hiswhereabouts are ascert
40、ained,the peoples court shall,upon his ownapplication or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of hismissing-person status.第二十二条 被宣告失踪的人重新出现或者确知他的下落，经本人或者利害关系人申请，人民法院应当撤销对他的失踪宣告。Article 23 Under either of the following circumstances,an interested person may apply to the peoples court
41、for a declaration of a citizens death:第二十三条 公民有下列情形之一的，利害关系人可以向人民法院申请宣告他死亡：(1) if the citizens where abouts have been unknown for four years.（一）下落不明满四年的；(2) if the citizens where abouts have been unknown for two years after the date of an accident in which he was involved.（二）因意外事故下落不明，从事故发生之日起满二年的。I
42、f a persons whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the final day of the war.战争期间下落不明的，下落不明的时间从战争结束之日起计算。Article 24 In the event that a person who has been declared dead reappears or it is ascertained that he is
43、alive, the peoples court shall,upon his own application or that of an interested 第二十四条 被宣告死亡的人重新出现或者确知他没有死亡，经本人或者利害关系人申请，人民法院应当撤销对他的死亡宣告。person, revoke the declaration of hisdeath.Any civil juristic acts performed by a person with capacity for civilconduct during the period in which he has been decl
44、ared dead shall bevalid.有民事行为能力人在被宣告死亡期间实施的民事法律行为有效。Article 25 A person shall have the right to request the return of his property,if the declaration of his death has been revoked. Any citizen or organization that has obtained such property in accordance with the Law of Successionshall return the or
45、iginal items or make appropriate compensation if theoriginal items no longer exist.第二十五条 被撤销死亡宣告的人有权请求返还财产。依照继承法取得他的财产的公民或者组织，应当返还原物；原物不存在的，给予适当补偿。Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm Households第四节 个体工商户、农村承包经营户Article 26 “Individual businesses“ refers to business run by individual
46、citizens who have been lawfully registered and approved to engage in industrial orcommercial operation within the sphere permitted by law.An individualbusiness may adopt a shop name.第二十六条 公民在法律允许的范围内，依法经核准登记，从事工商业经营的，为个体工商户。个体工商户可以起字号。Article 27 “Leaseholding farm households“ refers to members of a
47、rural collective economic organization who engage in commodity production under a contractand within the spheres permitted by law.第二十七条 农村集体经济组织的成员，在法律允许的范围内，按照承包合同规定从事商品经营的，为农村承包经营户。Article 28 The legitimate rights and interests of individual businesses and leaseholding farm households shall be pro
48、tected by law.第二十八条 个体工商户、农村承包经营户的合法权益，受法律保护。Article 29 The debts of an individual business or a leaseholding farm household shallbe secured with the individuals property if the business is operated byan individual and with the familys property if the business is operatedby a 第二十九条 个体工商户、农村承包经营户的债务，
49、个人经营的，以个人财产承担；家庭经营的，以家庭财产承担。family.Section 5 Individual Partnership 第五节 个人合伙Article 30 “Individual partnership“ refers to two or more citizens associated in abusiness and working together,with each providing funds, materialobjects,techniques and so on according to an agreement.第三十条 个人合伙是指两个以上公民按照协议，各自提供资金、实物、技术等，合伙经营、共同劳动。Article 31 Partners shall make a written agreement covering the funds each is toprovide,the distribution of profits, the responsibility for debts,the entering into and withdraw al from partnership,the ending of partnership and other
