1、西 北 大 学博 士 学 位 论 文题目:全球价值链分工的利益分配学科(专业): 世界经济学 2西北大学学位论文知识产权声明书本人完全了解学校有关保护知识产权的规定,即:研究生在校攻读学位期间论文工作的知识产权单位属于西北大学。学校有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版。本人允许论文被查阅和借阅。学校可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。同时,本人保证,毕业后结合学位论文研究课题再撰写的文章一律注明作者单位为西北大学。保密论文待解密后适用本声明。学位论文作者签名: 曹明福 指导教师签名: 李树民 2007
2、 年 6 月 5 日 2007 年 6 月 6 日-西北大学学位论文独创性声明本人声明:所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我所知,除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,本论文不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果,也不包含为获得西北大学或其它教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示谢意。学位论文作者签名:曹明福2007 年 6 月 5 日I摘 要 全球价值链分工是一种产品在多国或地区分工连续生产,伴有中间品的进口和最终产品出口的国际分工形式。全球价值链分工是在经济全球化和知识经济条件下国际分工呈
3、现出的新特点,也是当代国际分工的一种重要的发展趋势。全球价值链分工深化了国际分工形式,从不同产品之间的分工走向了同一产品内不同工序、不同价值链环节之间的分工;弱化了传统分工的国家界限,分工的主体从国家过渡到企业;整合了各国的比较优势,企业竞争优势由传统分工中的本国的比较优势演进为世界比较优势。在这种国际分工格局的变动中,世界的分工贸易利益的增长机制以及分工贸易利益在各国间的分配也变得扑朔迷离:跨国公司为了获取更大的利益可能损伤某个国家甚至本国的利益;东道主国家在获得全球价值链的分工利益的同时,相伴随的交换利益很可能受损;发展中国家在承接发达国家产业转移,促进本国经济发展的同时,社会福利水平却可
4、能下降等。目前,国内外对全球价值链分工的研究主要着眼于微观主体的跨国公司或中观的行业、地区的产业集群,从宏观层次上、以国家为分析视角的基础理论研究还显得十分薄弱。本文在吸取相关研究的基础上,遵循着传统国际分工和贸易理论发展的基本路线,试图顺延、完善起传统分工贸易理论在解释全球价值链分工时断裂的逻辑链条,同时也有意将全球价值链分工的微观研究提升至世界利益、国家利益的宏观层面。本文紧紧围绕着全球价值链分工的利益分配这一主题,对全球价值链分工的基础、全球价值链分工的利益分离、全球价值链分工的利益分配格局、发展中国家在全球价值链分工中的利益提升以及中国在全球价值链分工体系中的战略选择等理论和现实问题进
5、行了探讨,认为:作为传统分工基础的比较优势和规模经济,依然是全球价值链分工利益的来源;全球价值链分工产生的利益不再是一个密不可分的整体,而是出现了“产品利益”和“成本利益” 、企业利益和国家利益、分工利益和交换利益、经济利益和社会利益的分离;以比较优势为基础的全球价值链分工未必一定能促进世界资源的优化配置,而以规模经济II为基础的全球价值链分工一定能够增加世界经济利益;全球价值链分工从理论上能够增加参与国的经济利益,但现实中的利益变动却十分复杂;跨国公司在全球价值链分工中整合了世界比较优势、产生了规模经济优势、占据了价格倾斜优势、实施了转移定价优势;发展中国家在全球价值链分工中一般会发生偏向劳
6、动要素密集型产业的经济增长,但如果发展中国家能够充分利用本国的“重叠要素” ,不断优化本国的要素结构,就能够缩短与发达国家的差距乃至赶上发达国家;中国由于“大国效应” ,其全球价值链分工利益现状堪忧,应该增加高级生产要素,打造企业竞争优势,追求动态经济利益,并维护国家经济安全。在对上述问题进行解析的基础上,本文得出了以下结论:第一、在全球价值链分工中,以比较优势产品中的绝对优势价值链参与全球价值链分工一定获利,以比较劣势产品中的绝对优势价值链参与全球价值链分工可能获利也可能受损,但发展中国家以比较劣势产品中的绝对优势价值链参与全球价值链分工肯定存在获利空间。第二、对发展中国家来说,全球价值链分
7、工到底是“比较优势陷阱”还是“比较优势馅饼” ,关键是看发展中国家是否充分发挥了本国的“后发优势” 。第三、全球价值链分工下的“世界工厂”和传统意义上的“世界工厂”已经不再是同一个概念。 “世界工厂”不应该是我们追求的终极目标,只能是我们在走向世界经济强国之路上所经历的一个过程。本文的主要创新之处,一是通过“产品利益”和“成本利益”的分离证明了学术界争论已久的以比较优势为基础的传统分工的不公平交换问题,并把这一结论应用到了全球价值链分工中。二是相对于林德尔(SBLinder)的“需求偏好相似论” (theory of demand preference similarity),本文提出了“重叠
8、要素理论” ,似乎能够从供给的角度弥补“需求偏好相似论”解释产业内分工贸易需求角度假定的先天不足。总之,本文对 全 球 价 值 链 分 工 的 利 益 现 状 做 出 的 一 般 性 解 释 不仅有着重要的理论意义,而且还有助于廓清发展中国家、尤其是中国经济实践中的困扰。关键词 全球价值链分工 基础 利益分离 利益分配格局 III利益提升 战略选择The benefits distribution of the Global Value Chains SpecializationAbstract The Global Value Chains Specialization is an inte
9、rnational specialization mode, in which a product is continuously produced in more than one country or region, with importing of some intermediate products and exporting of the final products. It is a new feature of the international work division under the circumstance of economy globalizing and co
10、ndition of Knowledge Economy. It is also an important trend of contemporary international specialization of labor.The Global Value Chains Specialization has deepened the mode of international specialization. It has been changed from various products specialization to procedures or value chains speci
11、alization. National boundary of traditional division is fading out. The subject of specialization is transformed from countries to enterprises. It has also integrated the comparative advantages of different countries. The national comparative advantages in traditional division have been evolved into
12、 international comparative advantages. During the changing of international division structure, the interest growth mechanism of international trade and how it was distributed between different countries, become confusing. The multinational enterprises may hurt the benefit of some other countries or
13、 even the hosted country for its own better profit. The hosted country may gain the specialization benefit of the global value chains, while losing some benefit of exchanging. The developing countries can promote domestic economy by carrying on some industries that transformed from developed countri
14、es, but which could decrease the social welfare.The current domestic and foreign studies on the Global Value Chains are mainly focused on the micro subjects such as multinational companies, or medium subjects like industries, industrial cluster of a region. Basic academic study from perspective IVof
15、 macro level or based on analysis of countries is very limited. This paper is based on relative researches, following the basic developing path of the theory of traditional international division and trade, and trying to expand and consummate a part of logical chain of traditional division and trade
16、 theory. This part of logical chain has some break points, while explaining the Global Value Chains specialization. The paper is intended to upgrade the study on the Global Value Chains Specialization from the micro level to macro level of world benefit and country benefit.The paper focused on the s
17、ubject of the Global Value Chains Specialization, discussing on the basis and profit separation of the Global Value Chains Specialization, how to increase developing countries benefit, and the academic and practical issues of Chinas strategic choices in the system of the Global Value Chains Speciali
18、zation. There are some issues of the discussion: As the basis of the traditional division, the comparative advantage and economies of scale are still the source of interest of the Global Value Chains Specialization; the interest of the Global Value Chains Specialization is no longer an inseparable w
19、hole, but the separation including product-benefit and cost-benefit, benefit of enterprises and countries, benefit of division and exchange, benefit of economy and society; the Global Value Chains Specialization based on comparative advantage would not necessarily be the optimum allocation of resour
20、ces, but the Global Value Chains Specialization based scale economy will definitely increase the benefit of world economy; the Global Value Chains Specialization can academically increase the economical benefit of the participant countries, but the changing of the benefit is very complicated in fact
21、; within the Global Value Chains, the multinational companies have integrated the comparative advantage of the world, thus gotten the advantage of scale economy, inclined price and implementation of the transfer pricing; the developing countries in the Global Value Chains will generally tend to get
22、economic growth from labor-factor-intensive industries. But if developing countries can take full advantage of their “overlapping elements“, and continually optimize their elements structure, they will be able to shorten the gap with the developed countries, and even to catch up with developed count
23、ries; Because of the “big power effects“, the benefit situation of China in the Global Value Chains Specialization is worrisome: senior factors of production Vshould be increased, to make the company competitive edge, to pursuit dynamic economic benefit, and to safeguard national economic security.B
24、ased on analysis of the above issues, this paper drew the following conclusions: First, within the Global Value Chains Specialization, the participants using absolute superior value chain of their products with comparative advantages will always gain their profit. If the participants use absolute su
25、perior value chain of product with comparative disadvantage, their profits may suffer. But if the developing countries participate the Specialization with absolute superior value chain of their products with comparative disadvantage, there will always be profit space. Second, for the developing coun
26、tries, the Global Value Chains Specialization is in the end “comparative advantages traps“ or “comparative advantage pie“, the key is to see whether the developing countries can full play their own “the advantage of later striking”. Thirdly, the “World Factory“ under the Global Value Chains Speciali
27、zation is no longer the same concept as the traditional sense. “World Factory“ should not be our ultimate goal, but only an experienced process in our path to world economic powers.The main creative points: First, using the separation of “product-benefit“ and “cost-benefit“ to prove a long-standing
28、academic debate on unfair exchange issue of traditional trade which based on comparative advantages, and applying the conclusion into the Global Value Chains Specialization. Second, this paper presents the “overlapping elements theories“, and from the perspective of supply, it seems to be able to ma
29、ke up the defect of Lindel (S.B.Linder) “overlapping demand theory“ while explaining the assumption of trade demand within the industry. To sum up, the generic explanation on the interest situation of the Global Value Chains Specialization which presented by this paper, has not only significant mean
30、ing to the theory, but also makes strong sense to practice of developing countries, especially the discussion on industrialization upgrading process of China.Key words: the Global Value Chains Specialization basis profit separationbenefit situation benefit increasing strategic choicesVI目 录中文 摘要 .1Ab
31、stract.31 导论 .11.1 研究背景 .11.2 国内外相关研究述评 .41.2.1 国际分工贸易利益分配的传统研究 .41.2.2 全球价值链分工的利益分配理论综述 .61.3 研究内容与研究方法 .101.3.1 研究思路和结构安排 .101.3.2 基本理论和研究方法 .111.3.3 本文的创新和不足 .122 全球价值链分工的产生 .132.1 全球价值链分工的内涵 .132.1.1 全球价值链分工的定义 .132.1.2 全球价值链分工的类型 .172.1.3 全球价值链分工程度的影响因素 .192.2 全球价值链分工产生的背景 .212.2.1 国际分工形式的历史演变
32、.212.2.2 全球价值链分工产生的动因 .223 全球价值链分工的基础 .263.1 全球价值链分工基础的研究思路 .263.1.1 对传统分工基础的研究 .263.1.2 全球价值链分工基础的研究思路 .273.2 比较优势与全球价值链分工 .303.2.1 国际贸易标准条件的扩展 .30VII3.2.2 基于绝对优势的比较优势全球价值链分工 .323.2.3 基于绝对劣势的比较优势全球价值链分工 .373.3 规模经济与全球价值链分工 .423.3.1 外部规模经济与全球价值链分工 .423.3.2 内部规模经济与全球价值链分工 .443.4 跨国公司直接投资的临界点 .473.4.1
33、 有第三国进入的全球价值链布局 .473.4.2 跨国公司直接投资的临界点 .494 全球价值链分工的利益分离 .534.1 传统分工的“产品利益”和“成本利益” .534.1.1“产品利益”和“成本利益” .534.1.2 基于绝对优势的比较优势的“产品利益”和“成本利益” .544.1.3 基于绝对劣势的比较优势的“产品利益”和“成本利益” .584.1.4 比较优势的“产品利益”与“成本利益”背离的原因 .604.2 全球价值链分工的利益分离 .624.2.1“产品利益”和“成本利益”的背离 .624.2.2 国家利益和企业利益的分离 .644.2.3 分工利益和交换利益的分离 .644
34、.2.4 经济利益和社会利益的分离 .655 全球价值链分工的利益分配格局 .665.1 全球价值链分工的世界经济利益 .665.1.1 以比较优势为基础的全球价值链分工对世界经济利益的影响 .665.1.2 以规模经济为基础的全球价值链分工对世界经济利益的影响 .685.2 全球价值链分工的国家利益分配 .715.2.1 全球价值链分工原则上增加国家利益 .715.2.2 国家相对利益格局 .725.3 跨国公司的全球价值链分工利益 .745.3.1 世界比较优势 .745.3.2 规模经济优势 .765.3.3 价格倾斜优势 .765.3.4 转移定价优势 .77VIII6 发展中国家在全
35、球价值链分工体系中的利益提升 .796.1 发展中国家全球价值链分工利益的动态变化 .796.1.1 在不考虑贸易相对价格的条件下,发展中国家的利益变化 .796.1.2 在贸易相对价格变动的条件下发展中国家的利益变化 .826.2 发展中国家全球价值链分工利益提升的途径 .846.2.1 全球价值链分工利益提升的研究成果 .846.2.2 发展中国家总产值不变时的利益提升 .856.2.3 发展中国家总产值扩张时的利益提升 .876.3 发展中国家全球价值链分工利益提升的“后发优势” .906.3.1“重叠要素” .906.3.2 路径成本和产品(价值链)更新速度 .937 中国在全球价值链分工体系中的战略选择 .967.1 中国的全球价值链分工利益现状 .967.1.1 经贸大国:利益增长空间有限 .967.1.2 人口大国:劳动力成本喜忧参半 .977.1.3 引资大国:外资企业占据了出