1、Rhetoric-unit2,By-Group 2,1 .Rhetorical question 修辞疑问（设问） 它与疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的,而是以疑问为手段,取得修辞上的效果,其特点是:肯定问句表示强烈否定,而否定问句表示强烈的肯定.它的答案往往是不言而喻的。 Was I not at the scene of the crime?,Rhetorical questions are usually asked only for effect, as to emphasize a point, no answer being expected.,Examples:1.How
2、was it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note?2.Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered?,2.Synecdoche: 提喻 ,借代A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (a hand for sailor ), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer ), the specific
3、 for the general (as cutthroat for assassin ), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket ), or the material for the thing from which it is made (as steel for sword ).,3.Metonymy（借代）换喻,借喻,转喻,A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely
4、 associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power. 借代，不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称。换喻，转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用“华盛顿” 代替 “美政府” 或用 “剑” 代替 “军事力量”,The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrape
5、rs is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (Para. 7) little old Japan: traditional Japanese houses the kimono and the miniskirt: the Japanese culture and the western culture Examples:1.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体)2.He is the Newt
6、on of this century.(特殊代一般)3.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分）,More examples:,Wall Street-the U.S. financial and corporate sector Hollywood-the U.S. film industry Washington-United States government Heart- feelings and emotions grey hair-old age Wall Street-the U.S. financial and corporate
7、 sector Hollywood-the U.S. film industry Washington-United States government Heart- feelings and emotions grey hair-old age,I.以容器代替内容1.The kettle boils. 水开了.2.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念I had
8、the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.,4.Metaphor ：暗喻，隐喻 A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison. 暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.,1
9、). And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything in Nippon railways official might say. 2). I was again crushed by the thought 3).German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets. 4).The diamond department
10、was the heart and center of the store.,5.Hyperbole 夸张夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果Examples:1.I beg a thousand pardons.2.Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.3.When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.,6. Irony 反语 The use of words to express somethin
11、g different from and often opposite to their literal meaning to achieve the humorous and ironic effect. 反语：用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用 法,以达到幽默和讽刺的效果。 Example:This way I look at them and congratulate myself of the good fortune that my illness has brought me. 反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式.反语就是说反话，用反话来表达思想、观点、事物等等。 如在
12、指责过失.错误时,用赞同过失的说法,而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法.,7.Anti-climax 突（渐）降法 Anti-climax, as used in the text, states ones thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity from strong to weak, from weighty to light. It has achieved a humorous or surprised or even a sarcastic effect when the mayor was introduci
13、ng his city to the visitors, who were expecting his answer to have something to do with the atom bomb, but who ironically heard oysters in the end. 渐降表述概念的方式是使意义强烈的语言按照步步降低的语气顺序排列，语势由强而弱，语气由重到轻，有此达到取笑、讽刺或是喜剧的效果。,Examples：A town known throughout the world for its- oysters“. （与climax相反的一种修辞法,将一系列词语由大到
14、小,由强到弱地排列.）1.On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots.2.The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.,8.Climax: 层进法，渐进法 A series of statements or ideas in an ascending order of rhetorical force or intensity. 层进法：在不断增强的修辞力度或强度中使用
15、的一系列陈述和方法。这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小.轻重.深浅.高低等逐层渐进,最后达到顶点.可以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象.,Examples：1No one talks about it any more, and no one wants to, especially the people who were born here or who lived through it. 2.I am sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry. 3.Eye had not seen nor ear heard, and nothing had
16、touched his heart of stone.,9.Simile 明喻 simile is an expression making a comparison in the imagination between two things using the words as or like Example:Serious looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious of the crowds about them,10.Parallelism 排比, 平行 Examples：Where thousands upon
17、 thousands of people had been slain in one second, where thousands upon thousands of others had lingered on to die in slow agony. 这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体.,11.Euphemism 委婉,婉辞法婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话. Examples: 1.He is out visiting the necessary. 2.His relation with his wife
18、 has not been fortunate. 3.Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997.,12.Alliteration(头韵) Examples： as the fastest train in the world slipped to a stop. I felt sick, and ever since then they have been testing and treating me头韵法（alliteration）在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音，以增强语言的节奏感。,13.Sarcasm讽刺 sarcasm is an expression or cutting remark clearly meaning the opposite to what is felt. Example：Hiroshimathe “liveliest” City in Japan (hyperbole) If you want to write this city, do not forget to say that this city is the gayest city in Japan, even if(hyperbole),Thanks,
