1、虚拟语气一、语气（Mood）的定义和种类l、语气：是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2、语气的种类：（1）陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：We dont have dinner in that restaurant. What an adorable baby it is!（2）祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如 : Open the window, please. Take care of your suitcase.（3）虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实 ，而是说话人的主观愿
2、望、假设或推测等。如：If I were you, I should study English well. May you succeed!二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如: If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will climb the mountain. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去爬山。如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如: If he had seen you yesterday, he
3、would have told you about that. 如果他昨天见到你，他会告诉你那件事的。在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。列表如下：从句 主句 例句与现在事实相反的假设If + 主语 +助动词的过去式（were, did, had）主语+ should/would/could/might+动词原形If I had time, I would attend the meeting.If I were you, I should seize the opportunity to go abroad.与过去事实相反的假设If +主语+had+过去分词主语+sh
4、ould/would/could/might +have+过去分词If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the exam.与将来事实相反的假设 If+主语+动词过去式 If+主语+were to+动词原形 If+主语+should+动词原形(注意不能是 would)主语+ should/would/could/might+动词原形If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.If it were to rain tomorrow, we would put off th
5、e sports meeting.If he should not come tomorrow, we should put off the meeting till next Monday.1、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如：If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿 ，一切都没问题了。2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如：If you had taken my advice，you wouldnt (couldnt) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不
6、会(不可能)考试不及格。3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如：If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would,could,might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就(可能)去看望我奶奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如：If you had listened to t
7、he doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。If you had gone to bed early last night, you would not be so sleepy now.5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式（1）省略连词 if,构成主谓倒装。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有 were，had 或 should，可以把 if 省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。例如: Should he come (If he should come), tell him to call me back. Were
8、I you (If I were you), I would not miss the plane. （2）用介词短语代替条件状语从句。如：Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. 如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。But for your help (If it hadnt been for your help), I couldnt have done it. 要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。 I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have go
9、ne there with them. 我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. 我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。6、省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。（1）省去条件从句。如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了“If you had wanted to“, (事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗)（2）省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如: If my grand
10、mother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊 !If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!三、虚拟语气的其他用法l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在“It is important (strange，natural，necessary)that“这类句型里，that 所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should 十动词原形”结构，表示某事是“重要“、“ 奇怪“ 、“自然“、“必要“ 等意义。如： It is suggested that pupils (should) wear school uniforms.It is importan
11、t that every member (should) obey these rules. 重要的是每个成员都应该遵守这些规则。2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法：（1）wish 后的宾语从句：表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时；表示与过去相反的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时:“had 十过去分词“； 表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的主观愿望，常用“would (could)+ 动词原形”。I wish I knew the answer to the question. I wish (wished) I hadnt spent so much money. I wish i
12、t would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止；I wish you would come soon. 但愿你立刻来。（2）在具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意愿的动词(如：desire, demand, advice, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide )后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用“should+动词原形”。值得注意的是，如果宾语从句的动词是否定的，否定词 not 的位置应在动词之前，而不是动词之后。如：I demand that he (should) answer me immed
13、iately. 我要求他立刻答复我。【注意】(1)suggest 意为 “表明，暗示”时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。His pale face suggested that he was in poor health.(2)insist 意为“坚持认为，坚持说”时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。He insisted that he did not murder his wife.3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法（1）在带有 even if/ even though 引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如：Even if he had been
14、 ill, he would have gone to his office. 即使生了病，他得去办公室。（2）由 as if 或 as though 引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be 用 were)或 “had 十过去分词” 。如：He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。注：如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。
15、4、表语从句中的应用 上述动词相应的名词形式作主语+连系动词构成表语从句，要用虚拟语气，即“should+动词原形 ”.常用名词形式有：advice, decision, demand, proposal, request, order, suggestionHis suggestion was that the meeting (should) be delayed.5、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：在“It is time (that) “句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是“该干某事的时候了“ 。如：Its (high) time we did ou
16、r homework. 我们该做作业了。6、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法（1）情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。如：It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别太晚睡觉。（2）在一些习惯表达中。如：I would rather not tell you. 我宁愿不告诉你。（3）用“may + 动词原形” 表示“ 祝愿“、“但愿”，此时 may 须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如：May you be happy!祝你快乐！May good luck be yours.祝
17、你顺利。补充：1.在 if only 感叹句中，表示“但愿”，“要是就好了”用法和 wish 基本相同，只是比 wish 具有更强烈的感情色彩。If only the rain would stop. (对将来的虚拟)但愿雨能停。If only I had followed your advice! (对过去的虚拟)要是我听从了你的建议就好了！2.由下列名词或短语引导，或含有某些词的从句中应用的虚拟语气1）lest “以免、惟恐”引导的从句用“should+动词原形”。He took a map with him lest he (should ) lose his wag there.2）w
18、hether “不管、无论 ”引导的让步状语从句，有时用动词原形。All things, whether you know or dont know, exist in the world.3）用“would rather/had rather“表示“宁愿、但愿”，后面的宾语从句谓语用过去式或动词原形表示对将来的要求，用过去时表示对现在的愿望，用过去完成时表示对过去做的事的懊悔。I would rather you go tomorrow. I would rather everything hadnt happened in the past.3.“情态动词+have done”的用法 ：m
19、ust have done 表示对过去事情的肯定推测。 cant / couldnt have done 表示对过去所发生的事情所做的否定推测。 may have done 表示过去所发生的事情作可能性推测。 might / could have done 表示对过去所发生的事情作可能性推测，或者表示本来可以做而事实上未做的事情。 should / ought to have done 表示本应该做的事情而事实上未做neednt have done 表示做了本不应该做的事情。巩固练习：1. We demanded that we _ of any change in the plan.A. i
20、nformed B. would be informed C. be informed D. had been informed2. Its necessary that he _ a recognized qualification.A. has B. have C. had D. having3. Its high time we _ our attention to this problem.A. turned B. turn C. had turned D. would turn4. If only you _ him what I said! Everything would hav
21、e been all right.A. didnt told B. hadnt told C. would not tell D. would have not told5. He must have had an accident, or he_ here then.A. would have been B. had been C. should have been D. could be6. You _ to town to see the film last week. It will be on TV tomorrow.A. neednt go B. should not go C.
22、had better not go D. neednt have gone7. How I wish every family _ a large house with a beautiful garden!A. has B. had C. will have D. had had8. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _. A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken9. Janes pale face suggested that
23、 she _ ill, and her parents suggested that she _ a medical examination. A. be, should have B. was, have C. should be, had D. was, has10. The bus driver insisted that he _ at normal speed and therefore _ for the childs death.A. drive, not answer B. was driving, shouldnt answerC. should drive, shouldn
24、t have answered D. drove, shouldnt answer改错练习：One day my uncle had been riding a horse in rain when he reached a small restaurant. Wet and coldly, and he wanted to warm himself very much. However, the restaurant was too crowded with people that he could not get near the fire. “Taking some fish to my
25、 horse!” he called out to the waiter. “Sorry, sir. But a horse didnt eat fish!” the waiter answered. “Never mind, just do as I tell you,” my uncle said. The crowd of people felt surprising at the strange order. To see a horse eat fish, all of whom ran out. Having the whole room to himself, my uncle sat down besides the fire and began warm himself.
