1、Standard Time標準工時,Instructor: Charles Leu,Chapter 0: Introduction to Motion and Time Study第零章 : 動作及時間研究簡介,Why do we need the Motion and Time study?我們為何需要進行動作及時間研究? “Time is money ”and a time standard tells us exactly how much money.” “ 時間就是金錢 ” 標準工時即精確地表明金錢之多寡The average performance of a manufacturi
2、ng plant:工時系統之於製造廠績效的關係-1.W/O Time standard - 60% 無標準工時系統-2.W/I Time standard - 85% 導入標準工時系統-3.W/I Incentive systems - 120% 導入獎工(激勵)系統,Performance Increasing績效提昇,42%,42%,Section 0-1: Where the STD time affects第0-1節: 標準工時影響之範疇,-1.Cost estimation/ 成本衡量-2.Production and inventory control/ 生產及存量控制-3.Pla
3、nt layout/ 工廠佈置-4.Materials and process planning/ 物料及程序規劃-5.Quality/ 品質-6.Safety/ 工作安全,Section 2: Where to use Motion studies第0-2節: 動作研究使用之範疇,Develop/ 製程發展-1. the best work method 較佳之工作方法-2. motion consciousness on the part of all employees 建立全員之動作經濟意識-3. economical and efficient tools, fixtures, an
4、d production aids 設計經濟有效之工具,治具,及生產之輔助Assist in the selection of new machine and equipment 選擇新機器及設備之輔助Train new employees in the preferred method 以適當之方法訓練新進員工Reduce effort and cost 降低工作負荷及成本,Section 3: The deviation of Motion v.s. Time study第0-3節:動作與時間研究之差異,Motion study/ 動作研究,Time study/ 時間研究,Cost re
5、duction/成本降低,Cost control /成本控制,To design, improvement 用以設計及改善,To measure/用以衡量,Technology/ 技術,Process chart/程序圖 Flow Diagrams/流程圖 Multi-activity chart/多動圖 Operation charts/操作圖 Flow process chart/流程程序圖,PTSS / 預定時間標準系統Stopwatch time study/ 馬錶時間研究 Standard data time standard/ 標準資料時間系統Work sampling time
6、 standard/ 工作抽查 Expert opinion standard/ 專家時間系統,Chapter 1: The importance and Uses of Motion and Time study第0-1節: 動作及時間研究之重要性及使用範疇之一,Time standard are used to : 15時間研究之使用範疇1.Determine/ 確認-1.the number of machines or tools required 機器及工具之需求數量-2.the number of production people to hire 生產作業員工之需求數量-3.ma
7、nufacturing cost and selling price 製造成本及銷售價格-4.Assembly line balance and plant layout of all departments and equipment 組立線平衡與部門及設備之佈置-5.individual work performance and identify operations that having problem 個別工作績效及操作問題之確認,Chapter 1: The importance and Uses of Motion and Time study第1-1節: 動作及時間研究之重要性
8、及使用範疇之二,2.Evaluate/ 估算-1. cost reductions and choose the best method 成本降低及較佳方法之選擇-2. new equipment purchases and justify their expense 採購新設備及其費用之評斷3.Schedule/ 生產排程machines, operations, and people to get work on time 使機器,生產及操作人員能準時作業4.Pay incentive wages/ 獎工薪資 for improved and outstanding performance
9、 對於以改善及優異之員工績效5.Developoperation manpower budgets to measure management performance 估算預算以衡量管理績效,Chapter 1: The importance and Uses of Motion and Time study第1-2節: 標準工時之定義之一,What is a Time standard/ 何謂標準工時 A time standard is the time required to produce a product at a work station with the following 3
10、 conditions:標準工時:於一工作站製作一產品所需要之時間,並需符合下列三條件1.A qualified, well-trained operator 以合格,受良好訓練之作業員作業2.Working at a normal pace 以正常之工作速度作業3.Doing a specific task 執行一特定之作業 The time standard is only good for this one set of specific conditions. If anything changes, the time standard must change. 標準工時僅於符合此三條
11、件時,方才成立,若任一條件變更即需變更標準工時,Chapter 1: The importance and Uses of Motion and Time study第1-2節: 標準工時之定義之二,What is a Time standard / 何謂標準工時1.A qualified, well-trained operator/一合格,受良好訓練之作業員作業Experience is usually what makes a qualified, well-trained operator. 經驗即造就一合格,受良好訓練之作業員作業Time on job is our best ind
12、ication of experience 作業時間即最佳之經驗指標A good rule of thumb : To give that person 2 weeks on the job period to the time study 概估法:於時間研究時,予作業人員二週時間熟悉作業,Chapter 1: The importance and Uses of Motion and Time study第1-2節: 標準工時之定義之三,What is a Time standard/ 何謂標準工時2.Working at a normal pace/以正常之工作速度作業A normal p
13、ace is comfortable for most person and defined as 100% 正常速率即大多數作業者感到舒適之速率並定義為 100%Time standard of normal pace commonly used are: 標準工時之正常速率一般以下列為之-1.Walking 264 feet in 1 min. ( 80.47 m / min, 4.83 km / hr ) 一小時步行 264 英呎 / 分速= 80.47 公尺 / 時速= 4.83 公里-2.Dealing 52 cards into 4 equal stacks in 0.5 min.
14、 ( 0.714 sec / pcs ) 0.5 分鐘 將 52張普克牌發至4等份 / 每張 0.741 秒-3.Filling a 30-pin board in 0.435 min. ( 0.87 sec / pcs ) 0.435 分鐘內將30支插枵插回插枵板Training films for rating are also used to develop this concept. “評比訓練”之影帶通常用以培養此概念,Chapter 1: The importance and Uses of Motion and Time study第1-2節: 標準工時之定義之四,What is
15、 a Time standard/ 何謂標準工時3.Doing a specific task/ 執行一特定之作業-1.The prescribed work method 規定之作業方法-2.The material specification 零件規格-3.The tool and equipment being used 使用之工具及設備-4.The position of incoming and outgoing material 物料進出之位置-5.Additional requirement like safety, quality, housekeeping, and main
16、tenance tasks 額外之要求:如安全,品質,5S,保養,Chapter 1: The importance and Uses of Motion and Time study第1-3節: 標準工時之傳達方式之一,How to communicate a time standard 如何傳達標準工時-1.The decimal minute ( e.g., 0.1 min ) 十進位之分鐘-2.PCs per hour ( rounded off to whole numbers, unless less than ten per hour ) 每小時產出幾單位-3.Hour per
17、PCs ( always in 5 decimal place, e.g., 0.00008 ) . Many company use hours per 1,000 PCs. 每單位花幾小時,許多公司通常以1000單位花幾小時表示,Chapter 1: The importance and Uses of Motion and Time study第1-3節: 標準工時之傳達方式之二,Acer time standard report宏碁標準工時格式,Chapter 1: The importance and Uses of Motion and Time study第1-5節: 標準工時之
18、運用之一,Use of time standard 標準工時之運用-1.How many machines do we need 需配置多少機器-2.How many people should we hire 需僱用多少員工-3.How much will our product cost 產品之成本-4.When we starting a job 何時開始作業-a.How much work can we handle with the equipment and people we have 以現有之設備及人工, 可處理多少工作,Chapter 1: The importance an
19、d Uses of Motion and Time study第1-5節: 標準工時之運用之二,Use of time standard 標準工時之運用-b.How do we schedule and load machines, work centers, departments, and people 如何規劃機器,工作站,各部門及員工之排程-5.How do we balance the work load among people on assembly and pack-out lines 如何平衡組立線,使每一工作站之負荷均等-6.How do we measure produc
20、tivity 如何衡量生產力-7.How can we pay our people for outstanding performance 如何獎勵傑出之員工,Chapter 1: The importance and Uses of Motion and Time study第1-5節: 標準工時之運用之三,Use of time standard 標準工時之運用-8.How can select the best method or evaluate cost reduction ideas 如何選擇較佳之方法或評估降低成本之方法-9.How do you evaluate new eq
21、uipment purchases to justify their expense 如何評估採購新設備及其費用之評斷-10.How do we develop a manpower budget 如何編列人力預算,Chapter 2: Time study 第2-1節: 時間研究之工具,1. 碼錶 (STOP WATCH)2. 觀測板 (TIME STUDY BOARD)3. 時間研究表格 (TIME STUDY FORM),A. 工具 :Tools,Chapter 2: Time study第2-1節: 時間研究之實施步驟,B. 實施步驟 : Methodology,1. 收集操作有關資料
22、 Gathering related data,2. 劃分單元 Divide to several units,3. 觀測操作時間 Measure the operation time,4. 決定觀測週期數 Come out the observed times,5. 評比/Rating,6. 檢視觀測週期數 Review the observed times,7. 寬放/Set allowance,8. 訂定操作標準時間 Setting STD time,Chapter 3: Calculation of Productivity & Efficiency第3-1節:各時間之定義,出勤工時P
23、resent hr,加班Overtime,轉入工時Turn-In hr,缺勤Absent hr,轉出工時Turn-out hr,可用工時Available hr,非生產性工時Non-productivity hr,生產總工時 Manufacturing hr,獲得工時 Earned hr,A. 各時間之定義 / Time specification,Chapter 3: Calculation of Productivity & Efficiency第3-2節:生產力&效率之定義,生產力Productivity,獲得工時 Earned hr,效率Efficiency,可用工時 Availabl
24、e hr,生產總工時 Manufacturing hr,獲得工時 Earned hr,B. 定義 Definition,Earned Hr.=Output Qty x STD time,Output Qty,Step 1. Earned Hr. calculation,*TTL Earned Hr.= 0.0 + 151.8 + 52.2 + 0.0 =203.9,Chapter 3: Example - Daily report,Available Hr. ( 311.5 )=H/C(47) *Working HrDay (9) - Absent (13.5) +Overtime (0) +
25、Turn-in (0) - Turn-out (9.8),*2-1:Non-Productivity Hr.,*Non-ProductivityHr. rate =78.5/311.5=25.2%,*2-2:Available Hr.,Step 2. Non-Productivity & Available Hr. calculation,A:,B:,C:,D:,A. TTL Earned Hr. = 203.9,B. Net Hr.(Manufacturing Hr.) =Available Hr. (311.5) - Non-Productivit Hr. (78.5) =233,C. Efficiency. = 203.9 / 233 = 87.5 %,D. Productivity. = 203.9 / 311.5 = 65.5%,Step 3. Efficiency & Productivity calculation,Chapter 3: Example - weekly report,
