1、01 地 理 学 总 论地理学统一地理学普通地理学系统地理学区域地理学理论地理学应用地理学元地理学地文学地质学古地理学地理学体系地理环境geographyunified geographygeneral geographysystematic geographyregional geographytheoretical geographyapplied geographymetageographyphysiographychorographypaleogeogpraphygeographical systemgeographical environment地理因子地理过程地理分布地理界线地理综
2、合地理考察综合考察区域分析区域分异生存空间生存承载能力环境决定论灾变论地球地球表面geographical factorsgeographical processgeographical distributiongeographical boundarygeographical synthesisgeographical surveyintegrated surveyregional analysisregional differentiationliving spacelife-carrying capacityenvironmental determinismcatastrophe the
3、oryearthearth surface地球表层地理系统地理圈景观圈岩石圈水圈大气圈土壤圈生物圈地圈智能圈技术圈北半球南半球地球体epigeospheregeosystemgeographical spherelandscape spherelithospherehydrosphereatmospherepedospherebiospheregeospherenoonspheretechnospherenorthern hemispheresouthern hemispheregeoid地理纬度地理经度北极南极极圈北回归线南回归线赤道时区日界线极昼极夜洲大陆洋latitudelongitud
4、eNorth PoleSouth PoleArctic CircleTropic of CancerTropic of Capricornequatortime zonedate linepolar daypolar nightcontinentoceansea内陆地理单元区划带地带区域地区小区inlandgeographical unitregionalizationbeltzoneregionareadistrict02 自 然 地 理学自然地理学综合自然地理学普通自然地理学自然综合体地域自然综合体自然地理过程自然生产潜力进展因素残留因素三维地带性水平地带垂直地带地带性physical g
5、eographyintegrated physical geographygeneral physical geographynatural complexterritorial natural complexphysical geographic processnatural potential productivityprogressive factorrelic factorthree dimension zonalityhorizontal zonevertical zonezonality非地带性水平地带性垂直地带性地方性坡向阳坡阴坡山体效应综合自然区划雪带亚雪带高山亚高山山地azo
6、nalityhorizontal zonalityvertical zonalitylocalityexposureadret, sunny slopeubac, shady slopeMassenerhebungseffekt(德） ,integrated physicogeographicalregionalizationnival beltsubnival beltalpinesubalpinemountains荒漠荒漠化沙漠岩漠砾漠泥漠盐漠戈壁绿洲景观学景观相自然景观土地desertdesertificationsandy desertrocky desertgravel desert
7、argillaceous desertsalt desertgobioasislandscape sciencelandscapefaciesnatural landscapeland土地系统土地分类土地类型土地单元土地要素土地刻面刻面联合体土地属性生态地理学地生态学景观生态学生态系统生态平衡生态区域生态小区land systemland classificationland type land unitland elementland facetfacet combinationterrain characteristicsecogeographygeoecologylandscape ec
8、ologyecosystemecological balanceecoregionecodistict生态地段生态区生态点自然资源可再生资源非可再生资源灾害地理学自然灾害ecosectionecotopeecositenatural resourcesrenewable resourcesnonrenewable resourceshazard geographynatural hazard03 地 貌 学地貌学地貌地貌年代学地貌成因地貌形成作用气候地貌学动力地貌学地貌量计学人工地貌平原低地高地丘陵geomorphologylandformgeomorphochronologygeomorph
9、ogenesis, landform genesislandform forming processclimatic geomorphologydynamic geomorphologygeomorphometryanthropogenic landformsplainlowlandhighlandhill山山脉岭峰山麓半岛岛屿群岛海峡地峡海拔（高度）相对高度山嘴盆地山间盆地mountainmountain range, mountain chainrange, ridgepeak, mountpiedmontpeninsulaislandarchipelagostraitisthmusalt
10、itude, height above sea levelrelative heightmountain spurbasinintermountain basin山间盆地山峰崖山麓平原高原峡谷谷沟谷冲沟山形山志阶地台地洼地坡地intermountain basinmountain peakcliff, scarppiedmont plainplateaugorge, canyonvalleyravinegullymountain formsorographyterracetableland, platformdepressionslope坡度基岩地貌过程侵蚀作用雨滴侵蚀剥蚀作用刻蚀溶蚀冲刷片蚀
11、溯源侵蚀下切侵蚀侧向侵slope, gradientbedrockgeomorphological processerosionraindrop erosiondenudationcorrasioncorrosionwash, erosionsheet erosionheadward erosiondowncutting, incision, vertical erosionlateral erosion掏蚀侵蚀基准 面总侵蚀基准 面局部侵蚀基准面裂点沉积作用堆积作用堆积物加积作用沉积相地貌世代地貌序列地形基面地貌组合正地貌undercuttingbase level of erosionge
12、neral base levellocal base levelknick pointsedimentation, depositiondeposition, accumulationdepositaggradationsedimentary faciesgeneration of landformslandforms seriesbase levellandform assemblagepositive landform负地貌正常地貌倒置地貌地貌倒置刻蚀地貌夷平作用夷平面准平面剥蚀面山麓侵蚀 面山麓侵蚀平面山顶面侵蚀循环回春作用negative landformnormal landform
13、inverted landforminversion of landformerosional landformplanation surfacepeneplaindenudation sufaceerosion surfacepedimentpediplainsummit planeerosion cyclerejuvenation相关沉积地壳均衡新构造运动构造地貌学丹霞地貌构造高原构造阶地单面山方山猪背脊线形现象断层崖断层线崖断层三角面correlated sedimentsisostasyneotectonic movementstructural geomorphology, tect
14、onic geomorphology“Danxia” landformstructural plateaustructural terracecuesta(西）mesahogback ridgelineamentfault scarpfault-line scarptriangular facet断层谷断块山火山火山作用风化作用物理风化作用化学风化作用生物风化作用机械风化作用差异风化作用风化层残积土残积物残积层风化壳triangular facetfault valleyblock mountainvolcanoweatheringphysical weatheringchemical wea
15、theringbiological weatheringmechanical weatheringdifferential weatheringregolithresidual soileluviumeluviumweathered crust正残积风化壳碎屑型风化壳硅铝粘土型风化壳硅铝碳酸盐型风化壳硅铝氧化物硫酸盐风化壳硅铝铁质和富铝型风化壳剥落页状剥落块状崩落结壳作用块状崩落结壳作用盐屑堆盐屑锥orthoeluvial weathered crustclastic weathered crustsiallite-clay weathered crustsiallite-carbonate
16、weathered crustsiallite-chloride-sulphate wea-thered crustsiallite-ferrite and allite wea-thered crustexfoliation, desquamationexfoliationcrumblingincrustationcrumblingincrustationtalustalus cone山麓堆积坡积物坡水堆积物土体蠕动滑塌滑坡泥石流泥流岩崩流水地貌学流水地貌冲积物冲积层冲积锥冲积扇talusslope depositdeluviumsoil creepcollapselandslide, la
17、ndslipdebris flowmudflowrock fallfluvial geomorphologyfluvial landformalluvium，alluvial depositalluviumalluvial conealluvial fan洪积物洪积层洪积扇河床河漫滩汇水区流域分水岭辫状河曲流天然堤滨河床沙坝凸岸坝牛轭湖离堆山proluvium，proluvial depositproluviumproluvial fanriver bedfloodplaincatchment areadrainage area，basinwaterdivide，divide，watershe
18、dbraided streammeandernatural leveechannel bar，sand barpoint barox-bow lakemeander core， meander spur河流阶地河流袭夺河流错位河流偏移风口纵谷横谷风蚀吹蚀沙丘新月形沙丘流动沙丘固定沙丘半固定沙丘纵向沙丘river terraceriver captureriver offsetriver deflectionwind gaplongitudinal valleytransverse valleywind erosiondeflationsand dunecrescent dunemobile d
19、une，wandering dunefixed dunesemifixied dunelongitudinal dune横向沙丘抛物线沙丘蜂窝状沙丘沙垅风棱石风蚀脊沙暴风蚀坑风蚀洼地干盐湖基岩扇岛山漠漆岩漆漠盖层transverse duneparabolic dunehoneycomb dunessand ridgewind-faceted stones，ventifactyardangsandstormblowout pitdeflation hollowplayarock faninselbergdesert varnishrock varnishdesert pavement黄土黄土地
20、貌黄土塬黄土梁黄土峁劣地咯斯特咯斯特地貌学咯斯特地貌咯斯特化溶斗溶蚀谷溶蚀盆落水洞溶沟loessloess landform“yuan”， loess tableland“liang”，loess ridge“mao”， loess hillbadland karstkarst geomorphologykarst landformkarstificationdolinepoljeuvalasinkholekarren干谷竖井潜蚀作用洞穴堆积咯斯特平原峰林石林洞穴学假咯斯特类咯斯特泉华沉积石灰华海岸滨海岸地貌学dry valleyshaft underground erosioncave de
21、positkarst plainpeak foreststone pinaclesspeleologypseudokarstparakarstsinter depositiontufasea coastshorecoastal geomorphology海蚀作用海蚀龛海蚀洞海蚀台海蚀崖海蚀柱岬角岩滩潮滩潮汐通道潮沟舄湖三角洲河口湾海滩marine erosionwave-cut notchsea caveabrasion platformsea cliffsea stackcapebenchtidal flattidal channel， tidal inlettidal creeklagoo
22、ndeltaestuarycoastal beach滩脊滩脊型 潮滩滩脊型 潮滩平原沙嘴障壁坝滨外坝尖形滩尖形坝连岛坝陆连岛沿滨泥沙流海岸阶地全球性海面升降珊瑚礁岸礁beach ridgechenierchenier plainsand spitbarrieroff-shore barcuspate forelandtuspate bartombolotombolo islandlongshore driftcoastal terrace， marine terraceeustatic movementcoral reeffringing reef堡礁环礁大陆架大陆坡洋盆海隆海岭平顶海山海沟海
23、渊barrier reefatollcontinental shelfcontinental slopeoceanic basinriseoceanic ridgeguyottrenchabyssal deep04 气 候 学气候学气候气候资源太阳辐射反照射积温无霜期降水蒸发干燥度热水平衡风向风速气候灾害climatologyclimateclimate resourcessolar radiationalbedoaccumulated temperaturefrost-free periodprecipitationevaporationaridityheat-water balancewi
24、nd directionwind speedclimate damage，climatic hazard旱灾水灾风灾雹灾湿害热害冻害冷害气候分类气候区划气候带气候区气候型赤道带热带drought damageflood damagewind damagehail damagewet damageheat damagefreezing damagecold damageclimatic classificationclimatic regionalizationclimatic zoneclimatic regionclimatic typeequatorial zonetropical zon
25、e亚热带温带寒带湿润气候干燥气候热带雨林气候萨瓦纳气候森林气候草原气候荒漠气候苔原气候极地气候高原气候山地气候大陆度subtropical zone temperate zonecold zonehumid climatearid climatetropical rainforest climatesavanna climateforest climatesteppe climatedesert climatetundra climatepolar climateplateau climatemountain climatecontinentality大陆性气候海洋性气候地中海气候地形气候学区
26、域气候地方气候小气候气候系统行星风系信风季风梅雨台风寒潮海陆风continental climatemaritime climateMediterranean climatetopoclimatologyregional climatelocal climatemicroclimateclimatic systemplanetary wind systemtrade wind，tradesmonsoonMeiyu,，plum raintyphooncold wavesea-land breeze山谷风干热风焚风雨影气候变迁古气候历史气候年轮气候学物候学自然历城市气候城市热岛气候志mountai
27、n-valley breezedry-hot windfoehn rain shadowclimatic changepalaeoclimatehistorical climatedendroclimatologyphenologynatural calendarurban climateurban heat islandclimatography05 水 文 地 理 学水文地理学水文学水体水团河流学水利学水利经济学水化学森林水文学都市水文学水文物理学古水文学土壤水文学hydrogeographyhydrologywater bodywater masspotamologyhydraulics
28、hydroeconomicshydrochemistryforest hydrologyurban hydrologyhydrophysicspalaeohydrologypedohydrology水文情势水文过程水文测验流域形态流域分水线河道坡降河道等级闭合盆地河网密度总蒸发水平衡陆面蒸发水面蒸发分岔系数河源hydrological regimehydrological processhydrometrywatershed morphologybasin dividechannel gradientchannel orderclosed basindrainage densityevapot
29、ranspirationwater budget， water balanceland evaporationwater surface evaporationfork factorheadwaters水道网支流过程线流量过程线分割瀑布水平降水水循环水量交换径流径流系数年正常径流量基流河床变形河流补给暴发洪水hydrographic nettributaryhydrographseparation of hydrographwaterfallhorizontal precipitationwater cyclewater exchangerunoffrunoff coefficientannu
30、al normal runoffbase flowriver bed deformationriver feedingflash flood洪水流水过程层间流壤中流河流数目定律叠加定律流量坡面流洪峰流量产流汇流产沙率退水曲线径流模数产水量floodfluvial processesinteraquifer flowinterflowlaw of stream numberslaw of superpositiondischargeoverland flowpeak dischargerunoff generationflow concentrationrate of sediment prod
31、uctionrecession curverunoff moduluswater yield悬移质泥沙运动产沙量水位洪水位警戒水位水土流失水土保持涝暴雨径流输沙能力径流变率地下水文学承压地下水水力传导度suspended loadsediment movementsediment yieldwater stageflood levelwarning stagewater and soil losswater and soil conservationwaterloggingstorm flowtransportability of sedimentsvariability of runoffg
32、roundwater hydrologyconfined groundwaterhydraulic conductivity入渗土壤水含水层自流水盆地深层地下水裂隙水地下水位矿泉地下河饱和带湖沼学湖泊水文学湖流水质湖泊富营养化infiltrationsoil water aquiferartesian basindeep phreatic waterfissured waterwater tablemineral springunderground riversaturation zonelimnologylake hydrologylake currentwater qualitylake
33、eutrophication人工湖盐湖咸水湖淡水湖构造湖层结湖季节性湖泊火山湖高山湖游移湖热湖微咸湖干涸湖完全混和湖湖盆man-made lakesalt lakesalt-water lakefresh water laketectonic lake，structural lake stratified lake seasonal lake volcanic lakealpine lakewandering lake warm lakebrackish-water lake extinct lake holomixed lake lake circulation湖水环流湖泊蓄水量冰川补给积雪
34、水文学融雪水文学融雪径流有潮河口无潮海波浪侵蚀地下水库水资源供水水能lake circulationlake storagealimentation of glacieralimentation of glaciersnow hydrologysnow runofftidal estuarytideless seawave erosiongroundwater reservoirwater resourcesWater supplyhydropower06 生 物 地 理 学生物地理学生物分布学生物分布分布区分布区中心分布区间断分布区型扩散中心残遗种区种群生物群生物地理群落生境biogeogr
35、aphychorologybiochoresarealareak centerareal disjunctionareal typedispersal centerrefugiumpopulationbiotabiogeocoenosishabitat小生境群落生境植物地理学植物区系生活型生活型谱水生植物湿生植物中生植物旱生植物指示植物指示群落植被植物群落群丛niche，microhabitatbiotopephytogeographyfloralife formlife form spectrumhydrophytehygrophytemesophytexerophyteindicator
36、plantindicator communityvegetationplant communityassociation群系植被型顶级群落演替针叶林泰加林落叶林常绿阔叶林硬叶林照叶林季风雨林雨林红树林苔原森林草原formationvegetation typeclimaxsuccessionconiferous foresttaigadeciduous forestevergreen broad-leaved forestsclerophyllous forestlaurel forestmonsoon forestrainforestmangrovetundraforest steppe草原
37、高草草原萨瓦纳普那高原草甸高山矮曲林森林上限树线动物地理学动物区系地理阻障动物传布华莱士线动物群落泛北极steppeprairiesavannapunameadowalpine krummholzupper forest limittimberlinezoogeographyfaunageographical barrierssynzoochorywallaces lineanimal communityHolarctic古北界新北界旧热带界新热带界东洋界 澳洲界PalaearcticNeoarcticPalaeotropicNeotropicOrientalAustralasian07 土
38、壤 地 理 学土壤地理学土被土链土壤组合土壤复区土壤气候土壤资源土壤退化土壤侵蚀古土壤森林土壤草原土壤荒漠土壤pedogeographysoil mantlesoil catenasoil associationsoil complexsoil climatesoil resourcessoil degradationsoil erosionpaleosoilforest soildesert soildesert soil高山土壤幼年土壤成熟土壤顶级土壤灰化土棕壤褐土黄壤红壤砖红壤黑钙土栗钙土棕钙土 灰漠土棕漠土high mountain soilyoung soilmature soilc
39、limax soilpodzolic soilbrown earthcinnamon soilyellow earthred earthlateritechernozemchestnut soilbrown soilgray desert soilbrown desert soil盐土碱土solonchaksolonertz08 化 学 地 理 学化学地理学景观地球化学地球化学景观自成景观从属景观残积景观水上景观水下景观chemical geographylandscape geochemistrygeochemical landscapeautonomic landscapeauxiliar
40、y landscapeeluvial landscapesuperaqual landscapesubaqual landscape水成景观单元景观生源景观非生源景观大气迁移水迁移生物迁移机械迁移化学迁移标型元素标型化合物标型离子化学剥蚀aqueous landscape，aqual landscapeelementary landscapebiogenic landscapeabiogenic landscapeaerial migrationaqueous migrationbiological migrationmechanical migrationchemical migration
41、，physico-chemical migrationtypomorphic elementtypomorphic compoundtypomorphic ionchemical denudation10 环 境 地 理 学环境地理学环境地球化学自然环境社会环境区域环境海洋环境环境系统环境结构环境要素环境演化环境背景值环境异常环境自净environmental geographyenvironmental geochemistrynatural environmentsocial environmentregional environmentmarine environmentenvironm
42、ental system environmental structureenvironmental elementenvironmental evolutionenvironmental background valueenvironmental abnormalityenvironmental self-purification环境容量景观损害环境退化环境效应环境污染大气污染水污染土壤污染海洋污染环境经济环境管理环境标准environmental capacitylandscape damageenvironmental degradationenvironmental effectenvi
43、ronmental pollutionatmospheric pollutionwater pollutionsoil pollutionmarine pollutionenvironmental economyenvironmental managementenvironmental standard环境质量环境质量参数环境质量指数环境质量评价环境影响评价环境质量综合评价环境保护环境规划环境区划环境设计自然保护自然保护区自然资源保护生物资源保护environmental qualityenvironmental quality parameterenvironmental quality i
44、ndexenvironmental quality evaluationenvironmental impact assessmentenvironmental quality comprehensive evaluationenvironmental protectionenvironmental planningenvironmental regionalizationenvironmental designconservation of naturenature reserveconservation of natural resourcesliving resources conser
45、vation水资源保护国家公园地面沉降公害公害病水悮病痛痛病protection of water resourcesnational parkland subsidencepublic nuisancepublic nuisance diseaseminamata diseaseitai-itai disease11 冰川学冰川学积雪粒雪粒雪化作用粒雪盆雪线吹雪雪崩雪蚀陆冰冰山冰川冰盖glaciologysnow coverfirnfirnificationfirn basinsnow linesnow driftavalanchenivationland iceicebergglacier
46、ice sheet冰原冰川化冰川作用冰川物质平衡消融区积累区冰川隙冰川地质学角峰冰斗U 形谷鼓丘羊背石冰擦痕冰川河流ice fieldglacierizationglaciationglacier mass-balanceablation areaaccumulation areacrevasseglacial geologyhorncirqueU-shape valleydrumlinroche moutonneeglacial striaglacial stream冰下河道漂砾纹泥海洋性冰川大陆性冰川极地冰川山岳冰川冰斗冰川悬冰川冰川变化冰川退缩冰期小冰期新冰期冰期后subglacial
47、channelbouldervarvemaritime glaciercontinental glacierpolar glaciermountain glaciercirque glacierhanging glacierglacial fluctuationdeglaciationice agelittle ice ageneoglaciationpost-glacial间冰期冷圈冷圈学interglacial periodcryospherecryology12 冻土学冻土学冻土融土季节冻土多年冻土高山冻土冻土动力学冻土退化冻土进化geocryology,cryopedologyfroz
48、en groundmelted soilseasonal frozen groundpermafrostalpine permafrostpermafrost dynamicspermafrost degradationpermafrost aggradation富冰冻土冻结层中水冻土相分析冻融循环冻结指数融化指数零点幕成冰作用冰胶结冰分凝地下水冰透镜体冰含量冻胀冻胀力ice permafrostinterpermafrost waterpermafrost phase-analysesfreeze-thaw cyclesfreezing indexthawing indexzero curt
49、ainice formationcement icesegregated iceground iceice lensice contentfrost heavingfrost heaving force冰缘寒冻风化热喀斯特热喀斯特湖冰锲翻浆periglacialcryogenic weathering, frost weatheringthermokarstthermokarst lakeice wedgefrost boil13 沼泽学沼泽学沼泽盐沼草甸沼泽苔藓沼泽芦苇沼泽mire sciencemire, swampsalt marshmeadow marshsedge marsh,reed marsh, phragmites marsh藓类沼泽颤沼林地沼泽红树林沼泽海滨沼泽滩地沼泽阶地沼泽平原沼泽高山沼泽山地沼泽沼泽形成过程沼泽水文沼泽植物低位沼泽中位沼泽mass bogquaking mire, floating mireforest marshmangrove swampcoastal marshfluvial marshterrace marshplain marshplateau marshmountain mire, upland miremire formation pro
