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英语诗歌选读第一二章.ppt

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1、诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的喜怒哀乐,用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。诗讲究联想,运用象征、比喻、拟人Symbolic metaphor personification 等各种修辞手法Figures of speech ,形成了独特的语言艺术。 英文诗包括:格律诗、无韵诗(指不押韵但有固定的韵律和长度)和自由体诗。英文自由体诗的主要特征是不遵循传统的音韵格律,诗行长度不规则,它的节奏单位不是音步,而是更大的词群、短句甚至段落。English poems include:poetry, no rhyme ( unrhymed but a fixed rhythm and length

2、 ) and free verse. The main features of English free verse is phonological rhythm does not follow the traditional lines, irregular, its rhythm units not foot, word group, short sentences but more even.,第一章 英语诗歌欣赏初步,一、 诗的格律诗歌不一定押韵,但一定有节奏(韵律)。节奏在英文中叫rhythm,源自希腊,意为流动(flow),即从一点向另一点有张有弛地运动。我们如何用音步法来分析英文

3、诗的节奏呢?以格律诗为例。首先把每个诗行分成若干个音节,并区分哪些是重读音节,哪些是非重读音节,找出它们排列的形式,以及这种排列形式在一个诗行中出现次数,也就是行内所含的音步数目(foot) 。,在英文格律诗中,轻音和重音是按一定规律出现的。常见有七种: 抑扬格: 一轻一重; 扬抑格: 一重一轻; 扬抑抑格: 一重两轻; 抑抑扬格: 两轻一重; 扬扬格: 一重两个音节; 抑抑格: 一轻两个音节; 抑扬抑格: 含一轻一重一轻三个音节。,以下是五种常见格式的举例:,1. 抑扬格(轻重格)Iambus:是最常见的一种格式,每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。As fair / art tho

4、u / my bon/nie lass,So deep / in luve / am I ;And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear,Till a / the seas / gang dry:此诗为四音步与三音步交叉,可标示为:() Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose,2.扬抑格(重轻格)Trochee:每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / brightIn the / forests / of the / night此

5、诗为四音步扬抑格(少一个轻音节),可标示为: William Blake: The Tyger,3. 抑抑扬格(轻轻重格)Anapaestic foot: 每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。 Like a child / from the womb,Like a ghost / from the tomb,I arise / and unbuild / it again.三 此诗为二、三音步抑抑扬格交叉,可标示为:,4. 扬抑抑格(重轻轻格)Dactylic foot: 每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。Touch her not / scornfully,Think of

6、 her / mournfully.- Thomas Hood此诗为两音步扬抑抑格,可标示为:,5. 抑扬抑格(轻重轻格)Amphibrach: 每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。 O hush thee / my babie / thy sire was / a knight. 此诗句的音步为三音步抑扬抑格,标示为:在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律,格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。,二、 诗的押韵,所谓押韵,是指相同或相似的重读音节先后出现在两个或更多诗行的相应位置上。英文诗押韵的种类可分为:全韵、近似韵(也称有缺陷的韵)。Types

7、of English poetry rhyme can be divided into: full rhyme, approximate rhyme (also called defective rhyme). 全韵是指押韵时必须押在由不同辅音开头的重读音节上,其中元音相同,跟在这个元音后面的辅音或其他非重读音节也必须相同; 近似韵有三种情况: 最后的辅音相同,但前面的元音相似而不相同 元音相同后面的辅音不同,谓谐元韵; 重读元音不同而所有的辅音都相同,谓谐辅韵。另一个跟押韵有关的诗法手段是词首韵,是指相同的音素(主要是辅音)重复出现在一些有关联的单词词首部位。,。,英语诗的韵律较为复杂,根据

8、押韵的音在诗行中的出现位置可以分为尾韵、头韵和行内韵三种。尾韵押在诗行最后一个重读音节上,是最常见的押韵部位,这和汉语诗的押韵相同;头韵是指头韵:是指一行(节)诗中几个词开头的辅音相同,形成押韵。行内韵是指诗行中间的停顿或休止前的重读音节与该行的最后一个重读音节押韵,(一)按押韵的位置分,1. 尾韵end rhyme:最常见,最重要的押韵方式。1) 联韵Al rhyme :aabb型。I shot an arrow into the air,It fell to earth, I knew not where;For, so swiftly it flew, the sightCould no

9、t follow it in its flight.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song,2) 交叉韵cross rhyme :abab型。Sunset and evening star,And one clear call for me!And may there be no moaning of the bar,When I put out to sea,Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar,3) 同韵:有的诗押韵,一韵到底,大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。如下例就共用i:p

10、为韵脚。The woods are lovely, dark and deep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.Robert Frost (1874-1963): Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,2. 头韵alliteration :是指一行(节)诗中几个词开头的辅音相同,形成押韵。下例中运用f、b与s头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。The fair breeze blew, the white fo

11、am flew,The furrow followed free,We were the first that ever burstInto that silent sea.T.S. Coleridge: Rime of the Ancient Mariner,3.行内韵Line rhyme (同元音):指词与词之间元音的重复形成的内部押韵。下面一节诗中i的重复照应,呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。Spring, the sweet spring, is the years pleasant king;Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a rin

12、g,Cold dath not sting, the pretty birds do sing:Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!Thomas Nashe(1567-1601): Spring, the Sweet Spring,三诗的体式,有的诗分成几节(stanza),每节由若干诗行组成(每行诗均以大写字母开头);有的诗则不分节。目前我们常见的诗体有: 1. 十四行诗 (Sonnet),源于中世纪民间抒情短诗,十三、十四世纪流行于意大利,意大利彼特拉克(Petrarch)为代表人物,每行十一个音节,全诗一节八行,加一节六行,韵脚用abba, abba, c

13、dcdcd (cdecde)。前八行提问,后六行回答。,后来,怀亚特(Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542)将十四行诗引人英国,五音步抑扬格Iambic pentameter,全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问,后二句结论。 斯宾塞(Edmund Spenser,1552-1599)用韵脚 abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee. 莎士比亚(William Shakespeare,1564-1616)用韵脚abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg,称英国式或莎士比亚式。,2. 打油诗(Limericks):通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌,一般没有标题也无作者姓名,含有幽默讽刺性,常运用双关pun,内韵等

14、手法。每首诗五个诗行,押韵为aabba,格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。 1) There was a young lady of NiggerWho smiled as she rode on a tiger;They returned from the rideWith the lady inside,And the smile on the face of the tiger.2) A tutor who taught on the fluteTried to teach two tooters to toot,“Is it harder to toot, orSaid the two to

15、 the tutor,To tutor two tooters to toot?“,3. 无韵体(Blank Verse):五音步抑扬格,不押韵诗体。Across the watery bale , and shout again,Responsive to his call, - with quivering peals,And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud.Redoubled and redoubled:concourse wildOf jocund din!William Wordsworth: There Was a Boy,4.

16、 自由诗(Free Verse):现代诗中常见的体式,长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中,不讲究押韵与格律,只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。美国诗人Walt Whitman的(Leaves of Grass)中,就采用此格式。 I Heard You Solemn-Sweet Pipes of the Organ 我听到优美庄严的琴声 I heard you solemn-sweet pipes of the organ as last Sunday morn I passd the church, Winds of autumn, as I walkd the woods at dusk I

17、 heard your long-stretchd sighs up above so mournful, I heard the perfect Italian tenor singing at the opera, I heard the soprano in the midst of the quartet singing; Heart of my love! you too I heard murmuring low through one of the wrists around my head, Heard the pulse of you when all was still r

18、inging little bells last night under my ear,四、 诗的评判,对一首诗,个人的感受会有不同。节奏流畅,语言精炼,联想新奇的诗可算是好诗。堆砌词藻,一味抒发感情而无实际内容的诗,只能是下乘的诗。 二十世纪英美诗歌大量采用自由诗体,接近口语,可谓大胆创新,是诗歌发展的大势所趋。,以下通过一首诗的分析看诗的评判。That Time of YearThat time of year thou mayst in me beholdWhen yellow leaves,or none,or few, do hangUpon those boughs which s

19、hake against the cold,Bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang,In me thou seest the twilight of such dayAs after sunset fadeth in the west,When by and by black night doth take away,Deaths second self, that seals up all in rest.In me thou seest the glowing of such fire,That on the ashes of

20、his youth doth lie.As the deathbed whereon it must expire,Consumed with that which it was nourished by.This you perceivest, which makes thy love more strong,To love that well which thou must leave ere long.,Notes: mayst:may behold; see late:no long ago; thou:you; seest:see;fadeth:fades; doth:does; s

21、eals up all at rest:彻底埋葬; thy:your;perceivest:perceive; ere long:before long,在我身上你或许会看见秋天 当黄叶,或是尽脱,或只三三两两 挂在瑟缩的枯枝上索索抖颤 荒废的歌坛,那里百鸟曾合唱 在我身上你或许会看见暮霭 它在日落后向西方徐徐消退 黑夜,死的化身,渐渐把它赶开 严静的安息笼住纷纭的万类 在我身上你或许会看见余烬 它在青春的寒灰里奄奄一息 在惨淡灵床上早晚总要断魂 给那滋养过它的烈焰所销毁 看见了这些,你的爱就会加强 因为他转瞬要辞你溘然长往,此诗是莎士比亚(William Shakespeare, 1564-

22、1616)十四行诗第七十三首。作为英国文学巨匠,他以37部剧作和154首十四行诗屹立于世界文坛。This is Shakespeare ( William Shakespeare, 1564-1616 ) sonnet seventy-third first. As the British writers, he stands in the literary world for his 37 plays and 154 sonnets.此诗为五音步抑扬格,每个诗行格律为:。全诗涉及衰老、死亡及爱情问题。前十二行:通过描写深秋的树枝黄叶凋零,曾是百鸟争鸣的歌坛,联想到自身青春会如夕阳消逝在远方,

23、被黑夜吞没;自身的青春会如将尽的柴火奄奄一息,被曾滋养过它的火焰焚化。其中choirs(歌坛),deathbed(灵床)使用暗喻手法,同时又用夕阳和柴火象征人的衰老死亡。最后两行:点题,人们对即将永别的东西会更珍惜。本文动词变化具有明显的伊丽莎白时代的特点。,The poem relates to aging, death and love. The first twelve lines: through the description of autumn leaves withered branches, was a hundred birds contend the music, remi

24、niscent of their youth will be as the sun disappeared in the distance, darkness was engulfing; their youth will be at ones last gasp as the firewood, is has been nourished its flame incineration. The last two lines: topic, people will be more treasure to be forever. The characteristics of this verb

25、changes obviously in the age of Elizabeth.,第二章, 状物诗文欣赏,模写物态 曲尽其妙,A Narrow Fellow in the Grass一个细长的家伙 Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) 艾米莉迪金森,A narrow fellow in the grass Occasionally rides You may have met Himdid you not His notice sudden is The Grass divides as with a Comb A spotted shaft is seen And th

26、en it closes at your feet And opens further on,He likes a Boggy Acre A Floor too cool for Corn Yet when a Boy, and Barefoot I more than once at Morn Have passed, I thought, a Whip lash Unbraiding in the Sun When stooping to secure it It wrinkled, and was gone,Several of Natures People I know, and th

27、ey know me I feel for them a transport Of cordiality But never met this Fellow Attended, or alone Without a tighter breathing And Zero at the Bone,一个细长的家伙,一个细长的家伙 有时在草丛里驰骋 你可能见过是不? 他的出现,很突兀草儿像被梳子分开 现出利箭带斑 然后在你的脚边合拢, 又一路打开向前,它喜欢潮湿的地盘, 泥土要凉得不生五谷 但当年尚小时,赤着足 我曾多次在上午走过,当它是阳光里 摊开的绳鞭 想弯腰把它拾起 它却蜷缩,然后不见自然界好些

28、人士 我也认识,他们对我也熟悉 他们让我心里涌起 一片真情实意但每次碰见这个家伙, 不管是有伴,还是单独 总是呼吸急促 还冰凉侵骨,艾米莉狄更生蛇,一条细长的家伙在草里 有时候游来 你可能遇见过它不是吗 它突然出现草向两边分开像梳子梳过 你见到一根斑斑点点的长竿 然后到了你的脚边 又继续向前游走它喜欢潮湿的田地,谷物都觉得冷的地方 它缩一下,不见了踪影自然有些臣民 我认识,它们也认识我 我见了它们感到 一阵亲切喜悦可是踫到这个家伙, 不管有了陪伴,还是独自一人 我总感到呼吸局促 冷森到骨,Spring Thomas Nashe,Spring, the sweet spring, is the

29、years pleasant king; 春日好春光,四季快活王; Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring, 处处鲜花放,姑娘歌舞忙; Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing, 寒气已清爽,丽鸟争欢唱; Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo! 咕咕,啾啾,普-喂,托-威它-呜。The palm and may make country houses gay, 棕榈山楂青,农舍好风光; Lambs frisk and play, the sheph

30、erds pipe all day, 羊羔蹦跳欢,牧笛终日响; And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay, 百鸟喜共鸣,歌声唱悠扬; Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo! 咕咕,啾啾,普-喂,托-威它-呜。The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet,雏菊吻脚踝,田野飘芳香; Young lovers meet, old wives a sunning sit,情侣双双会,老妪沐阳光; In every street these tunes our ears

31、 do greet,大街与小巷,歌声响四方。 Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!咕咕,啾啾,普-喂,托-威它-呜。 Spring! the sweet Spring! 春日好风光。,春 郭沫若译,春,甘美之春,一年之中的尧舜,处处都有花树,都有女儿环舞,微寒但觉清和,佳禽争着唱歌,啁啁,啾啾,咯咯,割麦、插一禾!榆柳呀山楂,妆扮着田舍人家,羊羔嬉游,牧笛儿整日在吹奏,百鸟总在和鸣,一片悠扬声韵,啁啁,啾啾,咯咯,割麦、插一禾!郊原荡漾香风,雏菊吻人脚踵,情侣作对成双,老妪坐晒阳光,走向任何通衢,都有歌声悦耳,啁啁,啾啾,咯咯,割麦、插一禾!春!甘美之春!

32、,这是一首五步抑扬格的格律诗,其韵式是aaab, cccb, dddb, 三节的最后一句为叠句(refrain). 每节中除最末一行外,其他三行都用行内韵,即第二音步的第二个词同第五音步的末尾一词协韵。这是一首颂咏春日、充满田园风味的佳作。 全诗分为三节。第一节描写春天大自然的美丽。诗人将春比作四季中的君王,花团锦簇,百鸟欢唱,美丽的姑娘跳起了欢乐的舞蹈。暖风驱逐着残冬留下的寒意,明媚的春天来到了。This is a song of Iambic pentameter poetry, its rhyme scheme is aaab, CCCB, dddb, section three of

33、the last sentence to refrain ( refrain ) per day. In addition to the last line, the other three rows with internal rhyme, that is second foot second words at the end of fifth. The word rhyme.This is a song of Wing Chun, pastoral work.The poem is divided into three sections.The first section describe

34、s the spring beauty of nature. The poet will spring to the four seasons in the kings, rich multicolored decorations, the birds singing, beautiful girl danced cheerfully. The warm air expelled with the left cold, sunny spring has arrived.,第二节重点描画了春天里忙碌的农家生活。 田舍农庄周围是山楂树和榆柳棕榈,这些树木绽出了片片新绿,给大自然带来了勃勃生机。这些

35、竟绿争鲜的树木装点着田头人家,空气中流荡着牧童的短笛声,欢腾的羔羊在追逐嬉戏,好一幅春日农忙图景。 第三节诗人着力表现了少男少女的爱情。 春光旖旎的郊外田野,香气袭人,草丛中的花儿吻着行人的脚踝。在这美好的时刻,一对对情侣携手同游,情意缱绻。与之对照的是晒太阳的老妇人尽享春日的温暖,她听着街头巷尾、充满青春活力的歌儿,是否想起来自己的豆蔻年华? 这首诗绘声绘色,动静结合,把春天的欢乐气氛渲染的淋漓尽致:花草树木,田舍农家,青春少女,白发老妪,婉转的鸟鸣,牧童的短笛,嬉戏的羔羊,都栩栩如生。令读者感到的是扑面而来的春的气息,仿佛置身于大自然的怀抱之中,让人感到一种极大的欢愉之情。,The sec

36、ond section mainly describes the busy life of farmhouse in spring. It is surrounded by the hawthorn tree farm and elm willow palm, these trees a piece of green, has brought vitality to the nature. These have green for fresh trees decorated with the field house, the air flow with shepherd boys Piccol

37、o, the lamb in the chase, a busy scene of spring.Section third poets represented the boys and girls love.beautiful spring outside the field, light aroma, grass flowers kissed the pedestrian s ankle. At such a wonderful moment, a couple of hand in hand with, affective tempting. Contrast is the sun wo

38、man to enjoy the warm spring, she listened to the streets and lanes, full of youthful vigor song, want to up their marriageable age?This poem hit off, a combination of static and dynamic, the most incisive spring festive atmosphere rendering: flowers and trees, farmhouse farmhouse, adolescent girls,

39、 white-haired old woman, melody of birds, shepherd boys Piccolo, playful lamb, are true to life likeness. To make the reader feel the coming spring, and as if exposure to the embrace of nature, make people feel a great joy.,The Wind by C. G. Rossetti,Who has seen the wind? 谁曾见过风的面貌? Neither I nor yo

40、u; 谁也没见过,不论你或我; But when the leaves hang trembling, 但在树叶震动之际, The wind is passing through. 风正从那里吹过。 Who has seen the wind? 谁曾见过风的面孔? Neither you nor I; 谁也没见过,不论你或我; But when the trees bow down their heads, 但在树梢低垂之际, The wind is passing by. 风正从那里经过。 O wind , why do you never rest, 风啊!为何你永不休止 Wanderin

41、g, whistling to and fro, 来来回回的漂泊,呼啸 Bring rain out of the west, 从西方带来了雨 From the dim north bringing snow? 从蒙眬的北方带来了雪。,这首诗把抽象的事物进行了具体化的描写,通过风吹来的时候给人们带来的视觉和声觉效果入手,动态的描写了风的特点:虽然风是看不见摸不着的,但我们能感受到风的来踪去影,就在:树叶震动,树梢低垂之际。风的大小速度我们虽然难以说清道明,但从风吹来时周围事物的动静,我们可知风力的大小、强弱。本诗同时写出了在不同季节里风来时随风而来的降雨或降雪。This poem descri

42、b abstract things to specific , the wind blows, to bring the visual and audio effect starts, dynamic description of wind characteristics: Although the wind is invisible, but we can feel the wind to trace to the shadow, in: the leaves vibration, the tree falls.Size of wind speed while we cannot say D

43、ao Ming, but from the wind to the things around the movement, we know that the size of the wind, strength. This poem also wrote in different seasons when the wind comes the wind and rain or snow.,Rain 雨 R. L. Stevenson, 1850-1894,Rain is falling all around, 雨儿在到处降落, It falls on field and tree, 它落在田野

44、和树梢, It rains on the umbrella here, 它落在这边的雨伞上, And on the ships at sea.又落在航行海上的船只。 这首诗是一首无韵诗,作者用远景和近景相结合的静态描写方式写了雨无处不到、滋润万物的特点。This poem is a poem without rhyme, characteristics of static description with the vision and close-range combined wrote rain no less than, nourishing all things.,对比:六月二十七日望湖

45、楼醉书 苏轼,黑云翻墨未遮山,白雨跳珠乱入船。 卷地风来忽吹散,望湖楼下水如天。这首诗描写雨由起到停的整个动态的变化过程,表现大自然的变幻迅速无常。第一句,黑云骤起即将遮没山峦。第二句,写雨下时的情景。第三句,风吹来将乌云吹散,第四句,天将转晴。,Fog Carl Sandburg,The fog comes on little cat feet. It sits looking over harbor and city on silent haunches and then moves on.,I think that I shall never see 我想我从未见过一首 A poem l

46、ovely as a tree. 美如玉树的诗章。 A tree whose hungry mouth is prest 一棵张着饥饿嘴巴的树, against the earths sweet flowing breast; 紧压在大地甘美而流畅的乳房上; A tree that looks at God all day, 一棵整天望着神的树, And lifts her leafy arms to pray; 举起枝叶繁茂的手臂来祈祷; A tree that may in summer wear 一棵树在夏日里可能 A nest of robins in her hair; 戴着一窝知更

47、鸟在头发上; Upon whose bosom snow has lain; 雪花堆积在她的怀抱里; Who intimately lives with the rain. 雨水也和她亲切地生活在一起。 Poems are made by fools like me, 像我这样愚笨的人可以做诗, But only God can make a tree. 但唯有上帝方能造树。,Trees 树 Joyce Kilmer,我想,永远不会看到一首诗, 可爱的如同一株树一样。 一株树,他的饥渴的嘴 吮吸着大地的甘露。(此处应为乳汁) 一株树,他整日望着天(应为上帝) 高擎着叶臂,祈祷无语。 一株树,夏

48、天在他的发间 会有知更鸟砌巢居住。 一株树,白雪躺在他胸上, 他和雨是亲密的伴侣。(这两句也不太好) 诗是我辈愚人所吟, 树只有上帝才能赋。,我不曾想到我能寻觅, 像树那样可爱的诗句: 树饥饿时,它的嘴会紧紧吮吸 大地流出的甜美乳汁; 树整天都望着上帝, 举起叶臂,虔诚祷祈; 夏季到来,树也乐意 让知更鸟在它发里栖息; 白雪堆上她的胸际, 和雨露同眠同起; 像我这样的愚人可以做诗 但创造一棵树只有上帝。,永远见不到一首诗,我想 能够可爱得像棵树一样。树嘴饥渴地紧贴着大地胸膛里流淌的乳水如蜜。 树木一整天仰望着上帝,为祈祷举起繁茂的手臂。树的头发里也许戴上了夏日中知更鸟儿筑的巢。一朵朵雪花扑进她

49、胸怀,一滴滴雨水与她亲又爱。做诗的个个像我是蠢货,树木只能是上帝的创作。,在这首诗中,诗人开门见山地点明了他要赞美和讴歌树。诗是美的,然而树更美,因为树本身即是无与伦比的美丽动人的诗。他结合自己对大自然的感悟,充分发挥想象力,将树人格化。作者关于树,有四种想法:一、树是哺乳婴孩;二、树是整天祈祷的信徒;三、树是少女,头戴珠宝(知更雀的巢);四、树是个“满怀冰雪”的贞洁少妇。树,吮吸大地那甘甜的乳汁,举臂向上帝祈祷,将知更鸟的巢藏在发冠里,胸襟上挂满白皑皑的雪绒花,和雨亲密无间地生活在一起。这难道不是一幅栩栩如生、美妙绝伦的动人画面吗?诗人在最后点明了树比诗美的理由创作诗的是像我一样的凡人,而树却是由上帝创造出来的。由此,我们不难看出,基尔默的思想是深深地受了天主教的影响。,

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