1、非谓语动词,Non-infinitive,非谓语动词,Richard Li,非谓语动词,I.非谓语动词时态、语态形式对照表：,在成份上非谓语动词大都可在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等.,1.To see you is glad.=Its glad to see you. 2.I want to see you. 3.I want him to see you. 4.My hope is to see you. 5.He is the man to see you. 6.Im glad to see you. 7.I went to see you. 8.He went so
2、early as to see you,（作主语）,(作宾语）,（作宾补）,(作表语）,（作定语）,（作原因状语）,（作目的状语）,（作结果状语）,1.This cup is broken. 2.This is a broken cup. 3.I found the cup broken. 4.Broken by Tom, the cup cant be used.,(作表语）,(作定语),(作宾语补足语）,(作状语）,1.Swimming is his favorite sport. 2.He enjoys swimming. 3.I found him swimming in the ri
3、ver. 4.His favorite sport is swimming. 5.He is the man swimming in the river just now. 6.Swimming in Summer, we can get cool.,(作主语）,(作宾语）,(作宾补）,(作表语）,(作定语）,(作状语）,非谓语动词功能比较,ed+主句（不强调时间先后）;Being ed+主句（强调主句和从句动作同时发生）;Having been ed+主句（强调时间先后）如不强调时间先后可用ed,一般式来代替.,1.Used as a means of traffic in China, t
4、he bike is very useful. 2.Being used by me now, the bike cant be lent to you. 3.Having been used for many years, the bike needs repairing. 4.Written in simple English, the book is easy to read. 5.Having been told several times,可以写成=Told several times,he couldnt,understand what I meant.,1. to do 表示具体
5、的动作，-ing form表示泛指的动作。,eg. Seeing is believing.I like skating,but I dont like to skate today.Playing with fire is dangerous.Look out！To play with fire is dangerous.,2.“there is no +主语”句型中，多用-ing form.,eg.There is no joking about such matters.,一、 作主语和表语,注意,过去分词一般不作主语、宾语.,二、ing-form和to do 作宾语的区别：,.下列动词
6、常用不定式作宾语：aim ,ask, dare ,appear, arrange ,demand, help, hesitate, pay, plan, wait, fail, seek, prepare, happen, mean, prove, expect, wish, hope, decide, refuse, offer, learn, agree, choose, promise, pretend, manage, care, determine, afford等。 如：He offered to help us . I didnt expect to find you here
7、They refused to accept his invitation The little boy pretended to be asleep when his mother came in,(2)下列动词通常用ing形式作宾语：,admit, report, appreciate, deny, explain, mention, resist, stand, stop, imagine, recall, suggest, mind, finish, enjoy, keep, practise, miss, avoid, delay, excuse, escape, consider,
8、 advise等。 如：Would you mind my smoking here ? The girl was told to practise playing the piano for three hours every day Good news keeps coming. Tina suggested spending the weekend on her farmHave you finished correcting the students papers?,(3)下列动词接不定式与接ing形式意义相近：,like，love, hate, dislike, begin, sta
9、rt, prefer，continue, intend，attempt等. 如：I prefer making (to make) an outline before I do my oral composition We all like playing (to play) table tennis Then they began making (to make) plans for the work 但是它们之间也有细微区别： *指具体某次的行为常用不定式，指惯常的行为常用ing形式. 如：I like reading books of this kind(惯常行为)I hate to s
10、ay so，but really I cant go with you(具体某次行为),I prefer to stay at home today(具体某次行为)He prefers walking to cycling(惯常行为) *一般说来不能用于进行时的动词如：realize，know，understand，see，lose等，多用不定式 如：I began to realize I had been wrong. We hate to lose the chance .Now we are beginning to see it more clearly.,(4)下列动词接不定式与接
11、ing形式时意义不同：,stop to do 停下(正在做的事)去做另一件事 / stop doing 停下正在做的事 如：Seeing an old man carrying a big bag, I stopped to help himHearing the bell ,the students stopped playing and ran into the classroom forget to do忘记做某事(此事未做)/ forget doing忘记曾做过某事(此事已做) 如He forgot to post the letter when he walked past the
12、post officeIll never forget seeing him for the first time,remember to do记得要做某事(此事未做)/ remember doing记得某事已做过(此事已做) 如：I remember seeing her once somewhereYou must remember to take your umbrella when you leave home go on to do继续做另一件事 go on doing接着做同一件事 如：She stood up and shook hands with me, and then s
13、he went on writing something AfterIfinishedmyhomework,1wentontoreadthenovel try to do企图想做某事 try doing试着做某事(看看有什么后果发生) 如：We tried to persuade him to go with us, but he wouldnt listen Lets try doing the work some other way.,mean to do (意思是)想做某事 mean doing意味着做某事 如：Revolution means librating the product
14、ive force Sorry ,I didnt mean to hurt you regret to do遗憾地做某事(通常后接say ,tell等动词)/ regret doing后悔做了某事 如：I regret to tell that you didnt pass the exam again He regretted having told her the bad news,(5)注意有些动词如：advise，permit ,allow，admit，forbid，imagine，consider接不定式与接ing形式的不同结构。,这些动词后面跟复合宾语时，用不定式作宾补。 advi
15、sepermitallowadmitforbidimagineconsidersbto do sth 如：The doctor advised me not to go to bed too late. Please permit me to introduce myself to you first You surely cant consider him to be a selfish man My parents forbid me to stay out after mid-night I allowed the children to play in my room for anot
16、her five minutes.,这些动词后面直接跟非谓语动词时，用动名词doing.,advisepermitallowadmitforbidimagineconsiderdoing sth. 如：The little boy admitted having broken the glass They shouldnt allow parking in the street ; its too narrow. Can you imagine my being so stupid ? I forbid smoking in my house We do not permit smoking
17、in the office,在表示“除外”的介词but和except后有时可接不定式，当前面有行为动词do时，不定式不带to，当前面有行为动词do时，要带to,1).I had no choice but _( lie ) down and have a rest. 2).I could do nothing but _(watch) TVfor half an hour.,to lie,watch,注意,查看讲解第11,三.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾补的区别：,*现在分词作宾补和宾语在逻辑上有主动关系，强调动作在进行。 如：I saw him falling off his bike j
18、ust at that moment (看到他时他正从自行车上掉下来。)He found himself lying on the ground when he came to himself(他苏醒过来时正躺在地上。) *不定式作宾补和宾语在逻辑上有主动关系，强调动作的过程。如：I saw him fall off his bike and hurt his left leg,(看到他从自行车上掉下来，并且摔伤了腿。动作有先后，是全过程。)They were made to work day and night (他们被迫日夜干活，天天如此，不是某个时刻正在干活。) *过去分词作宾补和宾语在
19、逻辑上有被动关系。如：I heard my name called by someone(我的名字被叫，my name和called是被动关系。)I felt a great weight taken off my mind.(重担被卸下来了，a great weight和taken off是被动关系。),省to的不定式作宾补：宾补省to记11,一感二听三使役; 五看一帮两均可,被动该to不能弃. feel,hear,listen to,have,let,make,see,look at,notice,observe,watch,help We often see them play foot
20、ball; They are often seen to play football He was made to stand outside for two hours,四. to do, ing-form和ed-form作定语,(1)动词不定式作定语通常放在被修饰的名词后面。 如：I have something important to tell youThe poor children had little to eat 它和被修饰的名词有时有动宾关系。 如：There is some books for you to read(可看成：to read some books) Id l
21、ike to get something to drink(可看成：to drink something),如果这这个作定语的不定式是一个不及物动词，注意不可忽略不定式短语中的副词或介词。 如：I need a pen to write with(可看成：to write with the pen)She now has nothing to worry about(可看成：to worry about nothing),(3)不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语有时在时态和语态上有区别：,*不定式作定语表示将来的动作。 如：The bridge to be built next month is
22、 the third bridge across the river *现在分词作定语表示正在进行或与先行词是主动关系的动作。 如：The bridge being built now is the third bridge across the river *过去分词作定语表示已完成或与先行词是被动关系的动作。 如：The bridge built last year is the third bridge across the river,to do表示 1.目的; 2.结果表示出人预料的情况或结果。常用only强调。 3.原因表示造成情感变化的原因,eg.they worked hard
23、 to pay for the necklace.I went to see him only to find him out.I am glad to see you.,五. To do、 Ing-form和ed-form 作状语,分词作状语可以表示时间，条件，原因，结果，伴随或方式 ， 及独立成分。分词作状语的首要条件是分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语，分词 与逻辑主语的关系是主动的，用现在分词，反之，用过去分词 1, Hearing the news ,he couldnt help laughing .（时间） = 2, Given enough time ,I can do it bett
24、er （条件） = 3, Being ill ,he didnt go to school （原因） = 4, The glass fell to the ground ,breaking into pieces. (结果） = 5, Our teacher came in ,followed by many students (伴随） = 6, Judging from his accent, he is from America. 7, Generally speaking, one must be confident.,when he heard the news,If I am giv
25、en enough time,Because he was ill,so that it broke into pieces.,and he was followed by many students,2. Ing-form、ed-form 作状语的区别,不定式和分词表示结果时的区别：*不定式表示结果，含有没有预料到的情况的意味。 如：I got up only to find it was raining outside (起来时没有料到在下雨。)He was too excited to say a word (太激动了说不出话，是没有预料到的情况。) *分词表示结果包含着一种必然发生的情
26、况。 如：His parents died，leaving him a lot of money(父母去世，钱留给儿子。这是自然的事。) The output of iron decreased by 23last year, reaching 80，000 tons(产量下降，到了80，000吨，这是必然结果。),注意,时态：不定式或现在分词的动作若发生在谓语动词的动作之前，用完成式，否则，就用一般式。若与谓语动作同时发生，并强调正在进行的情景或持续性，可用进行式。,_ A _ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to c
27、lean up the river. （NMET2001） Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered,时态和语态,语态：不定式-ing形式与其逻辑主语是主动关系，用主动式；若是被动关系，用被动式。,Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us.,Written in a hurry, this article was not so good!,1.Used as a means of traffic in China, the bike is
28、 very useful. 2.Being used by me now, the bike cant be lent to you. 3.Having been used for many years, the bike needs repairing. 4.Written in simple English, the book is easy to read.,ed+主句（不强调时间先后）;Being ed+主句（强调主句和从句动作同时发生）;Having been ed+主句（强调时间先后）如不强调时间先后可用ed,一般式来代替.,在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主
29、语一致, 但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为,独 立 结 构,独立结构可以表示伴随动作或情况, 表示时间、原因、条件等, 例如：He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. (伴随情况)The shower being over, we continued to march. (时间)So many students being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. (原因)Weather permitting, well have an outing tomorr
30、ow. (条件)All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. The job done, we went home.The composition written, he handed it to the teacher.,分词的独立主格结构,The job finished, we went home. The weather being fine, we went swimming. He being absent, nothing could be done.,当分词的逻辑主语不是主句的主语时，要给出它自己的主语，构成独立主格结构。,相当于：,After the job was finished, we went home. Because the weather was fine, we went swimming. Because he was absent, nothing could be done.,
