1、非谓语动词 重点 1、基本形式 2、基本用法 3、基本区别 考点 1、加动名词做宾语的情况1）部分动词后面2）部分带to的词组 2、不定式省略to的情况 3、非谓语动词的逻辑主语 4、非谓语动词的完成式 5、独立主格结构 6、固定用法,不定式、动名词用作主语,动名词作主语,1. 直接作主语：,（1）眼见为实。 （2）天天做早操有益于健康。 （3）吸烟不是好习惯。,1.Seeing is believing. 2.Doing morning exercises every day is good for health 3.Smoking is not a good habit,不定式作主语,2.
2、 用it作形式主语，有自己特定的句型,（1）你这么说真是太好了 （2）他说出这样的话太愚蠢了 （3）我们学好英语是必要的 （4）你们学好英语语法并不难,1.It is very kind of you to say so. 2.Its very foolish of him to say such things 3.It is necessary for us to learn English well 4.Its not difficult for you to learn well English grammar,Notice：注意it is +adj. +of +sb.+to do st
3、h. 以及it is +adj. +for +sb.+to do sth. 的区别,下列动词只能带不定式作宾语：,afford ,agree ,attempt, decide ,demand ,expect ,fail ,help, hope ,manage , offer, plan, pretend, prepare, promise, refuse ,seem, tend , wish,省to的不定式作宾补：宾补省to记11,一感二听三使役; 五看一帮两均可,被动该to不能弃. feel,hear,listen to,have,let,make,see,look at,notice,ob
4、serve,watch,help We often see them play football; They are often seen to play football He was made to stand outside for two hours,不定式的省略,一省to 不定式的固定句型 1, had better (not) do 2,would rather do .than do 3, prefer to do .rather than do 4, cannot but do 不得不必然 5, cannot help but do .不得不6,do nothing but d
5、o .nothing to do but/except do 只能 ，只有7,why (not )do . 8, 当主语部分有do ，则表语可省to 9,当两个或更多相同的不定式并列使用时，除第一个不定式带to 外 其余的不加。 She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back . 注：如果两者有比较关系，那么每个不定式前都得加to To try and fail is better than not to try at all .,只能接动名词做宾语的情况1）部分动词后面finish; enjoy; admire; av
6、oid; mind; practise; miss2）部分带to的词组be / get/ become used to; look forward to; due to; devoteto; object to; stick to; owing to; thanks to; be up to; get down to; pat attention to; belong to,在forget ,remember ,regret ,want ,need ,require ,try ,stop ,go on,mean 等动词后，可接不定式,也可接动名词做宾语，但含义差别。 1 forget ,rem
7、ember , regret +doing 动作已经发生+to do 动作未发生 2 want ,need ,require + doing 表被动= to be done 注：be worth doing = be worthy to be done 3 try doing 试着做 try to do 尽力做，想要做 4 stop doing 停止做某事，(先后是一件事).stop to do 停下来做某事,(先后不是同一件事) 5 go on doing 继续敌某事，(先后 是同一件事 )go on to do 接下来做某事，(先后不是同一件事) 6 mean doing 意味着做某事me
8、an to do 故意或想要做某事 7 cant help doing sth 抑制不住、禁不住做某事cant help (to) do sth 无帮助、无助于做某事 8 ,only to do 结果是（出乎预料）,only doing 结果是 (必然是),注意下列11种不同动词或句型的用法,9 prefer to do rather than do 宁愿 而不prefer doing to doing would rather do than do would do rather than do 10 have nothing to do /do nothing but/except do
9、只好做（别无选择） 11在 begin , start , continue 等词后可接不定式作宾语，也可接动名词作宾语，意义区别不大.但要注意 1）本身是-ing 形式时，其后要接不定式 2）如果表示主语有意识地开始做某事，多用动名词 3）主语是物多用不定式 4）其后的动词是表示情感的或与智力有关的，不用 v-ing 形式 know, realize, hate , love , understand , wonder , remember , forget,非谓语动词作表语,动名词作表语 1 对称原则，主语是动名词，表语一般也用动名词 Seeing is believing 2 动名词作表
10、语表明主语的性质或内容（有时可与主语互换） My job is teaching you English Teaching you English is my job.,不定式作表语: (1)计划，趋势将要做的 she is to get married next week. (2)责任，义务必须做的 Im to see you off at the airport tomorrow (3)祁使,命令不得不做的 Youre to stand here ,do you understand . (4)命运安排,注定做的 Disney met the mouse and he was to bec
11、ome a famous artist.,非谓语动词作定语,动名词作定语 表示被修饰词用途 drinking water =the water that is (used )for drinking drinking water , living room ,sitting room ,washing powder,分词作定语， 表被修饰词的特点、特征.单个分词作定语前置，分词 短语作定语，放在所修饰词之后。现在分词和过去分词的区别：时 态上，现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示已经完成；语态上， 现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动 boiling water =the water that i
12、s boiling. fallen leaves, boiled water sleeping child =the child who is asleep a moving film, a moved girl There was a surprised look on her face at the news.,动词不定式作定 1.后置，表示将来 In the years to come, we will study harder and harder. This is the Hope Project School to be built next year.,2.当特定的谓语动词(有,
13、需要,给,找,弄have, need, want, give, find, get)后的名词(或宾语)用不定式来修饰. 1. I have a lot of work to do . 2.I want to get something to read . 3.Do you need some water to drink? 4.Please give me a piece of paper to write on. 5.Lets find a room to put those things in .,3.当名词有特定的定语,如形容词副词的最高级,序数词及next, only, right等,
14、其后接不定式作定语 He is the first(student) to come and the last to leave. Where is the best place to meet ? We need the next room to hold corn. He is the only person to be fit for the job.,4.一些需要不定式作宾语的动词转化成的名词,agreement, attempt, decision, need, promise, plan, wish等,常用不定式来修饰. There is no need to send for a
15、 doctor . 注:(1)不及物动词或特殊用法,要加合适的介词. They need a house to live in. There are many model bikes to choose from.,非谓语动词作补语,一、带to的不定式作宾补( a bright pace foul 一次聪明的速度犯规) A 在 allow, ask, advise, beg, command, cause, encourage, expect, force, get, hate invite like order permit prefer remind tell urge want ,wis
16、h等动词后,用带to的不定式作宾补 (1)I prefer you not to play all day long. (2)Id like you to help me with my homework. (3) Youd better get more people to do the work.,二、表示见解看法的动词 + 宾语 + 带to的不定式(to be doing/ to have done). 具有这种用法的动词有:believe, consider, declare, discover, feel, find,guess, imagine, judge, suppose, t
17、hink, understand 1, We found the rumor true. 2, I consider him to have done wrong. 3, I always imagine me to be a millionaire. 4, I felt him to be a spy,三、“短语动词 + 宾语 + 带to的不定式” 这类动词有arrange for, ask for, call on, count on, depend on, long for, rely on, wait for 1.You can not count on Tom to help you
18、. Chairman Mao called on us to serve the people heart and soul.,分词短语作宾补 一.能带现在分词做宾补的动词有: have ,get ,keep ,set ,send ,leave, catch, hear ,listen to,feel , see , find ,look at ,watch ,observe ,notice My father had only two men working for him Dont have the horse running so fast ,Its dangerous . Have y
19、ou noticed the boy passing across the street ?,过去分词作宾补 二、能带过去分词作宾补的动词有make ,have ,get leave 及感官动词 see ,watch ,look at ,find hear listen to ,feel 等. 宾语与补语的关系是被动含义时，用过去分词作宾补 I was surprised to see so many people seated at the back of the class. I have never heard this song sung so sweetly Youd better
20、get your bike repaired at once,非谓语动词作状语,（1）不定式做状语，表示原因,目的或结果。为了强调目的, 可与in order to 或so as to 连用。 1,I reached home only to find my old dog dead . 2, He got up early (in order)to catch the early bus . 3,To improve our English, we come here. 4, Im so glad to see you. 5,They went to the railway station,
21、 only to be told that the train had left.注: (1)“only + 不定式”表示出乎预料的结果. He went to the seaside only to be drowned,(2)不定 式表结果常与下列结构连用. A, so + adj/ adv + as(not) to do (如此以至于(没） ) B, such + ( adj ) n + as (not)to do (如此以至于(不) ) C, adj/adv + enough + to do (足已到/能 ) The girl is old enough to go to school
22、. D, too + adj / adv + to do (太 以至于不能) Im too tired to go any further.,分词作状语,分词作状语可以表示时间，条件，原因，结果，伴随或方式 ， 及独立成分。分词作状语的首要条件是分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语，分词 与逻辑主语的关系是主动的，用现在分词，反之，用过去分词 1, Hearing the news ,he couldnt help laughing .（时间） = 2, Given enough time ,I can do it better （条件） = 3, Being ill ,he didnt go to s
23、chool （原因） = 4, The glass fell to the ground ,breaking into pieces. (结果） = 5, Our teacher came in ,followed by many students (伴随） = 6, Judging from his accent, he is from America. 7, Generally speaking, one must be confident.,when he heard the news,If I am given enough time,Because he was ill,so tha
24、t it broke into pieces.,and he was followed by many students,非谓语动词的时态、语态,主动语态时态 不定式 动名词 分词一般时 to do doing doing进行时 to be doing完成时 to have done having done having done被动语态一般时 to be done being done done进行时 being done完成时 to have been done having been done having been done,动名词时态、语态的用法,1.动名词的一般形式表示一般性动作
25、，（即是不明确过去，现在或 将来的动作 ）或是与谓语动词同时发生的动作 We are interested in climbing mountains I prefer singing to dancing 2 如果强调动名词的完成时，要用完成形式 I regret having taken her advice. He was praised for having passed the exam . 3 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语是该动名词的承受者，这个动名词要 用被动形式He entered the room without being seen He remembered being ta
26、ken to Beijing when he was a child 4 如果动名词表示的动作 发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成形式 He is proud of having been sent to work in Tibet . Tom regretted not having been invited to the party.,不定式时态、语态的用法,1. 不定式的动作与谓语动词同时发生时，用一般时态He wanted to see you 2. 强调不定式的动作正在进行时，用进行时态 When I came in ,he pretended to be reading a book H
27、e is said to be writing a novel 3. 强调 不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生时，用不定式完成时 He is said to have written a novel . Im so glad to have seen you . The ground is so wet ,It must have rained last night,不定式被动语态的用法. A, 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式的承受者时，用被动语态 She asked to be sent to work in Tibet (宾语) The book is said to have been tran
28、slated into English ( 或叫合 It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here (主 语),句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，尽管不定式与被修饰词是被 动关系，也还要用主动语态 1, Give him some book to read Do you have any clothes to wash ? “Do you have any clothes to be washed?” asked the maid 2, S +be+easy difficult hard pleasant interesting exciting c
29、omfortable +to do This question is easy to answer The boy is difficult to teach 3, The house is to let The manager is to blame .The reason is not far to seek . 4There be句型中，主动形式或被动形式均可但有时含意不同 There is nothing to do now (we have nothing to do now )现在没事干 There is nothing to be done now (we can do noth
30、ing now )现在没什 么办法 There is nothing to see (nothing is worth seeing )没有东西值得看 There is nothing to be seen 看不见有什么东西,分词时态、语态的用法,如果强调分词表示的动作 发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成形式。 Not having finished his homework ,Tom was made to stay at school . Having closed all the windows ,I went home Having been invited to the party ,To
31、m was very happy .,分词所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。分词与其逻辑主语的关 系时被动的，要用被动语态 1.Looking out of the window, I can see many cars and buses. 2.Seen from the top of Dragon Tower, Harbin looks more beautiful. 3.The teacher came in, _many students.(follow) 4.The teacher came in, _by many students.(follow),following,follow
32、ed,如果强调分词表示的动作正在进行时，要用分词的进行时态。 1. Being repaired, the building is forbidden to enter. 2. The house being built now is a Hope Project School. 3. Passing by the accident scene, I saw the man badly hurt being carried onto an ambulance.,二、不省“to”的情况 (1)在used to be going to mean to ought to plan totry tow
33、ould like to would love to hope to want to下列句子中，to 通常都得留 Eg:He doesnt get up early ,but he used to can you work out this maths problem ? -Ill try to (2)在 be +adj (如：glad, happy, pleased, anxious, willing, ready）等 此后保留to Eg：-Would you like to join us in the game? - Id love to 3.在ask, advise, allow, p
34、ermit, persuade, tell, wish 等词的复合结构 中to通常保留 Eg:Do the experiment as your teacher tells you to 4.不定式的否定形式后保留to Eg:He wanted to quiz school and I advised him not to 注：to 后若是主动词have 或 be时，必须保留。 Eg:-Sorry, I didnt finished doing my home work.-You ought to have Our school is no longer what it used to be,
35、Wh-+to do 结构,1 作主语When to start How to go there Where to go Who to do it has not been decided . 2 宾语。在discover ,find out ,know ,see ,show ,understand 等动词后， 不直接用不定式作宾语，必须用wh-+to 结构 ，在下列词中也带这 种结构, decide ,learn ,remember ,forget ,wonder I dont know when to start who to do it how to do it where to go w
36、hether to do it 3表语 The problem is when to start it who to do it how to go there where to go 4 状语。She was at a loss (as to )what to do 她不知如何是好 5 同位语： I have no idea which one to take 我不知道该拿哪个 注：why (not) do ,Task: complete the following sentences,1._(什么时候动身）is still undecided. 2.The problem is _(去哪）
37、？ 3.I dont know _(选择哪一个） 4.Do you understand _(如何操纵这台电脑）? 5._(谁适合这项工作) is still unknown. 6.I have no idea _(为什么不去北京） 7. Youd better _(不要忘记过去） 8.I would rather starve to death _(也不去乞讨） 9. _(我宁愿考试不及格）rather than cheat in the exam 10. No one supported me at the meeting, so _(我只得放弃） 11.What I want to do
38、 is _(帮你提高英语） 12.I could do nothing in the world _（只能在词在等一小时） 13.-Would you like to come to my birthday party?- -_(我很想去），but Im too busy. 14. Our school _(已不是以前的老样子了） 15.My hometown _(还是以前的老样子） 16.He attempted to quiz his job and _(我们都劝他不要）,When to start off,where to go,which one to choose,how to ru
39、n the computer,Who to be fit for the job,why not go to Beijing.,not forget the past,rather than go begging,Id rather fail to pass,I cannot but give up,help you improve your English,but wait here for another hour,Id love to,is no longer what it used to be,is what is was before,we all advised him not
40、to,非谓语动词的复合结构,一不定式的复合结构 for sb to do sth 1作主语: Its easy for us to remember a few new words 2作宾语: I find it impossible for Tom to pass the exam . 3 作表语: This is for you to decide 4 定语: I have a lot of work for you to do 5 状语: The box is too heavy for me to take,二、分词的复合结构(词/代词（主格）+分词) 在句中多用来作状语 He fel
41、l to the ground ,nose bleeding He came into the room ,hair tied back .,三、动名词的复合结构（名词或代词的所有格+ doing) 1 作主语: Marys coming late made her teacher angry Its no use your telling me not to worry 2 作宾语: Mother insisted on my brothers going to college Would you mind my opening the door? 注：在口语中，动名词前的代词可用宾格，名词
42、也可不用所有格 3 作表语:What is troubling us is their not having enough money,With 结构,With + 名词或代词（宾格）+ 名词（短语）+ 不定式（短语）+现在分词（短语）+过去分词（短语）+介词短语+形容词（短语）+副词（短语）,He came into the room with Tom and Jane his classmateswith a lot of work to dowith his nose bleeding.with his hair tied at the back.with a pair of sun g
43、lasses on his nose.with his face red with coldwith nothing on. Do you know the boy ?,分词和不定式的独立成分,分词或分词短语作独立成份（作状语或插入语） strictly speaking ,generally speaking ,frankly speaking ,judging by From， broadly speaking talking of , considering , supposing Taking into consideration, Strictly speaking， this se
44、ntence is wrong . Judging by the facts , Tom told us the truth . The house cost him, roughly speaking, 200,000 dollars,不定式或不定式短语作独立成份（状语或插入语） to tell (you )the truth, to be, honest, to be frank, to be exact, to be brief to begin with, to start with, to do him justice (说句对他公道的话） To tell you the truth
45、, I do want to learn English well. To be frank, you have probably done wrong to her. To do him justice, he is quite fit for the job.,固定用法 according to 根据；按照 我们的工资随工作量而定。 We will be paid according to the amount of work we do. judging from 从判断 从他的口音上来看，他是北方人。 Judging from his accent, he is from the north. compared to / with 与相比 与他相比，她学习更努力。 Compared to / with him, she studies harder.,
