1、考点分类导练,根据上下文猜测生词的含义是考生必须掌握的一项重要阅读技能, 因此, 词义猜测题是高考阅读理解的必考题型。这类题包括猜测单词、短语、句子的意思和判断指代内容。,要求考生根据语境猜测生词、短语或句子的意思, 或者推断熟词生义。题干中常含有mean, refer to, be replaced by等。如：技巧点拨 解答这类试题最重要的方法是理解含生词部分的上下文(也就是人们常说的语境)来推测其意思。以下是可供参考的几个小技巧：,1.根据接近或递进关系:由and或or等可确定生词的义域,推知它的大致意义。 2.根据选择或相对关系:对比or(要么, 或者)前面和后面的句子或词语, 来猜测
2、生词的含义。 3.根据同位或解释关系:通过生词后的定语(定语从句或分词短语等)、表语、同位语、逗号、括号、破折号等的解释说明来推测其意思。,4.根据转折或对比关系:由上下句之间的转折或对比关系来推测词义。5.根据因果关系:根据前后的因果关系来推断其中的某个生词或短语的意思。既可由因推果,也可由果推因。,6.根据列举的实例:根据such as, for example等后列举的实例也可推测出前面某个词语的意思。7.根据并列同类关系:一般说来,并列的几个事物应属同类事物, 由此可推测其中一个的大概意思。,考题中若要求我们猜测熟悉词语的意思, 我们必须通过上下文得出其在特定场合下的特殊意思, 那些常
3、规含义的选项不会是要选择的正确答案。,注意：,经典例题 阅读下列文段, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中, 选出最佳选项。.Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, but it would
4、 be far better if we did not bring so much material home in the first place.,61. What does the underlined phrase “that over-consumption” refer to? A. Using too much packaging. B. Recycling too many wastes. C. Making more products than necessary. D. Having more material than is needed.,解析：据上文推测 。由上文的
5、we already have more material than we need很易选出D。但我们也可根据构词法 来猜测：我们学过动词consume(消费, 消耗), 可知consumption应为其名词形式, 前面加上over (超过)的over-consumption应为“过度消费, 过 度消耗”之意, 故选D。,课堂练习 阅读所选文段, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中, 选出最佳选项。 (1)Can dogs and cats live in perfect harmony in the same home? People who are thinking about adoptin
6、g a dog as a friend for their cats are worried that they will fight. A recent research has found a new recipe of success.,According to the study, if the cat is adopted before the dog, and if they are introduced when still young (less than 6 months for cats, a year for dogs), it is highly probable th
7、at the two pets will get along swimmingly. Two -thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog.,31. The underlined word swimmingly in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _. A. Early B. sweetly C. Quickly D. smoothly,1. D 据上下文推测。本文首句以疑问句Can dogs and cats l
8、ive in perfect harmony in the same home?开头, 接着就是与此相关的调研结果或回答; 由表明研究结果的句子“A recent research has found a new recipe of success”和调查结果的句子 “Two-thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog”可知，两者“相处得好”。故选D。,(2)When something goes wrong, it can be very satisfyi
9、ng to say, “Well, its so-and-sos fault.” or “I know Im late, but its not my fault; the car broke down.” It is probably not your fault, but once you form the habit of blaming somebody or something else for a bad situation, you are a loser.,You have no power and could do nothing that helps change the
10、situation. However, you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation. This is the winners key to success.,47. The underlined word remedy in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _. A. Avoid B. accept C. improve D
11、. consider,2. C据上文推测。由上文, 你没有能力也不可能“改变the (bad) situation”, 然而“你可以remedy the situation”, 根据这种转折的逻辑关系可推出, remedy应是“改善”之意。,(3)We once had a poster competition in our fifth grade art class. “You could win prizes, ” our teacher told us as she wrote the poster information on the blackboard.We studied the
12、 board critically. Some of us looked with one eye and held up certain colors against the blackboard, rocking the sheets to the right or left while we conjured up our designs.,Others twisted their hair around their fingers or chewed their erasers while deep in thought. We had plans for that tendollar
13、 grand prize， each and every one of us.,3.A据近义推测。上下句是Some.Other.句式，while we conjured up our designs的对应部分是while deep in thought，可见conjured up是deep in thought的近意表达，意为“思考，构想”，故选A。,47. The underlined phrase in paragraph 3 most probably means _. A. formed an idea for B. made an outline for C. made some s
14、pace for D. chose some colors for,3. A据近义推测。上下句是Some.Other.句式, while we conjured up our designs的对应部分是while deep in thought, 可见conjured up是deep in thought的近意表达,意为“思考, 构想”, 故选A。,(4) Parents and kids today dress alike, listen to the same music, and are friends. Sometimes, when Mr. Ballmer and his 16-ye
15、ar-old daughter, Elizabeth, listen to rock music together and talk about interests both enjoy, such as pop culture, he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager.,“I would never have said to my mom, Hey, the new Weezer album (威瑟乐团的专辑)is really great. How do you l
16、ike it? ” says Ballmer. “There was just a complete gap in taste.”Music was not the only gulf. From clothing and hairstyles to activities and expectations, earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to move in separate orbits.,41. The underlined word “gulf ” in Para.3 most probably me
17、ans _. A. Interest B. distance C. Difference D. separation,Today, the generation gap has not disappeared, but it is getting narrow in many families.,4.C据近义或反义推测。因 “Music was not the only gulf ”与上段末句是递进关系, 可见gulf与gap是近义关系; 这里是回忆过去与现在(文章首段)的对比, 可见这里的gulf与文章首段首句中的alike和same是反义关系, 因此, gulf的意思是“差异(differ
18、ence)”。,(5)Family researchers offer a variety of reasons for these evolving roles and attitudes. They see the 1960s as a turning point. Great cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say (有发言权). “My parents were on the before si
19、de of that change, but todays parents, the 40-year-olds, were on the after side, ” explains Mr. Ballmer.,44. By saying “todays parents, the 40-year -olds, were on the after side.” the author means that todays parents _. A. follow the trend of the change B. can set a limit to the change C. fail to ta
20、ke the change seriously D. have little difficulty adjusting to the change,5.A据上文推断。结合上一段可知, todays parents就是 60年代后的父母，他们与孩子有更多的交流, 更加民主, 他们应当是“顺应这种变化趋势”的, 故选A。,课外作业 (1)We have two daughters：Kristen is seven years old and Kelly is four. Last Sunday evening, we invited some people home for dinner.The
21、guests arrived. I introduced my two daughters to each of them. The adults were nice and kind and said how lucky we were to have such good kids.,Each of the guests made a particular fuss over Kelly, the younger one, admiring her dress, her hair and her smile. They said she was a remarkable girl to be
22、 carrying coats upstairs at her age.I thought to myself that we adults usually make a big “to do” over the younger one because shes the one who seems more easily hurt. We do it with the best of intentions.But we seldom think of how it might affect the other child.,56. The underlined expression “make
23、 a big to do over” (paragraph 4)means _. A. show much concern about B. have a special effect on C. list jobs to be done for D. do good things for,1. A据因果关系或近义推测。本句“因为她是似乎更易受到伤害的那一个”“所以我们成年人就对年幼的那个格外关注”, 可见答案为A。另外, 由上句中与之近义的made a particular fuss over Kelly, the younger one, admiring her dress, her h
24、air and her smile也可推出。,(2)Being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise. Leadership means power, commands respect and, most important, encourages achievement. Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills cant be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.Different from popul
25、ar belief, most good leaders are made, not born. They learn their skills in their everyday lives. But which do they develop? How do they (and how can you) get others to follow?,60. The underlined word “cultivated” (paragraph 1)roughly means _. A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developed,2. D据
26、对比关系和下文解释。由前句“领导艺术不像(unlike)维生素C一样一口吞下”可知, “领导艺术必须是慢慢培养的”; 下段的解释就更为清楚, are made, learn.in their everyday life, 特别是But which do they develop?中的develop, 非常明显地告诉我们答案是D。,(3)“There is certainly a lot of energy in waves, ” he said.Scientists are working to use that energy to make electricity. Most waves a
27、re created when winds blow across the ocean. “The wind starts out by making little ripples(涟漪), but if they keep on blowing, those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves, ” Taylor said. “Waves are one of natures ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.”,65. The unde
28、rlined phrase “picking up” (paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to _. A. starting again B. speeding up C. gathering D. improving,3.C据前提条件与结果推测。首先要“聚集(gather)”能量, 然后才能将其发送出去(sending it off)。也可用代入检验法排除法: 用其他选项代入原句, 也后面的sending it off在逻辑上也都讲不通。此外,还可从前句中的get bigger and bigger得到提示。,(4)If the world were a v
29、illage of 1, 000 people. One-third of the people in the village are children, and only 60 are over the age of 65. Just under half of the married women in the village have access to modern equipment. About one-third have access to clean, safe drinking water.Of the 670 adults in the village, half can
30、not read nor write.,62. The underlined part “have access to” (in Para. 4)means _. A. use B. buy C. produce D. try,4. A代入检验排除法。用“生产”和“试验”代入句中，根据常识即可排除选项C和D。由下文 “Of the 670 adults in the village, half can not read nor write.”可知, 还有半数成年人非常贫穷, “用”不起现代设备。,(5)When some kind of pain killer was brought out
31、recently, researchers found that the colours turned the customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective.,5. D据因果关系推测。由 “because they made the product look weak and ineffective(因为这些颜色使这种药看起来没有效果)”可知, “这些颜色会使顾客对这样的药失去兴趣”。,要求考生根据语境判断代词(this, that, it, they, them, one等)或代动词(do，does
32、, did等)究竟指代什么。题干中通常含有refer to。 技巧点拨一般说来, 代词的指代内容大多在它的前一句中, 或者前几个句子中, 有时也在它的后一句中。 找到指代的内容后把它放在这个代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理, 与前后的内容是否一致,然后再判定它是否为正确答案。,经典例题 阅读下列文段, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中, 选出最佳选项。As a woman, I feel unsafe here. I spend a bomb on taxis because I will not take public transport after 10 p.m. I used to us
33、e it, but now Im afraid.,58. The underlined part “it” (in Para. 4) refers to _. A. a taxi B. the money C. a bomb D. public transport 解析: 句中it应是指代前一句中的public transport；用public transport代入句中, 该句话是合理的, 前后意义一致, 故选D。,课堂练习(1)By the end of the seventeenth century, when newspapers were beginning to be read
34、by more people, printed materials became an important way to promote products and services. The London Gazette was the first newspaper to set aside a place just for advertising. This was so successful that by the end of the century several companies started businesses for the purpose of making newsp
35、aper ads for merchants.,61. What does the word “This” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. Advertising in newspapers. B. Including pictures in ads. C. Selling goods in markets. D. Working with ad agencies.,1. A由本句前面的newspaper to set aside a place just for advertising可以推出。,(2)My most vivid memory is being wok
36、en and brought down to sit on my fathers knee, his arm in a bandage.He was judged unfit to return to sea and took a shore job in Glasgow for the rest of the war. For as long as I can remember, he had a weak heart. Mother said it was caused by the torpedoes. He said it was because of the cigarettes.
37、Whichever, he died suddenly in his early 50s.,63. The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 6 refers to the fathers _. A. weak heart B. taking a shore job C. failure to return to sea D. injury caused by a torpedo,2. A由本段第2 句中的he had a weak heart可知, it指weak heart。,(3)Within weeks of the race, Henry Ford
38、formed a new automobile company. In the 1903, a doctor in Detroit bought the first car from the company. That sale was the beginning of Henry Fords dream. Ford said: “I will build a motor car for the great mass of people.”,A. the selling of Ford cars at reduced prices B. the sale of Model T to the m
39、ass of people C. the selling of a car to a Detroit doctor D. the sales target for the Ford Company,64. “That sale” in Paragraph 4 refers to _.,3. C由前后句的意义衔接关系可知, “这笔交易”是指前句的“特律的一名医生购买了这个公司的第一辆汽车”。,(4)A university education is of huge and direct benefit to the individual. Graduates earn more than non
40、-graduates. Meanwhile, social mobility is ever more dependent on having a degree. However, only some people have it. So the individual, not the taxpayers, should pay for it.,There are pressing calls on the resources(资源)of the government. Using taxpayers money to help a small number of people to earn
41、 high incomes in the future is not one of them.,68. The underlined word “them” refers to _. A. taxpayers B. pressing calls C. college graduates D. government resources,4. B由前后的意义衔接关系可知, 是代替前句中的pressing calls。前句说“政府资源有一些迫切需要的地方要用”而“用纳税人的钱来帮助一小部分人在未来获得更高收入并不是政府迫切需要花钱的地方”。,(5)The researchers studied cu
42、ltural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces.It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors tha
43、n did Westerners.,“The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions, ” Jack said, “Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less.”,A. The particip
44、ants in the study. B. The researchers of the study. C. The errors made during the study. D. The data collected from the study.,68. What does the underlined word “they” refer to?,5.A前一段说到研究人员选取了13个西方白种人和13个东方亚洲人, 通过观察他们的眼部运动来研究文化差异;此处that they show是修饰eye movement的定语从句, 意为“他们表现出来的眼部运动”, 这个“他们”, 自然就是指在
45、这项研究中参加测试的那26个人, 故选A。,课外作业 (1).You are never going to win. If John wants to see them, I cannot stop him. Hes their father I want them to see him! However, his visit in his present condition will disturb the childrens stable life.John, who has spent much of his time in California recently, has only h
46、ired a house for himself in Pennsylvania, according to his lawyer. “If hed like to stick to a regular life, Id be more than happy to do that, ” Jane says.,58. What does “to do that ” refer to in the second paragraph?,A. To live with John. B. To hire a house for John. C. To allow John to see the chil
47、dren. D. To ask John to set up a regular life.,1. C指代上文内容。由前文信息“Hes their fatherI want them to see him!”可知, to do that是指“允许她的丈夫John探望孩子”, 故选C。,(2)Big solar plants and their power lines will also have effects far beyond their direct footprint in the West. This is not an argument against building them
48、. We need alternative energy badly, and to really take advantage of it we need to be able to move electricity around far more readily than we can now.,68. What does the underlined word “it” in Para. 3 refer to _.,A. the American East B. the American West C. the argument D. the alternative energy,2.D
49、词义猜测题。由该词前面的We need alternative energy badly, and to really take advantage of 可知。,(3)Alcohol may take a few minutes to be absorbed into the bloodstream and start action on the brain. Absorption rate is increased when drinking on an empty stomach or when consuming drinks mixed with fruit juice. To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not possible to speed it up with any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee.,57. The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “ _”. A. alcohol B. absorption C. blood D. process,
