1、Nominal clause-that,1. 人们普遍认为自然资源是有限的. 2. 越来越多的人达成共识:克隆人体器官是不和伦理的. 3. 认为快餐将取代传统食物的观点是荒谬的。 4. 毫无疑问，收音机和电视是信息交流的重要工具. 5. 制定更加严厉的法律和法规来震慑犯罪分子是必不可少的.,1. It has long been accepted that natural resources are limited. 2. There is a growing consensus that it is unethical to clone human organs. 3. The view t
2、hat fast food will replace traditional is ridiculous. 4. There is no doubt that radio and television are important means of communication. 5. It is essential that more rigid laws and regulations should be enacted to deter criminals.,1.It is apparent that 2. it is a common knowledge that 3. it is sug
3、gested that 4. it must be pointed that 5. it is commonly believed that,Nominal clause-if/whether,有人对义务兵役制的合理性表示怀疑. 2. 关于赌博该不该合法化出现了一场激烈的争论. 3. 该不该给小孩零花钱引发了激烈的争论. 4. 辩论的话题是关于为了人类的利益我们应不应该牺牲动物的权利. 5. 关于该不该禁止克隆人引发了一场激烈的争论.,1. some people doubt whether compulsory military service is justified. 2. There
4、arises a contentious debate over whether gambling should be made legal. 3. Whether or not children should be given pocket money has sparked a heated debate. 4. This debate is about whether we should sacrifice animals rights for human benefits. 5. Whether human cloning should be banned has triggered
5、a fierce argument.,Nominal clause-who/whom/who/whose/which,1. 现阶段人们更加关心的是政府能否创造更多的就业机会. 2. 什么因素导致一些稀有物种的灭绝一直是科学家的研究重点 3. 一些心理学家认为,家长在孩子面前的一举一动将对小孩的行为举止有重大的影响. 4. 有才干的人有别于平庸的人的一个品质是如何利用零碎的时间.,1. What people are more concerned about at this stage is whether the government can create more job opportuni
6、ties. 2. What factors contribute to the disappearance of some rare species has always been a research focus of scientists. 3. What the parents do and how they behave in front of their children, according to some psychologists will have a great impact on their children in shaping their behaviors. 4.
7、One quality which makes the difference between a man of great caliber and a man of average performance is how odd moments are handled.,Nominal clause-when/where/why/how,1. 近来在我们社区人们广泛讨论如何遏止急剧上升的犯罪率. 2. 这就是很多白领视跳槽为挖掘自身潜能的机会的原因. 3. 本图展示了雅思考生参加口语考试的过程. 4. 该图表描述了人们如何在野外取水生存的. 5. 在本文中,我将探讨很多语言和文化不断消失的原因.
8、,1. How we can curb the soaring crime rate has been widely discussed in our community these days. 2. That is why many white collars workers regard job-hopping as an opportunity to tap their potentials. 3. This diagram illustrates how an IELTS candidate takes an interview. 4. This diagram depicts how
9、 people obtain water in the wild in order to survive. 5. In this essay, I intend to explore why many languages and cultures are disappearing.,Sentence patterns,1. , doing 2. , with 3. ,relative clause,Clause+present participle phrase,For decades, the government sought to colonize and develop the Ama
10、zon, bringing severe environmental disaster to the area and its people. In recent years, the government has waged a massive ad campaign to encourage birth control, offering inducements such as free trips to Mecca.,Notice that the present participle shares the same subject with the main clause. It us
11、ually indicates reason or result.,He died in his middle age, leaving his old mother and two young children behind him.,他英年早逝，留下了年迈的母亲和两个幼小的孩子。,He opened the door quietly, _ to leave without being noticed.,他悄悄地打开门，想不知不觉地离开。,intending,His family had been planning to buy a new car but they postponed th
12、is purchase, _ _(等汽车价格下降)。.,in price,waiting for a fall,Doing 1. I know that he was poor. I offered to pay his fare. 2. We barricaded the windows. Then we assembled in the hall.Keys: 1. Knowing that he was poor, I offered to pay his fare. 2. Having barricaded the windows, we assembled in,Exercises:
13、3. In this chapter the characters have a conversation. They are lying face downwards in a sea of mud. 4. The lion found his cage door open. He saw no sign of his keeper. He left the cage and walked slowly towards the zoo entrance.Keys: 3. the characters, lying face downwards in a sea of mud, have a
14、conversation. 4. The lion, finding his cage door open and seeing no sigh of his keeper, left,with + noun phrase, main clause,But with 188 million people, the country is now struggling to provide enough food, shelter, and employment for its people. But with such a large population base, the country m
15、ust still convert millions more to the idea of birth control if it is to reach its population targets.,“with” here simply means “having”, showing an adverbial of condition.,_, he has to take up another job.,有这么一大家人需要养活，他不得不再干一份工作。,With a gun in hand, the gangster threatened to kill the hostage if he
16、 was not paid.,With such a big family to support,歹徒手里拿着枪，扬言如果拿不到钱就杀掉人质。,Relative Clause,Exercises: Combine each group of sentences into one containing a relative clause: 1. She was dancing with a student. He had a slight limp. 2. There wasnt any directory in the telephone box. I was phoning from thi
17、s box.,Keys: 1. She was dancing with a student who had a slight limp. 2. There wasnt any directory in the telephone box which I was phoning from.,句型,1、倒装句 Hardly, scarcely, no sooner, few, little, seldom, never, so+adj./adv. Not only but also, 2. 强调句 It is that,Refining by Combining,Our paper carrie
18、r collects on Fridays. Our paper carrier delivers the Winnipeg Free Press on Saturdays.,1. You can connect them with an appropriate linking word, such as and, but, or, nor, or forOur paper carrier delivers the Winnipeg Free Press on Saturdays and collects on Fridays.,Refining by Combining,2. You can
19、 change one of the sentences into a subordinate clause. Our paper carrier, who delivers the Winnipeg Free Press on Saturdays, collects on Fridays. On Fridays, our paper carrier collects for the Winnipeg Free Press, which she delivers on Saturdays.Although she delivers the Winnipeg Free Press on Satu
20、rdays, our paper carrier collects on Fridays.,Refining by Combining,3. You can change one of the sentences into a modifying phrase.Having collected her money on Friday, our paper carrier delivers the Winnipeg Free Press on Saturdays.On Fridays, our paper carrier collects for the Winnipeg Free Press,
21、 a Saturday paper.,Refining by Combining,4. Sometimes it is possible to reduce one of your sentences to a single word modifier.On Fridays, our paper carrier collects for the Saturday Winnipeg Free Press.,Refining by Combining,Meaning Clarity Coherence Emphasis Conciseness Rhythm,Refining by Combinin
22、g,Fast food such as fried chicken and chips is incredibly high in fat and salt, which results in serious health problems.Fast food such as fried chicken and chips which is incredibly high in fact and salt, results in serious health problems.,It was raining hard . They could not work in the fields .,
23、It was raining hard ;they couldnt work in the fields . It was raining so hard that they couldnt work in the fields . They couldnt work in the fields because it was raining hard. It was raining hard ,so they couldnt work in the fields . As it was raining hard , they couldnt work in the fields .,I was
24、 born in a small town . In the town there was only one school,. I studied there for six years .,In the small town where I was born , there was only one school, and I studied there for six years . I was born in a small town, where there was only one school. I studied there for six years . I studied f
25、or six years at the only school where I was born in a small town.,Refining by Combining,If Fred is not at Castle Frank station, we should call the restaurant where he works. 2. Although most people like chocolate, Inez does not because she is allergic to it. 3. Holding hands, the two lovers walked u
26、p and down Lovers Lane until it was time for them to part for the night. 4. When the clock in the Peace Tower had struck six time, we took off our skates and went home. 5. Margot cannot come to class today because she has a toothache and has to see her dentist.,Refining by Combining,6. The famous Ca
27、nadian painter, Tom Thomson, was an enthusiastic canoeist who disappeared mysteriously during a canoeing trip. 7. Please serve something besides pickerel so that those of us who hate it can still enjoy our dinner. 8. The loons call suddenly echoed, startling the tourists, who ran inside the hotel. 9
28、. Terence can register for classes in the fall providing he pays his tuition on time and passes all his current courses. 10. The Northern Lights, who scientific name is aurora borealis, danced across the sky like fireworks.,Refining by Combining,1. The Canada Games, which were first held in 1967, ar
29、e held every two years in a different city and create great national pride. 2. The Miramichi River in northern New Brunswick is famous for its salmon. It attracts fly fishers from all over the world. 3. Writers block, the inability to generate ideas on paper, can be a paralyzing experience that is d
30、ifficult to overcome. Strategies to overcome writers block include freewriting, dictation into a tape recorder, or asking questions of your topic.,Refining by Combining,4. Prince Edward Island is now connected to Nova Scotia by the 12.9 km Confederation Bridge. As a result, the island, which could f
31、ormerly be reached only by ferry, is much more accessible than it used to be. 5. The World Wide Web is a boon to researchers because it provides a wealth of information rapidly and is accessible 24 hours a day. Since not all Web sites offer reliable information, however, it is important to note the source of a site and to evaluate its content.,
