1、雅思写作,IELTS Writing殷健 (Jack),殷健：东南大学英语、南京大学教育学双硕士，雅思教学总监，11年雅思托福教学经验。 Mailbox: QQ: 750729743 Mobile: 13851433407,公共邮箱,密码：20122012,今日内容,1）学员现状：现有水平 2）雅思写作概述 3）起始段的写作 4）互动写作练习,学员现状：现有水平,英语写作薄弱环节,限时写作,Why I want to go abroad to further my study?(70 words)10 minutes,IELTS (International English Testing
2、System)是由英国剑桥大学考试委员会(The University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate-UCLES)、澳大利亚高校国际开发署(IDP Education Australia)及英国文化委员会(The British Council)共同举办的面向母语为非英语的人士的英语水平考试。它于1990年4月在中国开始推广，而在最近一两年中，由于加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等国将其作为申请移民者的语言测试，中国地区考生的人数也随之呈几何级数增长。,英国、澳大利亚、新西兰、加拿大以及许多国家的众多高等院校均认可雅思考试为英语语言能力测试成绩，随
3、着雅思考试的推广，现在有相当数量的美国高校也把雅思视为与托福（TOEFL）具有同等效力的语言水平测试。而加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等国家的移民局更是将这种考试成绩作为技术移民及其他类移民中衡量英语语言能力的唯一标准。,写作总分9分移民或读语言学校：=5分(Modest User)留学: = 6-.6.5分(Competent User)法律、传媒、管理等名校的研究生: 写作最好达到7分(Good User)。最后成绩：(小作文分数X40%+大作文X60%)x0.25,5.23,5.51,各科均分（中国大陆A类考生）,5.53,5.80,5.39,5.47,writing,reading,spea
4、king,listening,中国考生的雅思考试成绩,General Introduction,百分比、数据、固定的时间段 科学研究能力 时间概念特别重要 字数,观察现象,提炼东西,进行比较,得出结论,答题卡,评分标准:不是整体式的评分是分项式评分(analytical scoring),考试考查点,有没有明确的中心观点 有没有证明中心观点的论据 能否充分展开论证有没有明确的开头、正文和结尾 段落是否有明确的主题句和论证句 句子和句子之间，段落和段落之间是否有衔接语法是否正确 句法是否成熟 选词是否得体、生动,Exercises,Some people think raising the pr
5、ice of gasoline is the best way to solve the problems of pollution and traffic jams. Do you agree or disagree?,Task 1 TA-Task Achievement CC- Coherence & Cohesion LR- Lexical Resource GRA- Grammatical Range & AccuracyTask 2 TR-Task Response CC- Coherence & Cohesion LR- Lexical Resource GRA- Grammati
6、cal Range & Accuracy,Content,Structure,Words,Sentences,Task 2议论文评分标准： Arguments, Ideas and Evidence(论证，论点和论据)；Communicative Quality(交流质量)；Vocabulary and Sentence Structure(词汇与句子结构)。,1）Arguments, Ideas and evidence:内容切题，论据合理，论证充分。不要出现跑题。有的考生由于词汇量有限，导致题目中的单词不认识，从而写作的时候写离题了。,例：,Nowadays, international
7、tourism is the biggest industry in the world. Unfortunately, international tourism creates tension rather than understanding between people from different cultures. Do you agree or disagree? 如果考生不懂international tourism是什么意思的话，这道题是没法写的。,但是，雅思写作涉及的词汇量并不是大得令人生畏，大概有六七千左右。考生万一碰到个把单词不理解的话，完全可以通过上下文加以推测。对策
8、：对于单词，考生应该平时注意积累，应试时根据上下文推断。,Evidence(论据)：关键要合理，并且能够证明论点。例1：Wild animals have no place in the 21st century and trying to protect these animals is a waste of resources. Do you agree or disagree? 有同学这样写道：We can hardly imagine what our life will be like without wild animals. For example, if there is no
9、 cat, there will be more mice. The increase in the number of mice will result in the reduction of food resources and the spread of diseases. Thus, it is very important to protect animals. 这里猫的论据是不合适的，因为猫不属于wild animals(野生动物)。,Arguments(论证)：论证应该是充分并且有力的。这就需要运用多种论证手法。常用的论证手法有：explanation(解释说明)，emphasi
10、s(强调论证)，exemplification(举例说明)，cause and effect(因果论证)，comparison and contrast(比较与对比)，facts and statistics(事实和统计数据)，concession and refutation(让步与反驳)， classification(分类)，definition(下定义)，analogy(比喻)等。,2）Communicative Quality(交流质量),Communicative Quality(交流质量)大体上与Task 1的Coherence and Cohesion相同，也涉及文章中代词，关
11、联词，同义反义词等的运用。,常用的关联词：对比however, although, but, nevertheless；结果as a result, as a consequence, therefore, because of this, otherwise；附加in addition, additionally, and, as well as, furthermore, also, moreover；举例for example, for instance, such as, including；强调in fact, indeed；时间after, following, before, u
12、ntil, during, between, while等。,Vocabulary and Sentence Structure,指的是文章的语言表达。5分或5分以下的作文一般语法错误较多。6分作文则一般没有致命的语法错误，用词和句子基本准确。而7分以上的作文用词丰富(Variety)、句子结构复杂(Complexity)。,四大问题,注意!,IELTS WRITING：TASK II,低于Band 5的六种技术情况：1. 没有完成写作任务 2. 格式错误 3. 字迹模糊，难以辨认 4. Task 1和Task 2写反 5. 攻击考官,5分作文要求：,对于任务的回应 只是部分回应题目要求，格式
13、在有的地方不得体 有立场，但论证并不总是清晰，可能没写结论 提出了一些主要观点，但这些观点有限，论证不够充分；可能有无关细节 连贯与衔接 信息的呈现有些组织，但缺少整体延续性 衔接手段的使用不充分，不准确或者过度 缺少指代和替换关系，导致重复 没有分段，或者分段不充分 词汇资源 词汇有限，仅仅满足最低要求 在拼写和构词法方面有明显错误，以至于导致阅读的部分困难 语法结构的范围和准确性 只能使用有限的句型 试图使用复杂句，但准确度不如简单句 语法和标点经常错误，这些错误导致阅读部分困难,6分作文要求：,对于任务的回应 回应题目要求，虽然有的部分涵盖不够完整 立场切题，虽然结论可能不清晰或重复 主
14、要观点切题，但有的观点可能论证不够充分或不清晰 连贯与衔接 信息和观点组织连贯；文章有延续性 衔接手段使用有效，但是句子内部和句子之间的衔接可能有误或过于机械 指代关系可能不能总是清晰、合理地使用 有分段，但不总是有逻辑性 词汇资源 使用适当范围的词汇 试图使用较不常见词汇，但有一些不准确 在拼写和构词法上有错误，但这些错误不至于影响交际 语法结构的范围和准确性 能使用简单和复杂句子结构 语法和标点出现一些错误，尽管这些错误很少导致交流障碍。,7分作文要求：,对于任务的回应 涵盖题目要求 文章立场清晰 提出、引申、并支持主要观点，但可能有过度概括，分支观点不够紧凑 连贯与衔接 信息和观点组织有
15、逻辑性；文章从头至尾有延续性 衔接手段使用合理，虽然可能有一些使用过少或过多 每个段落都有明确的主题 词汇资源 词汇使用丰富、有一定的准确性和灵活性 能使用较不常见词汇，对语体和搭配有所了解 在词汇的选择、拼写和构词法上偶尔有错误 语法结构的范围和准确性 使用多种复杂结构 多数语句无误 语法和标点掌握较好，但可能会犯一些错误,雅思写作教学内容,大作文（40%课时数） 1）用词 2）造句 3）段落 4）作文模板结构小作文 （30%课时数） 1）图表作文概述 2）曲线图、饼状图、柱状图、表格、流程图、地图 3）综合图表模考演练与集中批改（30%课时数） 1）大作文：5到8篇 2）小作文：7篇,目标
16、： 提分12分,前提,1）Vocabulary: 5000-8000,How?,死磕,技巧： 词根词缀+场景,关于词汇,雅思写作核心词汇默写,Irreplaceable,Placere- ir- -able,放置,重新（重新放置，即取代）,表否定（不取代）,表“能够”，形容词（无法取代的）,前提,2）Motivation Multi-draft,第一稿,第二稿,第三稿,末稿,5分,5.5 分,6分,6.5 分,批改标准,1）明确的中心观点，有力的证据 2）结构合理，论证富有逻辑，思辨性强 3）衔接连贯合理 4）句子正确，无明显语病，能用复杂句式，句式多变 5）用词正确、地道，富有变化。,要求,
17、大量阅读范文 1）尝试性写作及修改 2）范文论点及论据 (outline) 3）范文复杂句式 (sentences) 4）范文精彩词汇 (words),关于课后写作,剑桥一到八 Test 1 -4,上课方式,Lecturing: 技巧讲解Practice: 互动写作 (510 minutes) write-then-comment Speak-then-type-down,开头段写作,How to Write Introduction,开头段的功能？,提供交流的背景引起读者的兴趣标明作者的观点暗示作文的结构,An introduction consists of:,Background inf
18、ormation (overall view)Thesis statement (viewpoint),Thesis statement = Topic + controlling idea,The Internet enables us to communicate more easily and save money.,另一种思路,Background information Opposite view Authors view,1,Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Classmates are a more im
19、portant influence than parents on a childs success in school. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.,2,It is better for children to grow up in the countryside than in a big city. Do you agree or disagree ? Use specific reasons and examples to develop your essay.,3,Some people pref
20、er to eat at food or restaurants. Other people prefer to prepare food and eat food at home. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.,4,What is a very important skill a person should earn in order to be successful in the world today? Choose one skill and use spec
21、ific reasons and examples to support your choice.,5,Do you agree or disagree that improving schools is the most factor in successful development of country?,6,Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Working at home with a computer and a phone is better than working at a companys offic
22、e using the same.,7,Nowadays people spend too much money on their pets, although money can be spent for better use.,Outlining,作文提纲Thesis statement Topic sentence 1 Topic sentence 2 Topic sentence 3Requirements: Complete sentence Various sentence structure,1,What is the best way to relieve stress for
23、 modern people?,2,The rapid growth of cities in todays world is a mostly positive development for the society.,3,A job with more vacation time is better than a job with high salary but less vacation time.,Body Paragraphs,Topic Sentence Support Example,正文段落,One way that the Internet benefits society
24、is that people can communicate much more easily.,This is because email and instant messaging have changed the way that people communicate with each other.,I spent a month studying English in America. Even though I went by myself, I wasnt homesick at all. I was able to send emails every day to my fam
25、ily and friends, and I could include pictures of my trip. In addition, when I used instant messaging, I could also see my family as I talked with them, which is much better than Just talking over the phone.,1,What is the best way to relieve stress for modern people?,2,The rapid growth of cities in t
26、odays world is a mostly positive development for the society.,3,A job with more vacation time is better than a job with high salary but less vacation time.,Conclusion,Structure:Summary/restatement Follow-up (broad idea),Warm-up,Please write the conclusion for the essay. Topic: zoo,For your reference
27、,Conclusion:In the final analysis, both sides have sound foundations. However, if asked to make a choice, I will not hesitate to assent to the latter. I believe that animals belong to their natural habitat in the wild and it is a breach of their natural rights to take them by force into captivity fo
28、r our own purposes; therefore zoos should be discouraged.,Conclusion,For these reasons, I believe that society has been helped by the invention of the Internet.,As the Internet spreads and becomes more common, its importance to peoples lives cannot be overstated. But the Internet is not a right, and
29、 not all people are able to access the Internet. Thus, the gulf between the rich and the poor will Continue to expand unless people make a conscious effort to ensure that technology and education are made available for Everyone.,1， 再次强调,就是在结尾段对自己的观点再次重复一遍，以起到强调的效果。本类方法比较适合询问你同意哪种观点或是否同意某种观点的提问。句式： 1
30、) Therefore, from what I have mentioned above, I do believe that _, for it will benefit not only those who _ but also those who _.2) To conclude, from what has been discussed above, I tend to believe that _. It is obvious that not only _ but also _ will benefit from doing it.,Example 1,Main purpose
31、of public libraries is to provide books and they should not waste their limited resources and space on providing expensive hi-tech media such as computer software, videos and DVDs. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?Therefore, from what I have mentioned above, I do believe t
32、hat libraries should include those hi-tech media like computer software, for it will benefit not only the library itself which manages the whole process but also readers who turn to libraries for knowledge and information.,Example 2,Some people believe that visitors to other countries should follow
33、local customs and behavior. Others disagree and think that the host country should welcome cultural differences. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.To conclude, from what has been discussed above, I tend to believe that visitors should follow local customs and conventions. It is obvi
34、ous that not only the local district itself but also tourists will benefit from doing so a lot.,展望号召,就是在结尾段对文章所讨论的问题或现象进行展望或号召。表达对某一问题的某种期待以及对某类人群的号召。此类问题比较适合原因解决办法式问法的题目，即报告型题目。句式： All in all, I hope it is not too late to make joint efforts to deal with this issue. I think if we can take such actio
35、ns as I have mentioned above immediately, _ will be easily solved.2) In conclusion, it is time that people make joint efforts to deal with this issue, and I do think people should take immediate actions instead of arguing who should take the responsibility and criticizing each other day by day which
36、 will absolutely waste valuable time and achieve little and even no results.,Example,Nowadays, people are facing more and more work-related stress. State the possible reasons for this phenomenon and make some recommendations about how to combat it.All in all, I hope it is not too late to make joint
37、efforts to deal with the pressure. We all know that health is very important to everyone, so I think if we can take immediate actions, the stress people faces nowadays will be easily solved.,概括,就是在结尾段简要地总结全文的主要观点和主要内容。主要观点是主体段的分论点或各种原因和解决办法。句式：1), To conclude, as discussed above in this essay, doing
38、 something may have many advantages /disadvantages including _，_ and _. Therefore, I tend to agree that _. 2), To sum up, as discussed above in this essay, _ will result in a number of problems such as _, _ and _. To solve them, we can _ .,让步,就是在结尾处做一个让步，然后在强调自己同意的某种观点。即论述某个想法虽然有不足之处，但总的来说还是利大于弊的，还是
39、可以接受的。此种方法比较适合观点阐释型题目，即argumentation型题目。 句型： In conclusion, _ , like the corn, has its two sides. Therefore, although _ has some shortcomings/ limitations/disadvantages, there are more benefits/ advantages associated with it. So it is reasonable to believe that _.,Exercises,Some people think history
40、 has nothing or little to tell us, but others think that studying the past history can help us better understand the present. Please discuss the two views and give your own opinion.,Outline,Everything around us has a history, long or short. A technology, an invention, or a family all have their own
41、past, whether we like it or not. To some people, however, learning history is a boring task of memorizing long lists of names and dates which they will never use, while others consider leaning history useful and fun. People who dont like history say that studying the past is a waste of time. However
42、, thousands of years of human experience and wisdom do have something to teach us.Conclusion: _,For your reference,I think history has a lot to offer us and we have to study it in order to better understand the present as well as preparing for the future. But learning history is not the same as learning from it. Its sad to see that people have been learning from it. Its sad that people have been learning history but are still repeating the same mistakes again and again like war, violence nd injustice.,
