1、Prepared by Owen1第一章 名 词一、名词的分类：名词就其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。专有名词：Beijing Smith the United Nations个体名词：man, expert, factory可数名词集合名词：audience （观众） ，class, family普通名词：物质名词：water, coal, rice不可数名词抽象名词：surprise, honour, help二、可数名词的复数形式1一般情况，直接加-s 。 port（港口） ports；technique（技术）techniques2以 s, x
2、, ch, sh 结尾发s、t、d音的词，加esbusbuses, boxboxes, bushbushesbranchbranches，stomachstomachs（stomach 词尾发 k，故复数直接加-s ）3辅音字母+ y，变 y 为 i，加-es universityuniversitiesy 前为元音字母，直接加-s boyboys4以 O 结尾加-es heroheroesO 前为元音字母，及部分外来词直接加 -szoozoos radioradio pianopianos photophotos5以 f 或 fe 结尾，变 f 或 fe 为 v，再加-es leafleav
3、es wifewives以下 f 结尾单词直接加 -s beliefbeliefs（信念） roofroofs（屋顶）proofproofs（证据） safesafes（保险柜）chiefchiefs（首领） gulfgulfs（海湾）6不规则名词manmen, womanwomen, footfeet, toothteeth,goosegeese, mousemice, childchildren, oxoxen注 1：有些可数名词的单复数相同，要根据上下文的意义来确定其单数还是复数，例如：sheep 羊 fish 鱼 deer 鹿means 手段，方法 works 工厂，作品 series
4、 系列注 2：在些可数名词，只有单数形式，但表示复数意义。如果作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。如：cattle 牛 people 人民 police 警察注 3：集合名词既可看作单数（作为整体） ，也可看作复数（作为集体的各个成员） 。例如：audience（观众） class（班级） family（家庭） group（小组）Her family is well-known in the region. 她家在该地区是名门望族。His family are quarrelling severely about the property. 她的家人正在为分财产激烈地争吵。改错：1. Every po
5、ssible means have been tried to cure the boy of his illness.A B C D2. Fish always sells well in the markets because fish contains rich protein, which can build you up.A B C D3. Is it the police who is searching the house for a wanted criminal（罪犯）?A B C D三、不可数名词物质名词、抽象名词均属不可数名词。前面不能加不定冠词 a / an，词尾也不能
6、加s。请牢记下列典型的不可数名词。news 消息 information 信息 advice 忠告，建议 progress 进步，进展knowledge 知识 weather 天气 fun 乐趣 equipment 设备English 英语 furniture 家具 wealth 财富 damage 损坏traffic 交通，车辆及行人 baggage / luggage 行李 clothing 衣服，衣着 word 消息，信息 work 工作 homework 家庭作业 housework 家务改错：1What a fun it is to be bathed in sunlight on
7、the beach in summer.A B C D2At the thought of gaining such great wealths by printing works of famous writers, he was full of A B C Djoy.3What pleasant surprise it is to bring me such a nice gift !A B C D4I feel it great honour to be invited to give advice on your teaching papers.A B C D5Word of his
8、sudden death came as shock to us.A B C D说明 1：部分抽象名词可与 a（an）连用，此时词义发生变化，表示某种事或人。这些词有：surprise, pleasure, shock, honour, help, success 等。当这类词在句中作表语（例 3） ，作宾补（例 4）及在介词 as 之后，词义发生变化，通常要加a / an。说明 2：paper 表示“纸”不可数。表示“报纸、论文、书面作文、试卷、文件、有价证券 ”为可数名词。四、名词的所有格名词的所有格通常在名词后加s 构成，用于表示所属关系。用于以下情况：1）表示有生命的名词my brot
9、hers car childrens books（儿童读物） students rooms2 键入文档标题 22）表示国家、城市、地域的名词Chinas population Beijings weather3）表示天体、时间、距离、金钱的名词the moons surface ten years hard work 十年的辛劳todays newspapers 20 dollars worth of a stamp 一张价值 20 美元的邮票其他无生命的名词通常用“of + 名词”的短语表示所属关系。the object of the sentence 句子的宾语the title of t
10、he film 影片的名字五、名词的作用1）名词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语。Mr. Li holds an important position in the government office.主语 宾语We elected him monitor of our class.宾语 宾补2）名词还作其他名词的前置定语，用于更准确说明某物的用途，性质，组成材料等。a tea cup 茶杯 a car number 车牌号 a shoe shop 鞋店 a stone bridge 石桥名词作定语必须用单数。man, woman 作定语，用单数还是复数由被修饰的名词的单复数决定。spo
11、rt 作定语，单复数形式均可。a man teacher 一个男教师 ten women doctors 十个女医生a sport（s）shirt 运动衫 the arms race 武器竞赛（特例）选：It is said that the Air Force about $80 million a year. Really a problem, isnt it ?Abird hit cost Bbirds hit costs Cbird hits cost Dbird hit costs本题题义：空军每年因飞鸟撞击飞机造成的损失达大约八千万美元。考查的是名词作定语。名词作定语必须用单数，故
12、可考虑的答案为 A、C。又因一年内鸟击飞机事件多次发生，故选 C。六、学习名词，特别要注意的问题1）准确把握词义，重视近义词的辩析选：One of the advantage of living on the top floor of a high rise is that you can get a good .（2001年上海高考题）Asight Bscene Cview Dlook辩析：sight 1.看见 2.视力 3.视野 4.风景scene 1.（事件发生的）现场 2.场面 ; 情景 3.景色 4.（拍电影）场景， （舞台）布置view 1.眺望 2.视野 3.风景，景色。look
13、 1.看 2.神色,表情 looks =appearance 外貌本句意为：住在高层建筑顶层的优越之一，是能清楚眺望到一切。故本题答案为 C。近年来高考试卷非常重视对名词的考查，是重点热点之一。2）正确掌握名词前冠词的使用规则选：1. Summer in _ south of France are for _ most part dry and sunny.A. /; a B. the, / C. /, / D. the, the 2 Most animals have little connection with animals of different kind unless they k
14、ill them for food.Athe ；a B不填 ；a Cthe ；the D不填 ；the名词练习1. He is a man of _ and he has_ interesting_ in his life.A. much experience; a lot of; experiences B. many experiences; much; experienceC. many experience; much; experience D. many experiences; a lot of; experience2. Perhaps we need to clear awa
15、y these books to make _ for our new students.A. place B. area C. room D. space3. If you are driving to the airport, can you give me a _?A. hand B. seat C. drive D. lift4. Being able to speak another language fluently is a great _ when you are looking for a job.A. chance B. importance C. assistant D.
16、 advantage5. The _ of building the Great Theater _ only one year.A. job; spent B. work; spent C. position, took D. works, took6. He had run away from home and gone to _ when he was 16 years old.A. the sea B. a sea C. seas D. sea7. Only one third of the people present at the meeting were _ the new ru
17、les.A. in favour of B. in agreement of C. in for D. wit the side of 8. Everybody thinks little of the film. In fact, there is no _ of it being tried out in the film festival.A. sign B. use C. possibility D. doubt9. Can your _ with you- money , jewellery, cameras and so on.A. gifts B. suitcase C. bag
18、s D. valuables10. Students should be encouraged to finish their homework_.A. of themselves B. of their own C. for their own D. on their own11. When he is angry, his _ stands up on end.A. head B. uniform C. hair D. skin12. His letter was so confusing that I could hardly make any _ of it.A. explanatio
19、n B. meaning C. sense D. guess13. -Is Mr Smith in? - No, hes asked for _ leave.A. a two weeks B. a two-week C. a two-weeks D. a two weeks14. -_ car crashed into a tree yesterday. They must have been driving too fast.- Every boy and every girl _ to drive that fast.Prepared by Owen3A. Tom and Janes; w
20、ish B. Toms and Janes ;wishes C. Tom and Janes ; likes D. Toms and Janes ; want15. _ Mr Wang has! He almost never remembers where he leaves his keys.A. What a poor memory B. What poor memory C. How good a memory D. How poor memory16. The _ change of weather may have some _ his health.A. sudden; caus
21、ed B. sudden; effect on C. suddenly; bad results to D. suddenly; effect on17. Because prices of food and clothing and almost everything else in that country have steadily gone up the buying _ of the dollar has gone down.A. energy B. force C. power D. strength18. _ of English is helpful if you are de
22、voted to _ English literature.A. A good knowledge; study B. A good knowledge ; studyingC. Good knowledge; study D. Good knowledge; studying19. -Few children are as bright as he is, and also, he works very hard.- Its no _ that he always gets the first place in any examination.A. doubt B. problem C. q
23、uestion D. wonder20. Marys handwriting is better than_ in her class.A. anyone else B. anyone elses C. anyones else D. other students21. It really doesnt make any _ whether to buy a laptop computer or a desktop computer.A. choice B. decision C. difference D. sense22. Many students signed up for the _
24、 race in the sports meeting to be held next week.A. 800-meter-long B. 800-meters-long C. 800 meter length D. 800 meters length23. His behaviour at the party last night seemed rather_. Many of us were quite surprised.A. out of practice B. out of place C. out of politeness D. out of pity24. These foot
25、ball players had no strict _ until they joined our club.A. practice B. education C. training D. exercise25. If it was not an accident, he must have done it _.A. on purpose B. in common C. on occasion D. in time26. We must keep our room clean. Dirt and disease go _.A. from time to time B. hand in han
26、d C. step by step D. one after another27. _ is known to us all, _ feed on grass while horses on grain.A. It , cattle B. This; cattles C. What ; cattles D. As; cattle28. _ everyone can hear the speaker there is no_ in turning up the radio.A. Now that; point B. Even if; point C. Now that, need D. Even
27、 if; need29. Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first _.A. intention B. attempt C. purpose D. desire30. No one has yet succeeded in explaining the _ of how life began.A. cause B. problem C. reason D. puzzle31. Jack tried hard to g
28、et a gold medal in this Winter Olympic Games but he had no _.A. luck B. time C. fate D. entrance32. The young man owes his success to many people , his parents _.A. after all B. by chance C. on purpose D. in particular33. I should like to try that coat on, for I dont know if it is my _.A. shape B. m
29、odel C. design D. size34. It is important for us to employ a word or phrase to the _ in language studies.A. situation B. expression C. condition D. translation35. Flight BA 123 to Vienna is now boarding at _.A. Gate 21 B. 21st Gate C. the Gate 21 D. 21 Gate36. -Shall we take a walk before dinner?- O
30、h, yes, _ is my favourite time of a day.A. the early evenings B. in the early evening C. the early of the evening D. early evening37. Being poor, she had to borrow a new _ so as to attend the party.A. cloth B. clothes C. clothing D. dress38. Popular music is liked by many people, but it is not to ev
31、eryones _.A. manners B. smell C. taste D. thought39. Such good _ should be made of ones spare time to study another foreign language. A. chance B. choice C. decision D. use40. She thought the painting was of little _ , so she let him have it for only $15.A. cost B. important C. price D. value41. The
32、re are three _ in our clinic.A. woman doctor B. woman doctors C. women doctor D. women doctors42. I tried every _ to make him give up smoking.A. mean B. ways C. meaning D. means43. _ will conquer nature.A. The man B. Man C. Any man D. The men44. Yesterday I was invited to the dinner at _.A. Turners
33、B. the Turners C. Turners D. the Turners45. Jess went to a _ for some shoes.A. shoes store B. shoe store C. shoes store D. shoes store46. Standing on top of the mountain, youll get a wonderful _.A. joy B. seeing C. view D. nature47. He was chosen _ of the company.A. manager B. a manager C. the manag
34、er D. as a manager4 键入文档标题 448. -What can I do for you? - Id like to have a _ of China Daily.A. piece B. sheet C. lot D. copy49. _it is to listen to music!A. How fun B. How a fun C. What a fun D. What fun50. What the expert has said and done will be _ to the department managers.A. value B. benefit C
35、. of valuable D. of benefit 1-5 ACDDD 6-10 DACDD 11-15 CCBCA 16-20 BCBDB 21-25 CABCA 26-30 BDABA 31-35 ADDAA 36-40 DDCDD 41-45 DDBDB 6-50 CADDD第二章 主谓一致句子的谓语动词和句子的主语应在数方面保持一致。主谓一致的基本原则是：主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。句子的主语有以下几种类型：1带后置定语型。其谓语动词的形式依主语的单复数而定，与后置定语无关。（together）with except / but S + besi
36、des Vrather than as well as A library together with a lot of books has been given to our school as a gift.Two pilots as well as all the passengers were killed in this plane crash. 两个飞行员连同所有旅客都死于这次空难。2部分整体型。其谓语的单复数，由整体部分决定。70 percenttwo-thirdspart of the / ones + n +Vhalf （整体）allthe rest1）About 70% o
37、f the surface of the earth is covered by water.2）Part of the books are worth reading, but the rest（of them）are of no value.注：all 单独作主语时，All 指人谓语用复数。All 指物或事情谓语用单数。1）All are eager to reach an agreement. 所有的人都急于达成协议。2）All is going well. 一切都进展顺利。3定语仅能修饰单数名词型，其谓语动词用单数。Each / EveryEither / NeitherAnother
38、 + n（单数） + VMany aMore than oneMore than one graduate wants to go to work in Western China. 不止一个毕业生要求去中国西部工作。Many a day has passed since the boy was lost. 那个男孩失踪已有许多天。4就近一致型。下列连词连接两个主语时，及 there be 句型有多个并列主语，谓语应与最靠近的主语保持一致。A or B 1）Either you or I am to meet them at the station.Either A or B 不是你就是我要去
39、车站接他们。Neither A nor B 2）Not only the teacher but also his students object to the plan.Not only A but also B 3）There is an air-conditioner and two computers in his office.There be A, B and C 在他办公室有一台空调和二台电脑。5需记住的其他规则Either1）Neither of + n 作主语，谓语用单数。EachNone of + n（复数）作主语，谓语用单数或复数均可。None of + n（单数）作主语
40、，谓语用单数。Either of the answers is right. 两个答案中有一个是对的。None of the cars was / were damaged. 这些车都没有受损。None of the food has gone bad. 食物没有变质。2）a number of + n（复数）作主语，谓语用复数。the number of + n（复数）作主语，谓语用单数。A large number of students are from the south. 很多学生是南方人。The number of students in our school has gone u
41、p to 3000. 我校学生数已上升到 3000 人。3）关系代词作主语，定语从句谓语动词的形式取决于其先行词的单复数。He is one of the few persons who have a good knowledge of Italian.他是精通意大利语的少数人之一。在以上句子中，persons 是 who 的先行词，从句谓语动词用复数。（比较）He is the only one of the boys who was given a prize.他是这些孩子中唯一受到奖励的。当 one 之前有 the only 修饰时，one 是 who 的先行词，从句谓语动词用单数。4）
42、单个动名词，不定式或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用单数。两个并列的动名词，不定式或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用复数。When and where to hold the meeting isnt decided yet.（一个不定式作主语）What I say and what I think are none of your business. 我说什么，想什么与你无关。 （两个并列主语从句作主语）5）each, any, every, no 构成的复合代词都当作单数看待。Prepared by Owen5Someone is asking you on the phone. 有人在打电话找你。注
43、：复合代词作主语，反意疑问句的主语通常用 they，也可用 he。Everyone was present at the meeting, werent they / wasnt he ?Someone has known the news, havent they / hasnt he ?6）以“s” 结尾的书刊名、国名、机构名和学科名作主语，谓语用单数。The United Nations was set up in 1942. 联合国建于 1942 年。The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer. 坎特伯雷故事集 是乔叟写的。Economics
44、 is my major. 经济学是我的主修课程。7）某些形容词或分词和定冠词 the 连用表示某类人作主语，谓语用复数。The sick have been cured and the lost have been found. 病人得到医治，失踪的也已找回来了。8）由 and 连接两个单数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。English and Chinese are quite different languages.若 and 并列的主语在意义上指同一个人，同一概念或对立统一的事物，谓语动词用单数。The manager and secretary is as busy as a bee
45、 all day. 那位经理兼秘书整天忙忙碌碌。 （两个名词共用一个冠词，指同一个人）War and peace is a contant theme in history. 战争与和平是历史永恒的主题。 （对立统一的一对事物）9）单复数同形的名词如 deer, means；集合名词如 family 作主语，如何决定谓语动词的单复数，请见第四章冠词。xercise 1 主谓一致1I, who your friend, will try my best to help you.Abe Bam Cis Dare2The United States must look out of the rights of citizens.Aits Btheir Cours Dus3So far as I know, more than one person connected with the accident.Ais Bhas Care Dhave4Maths as well as physics always me to much trouble.Acauses Bputs Ccause Dput5Not only you and I but Peter, the top student in our grade, not able to solve the problem. A
