1、1英文文献引用规范1、文献引证参考文献引用的规范按（the American Psychological Association）规范，本节提供部分实例，供参考。1.1 正文中的引证学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出处时应该使用括号夹注的方法，一般不使用脚注或者尾注。1.1.1 引用整篇文献的观点引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况，一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如：Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sourc
2、es of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990).另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，如：Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990).如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，如：In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte
3、and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如： (Zhang, 2005) 1.1.2 引用文献中具体观点或文字引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码，没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。例如:Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility f
4、or the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (Taylor, 1988, p. 11).2Newmark (1988, pp. 39-40) notes three characteristically expressive text-types: (a) serious imaginative literature (e.g. lyrical poetry); (b) authoritative statements (political speeches and documents, statutes and
5、 legal documents, philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities); (c) autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (when these are personal effusions).注意在这些例子中引文超过一页时的页码标记方法：(1988, pp. 39-40)。假若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，则不需要在括号夹注中重复，如：Taylor writes that Emily Bronte “expressed increasing host
6、ility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (1988, p. 11).1.1.3 引用多位作者写作的同一文献两位作者:Research (Yamada Sullivan, Weinert Weinert translated 1913)1.2.3 著录尚未正式出版的文献硕博士论文（Dissertation）Thompson, L. (1988). Social perception in negotiation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Northwe
7、stern University, Evanston, IL.学术会议上的报告（Conference paper）Hogan, R., Raskin, R., Mizuno, 1985) have attributed the lower error rates to learners avoidance of uncertain uses of articles. 错误：People (Kharma, 1981;Mizuno, 1985)have attributed the lower error rates to learners avoidance of uncertain uses
8、of articles. 正确：Master (1987, 1988) also found that “the” was overused in the same environment. 错误：Master (1987,1988) also found that “the” was overused in the same environment. 正确：Hakuta (1976) found two types of error in the subjects article usage and he termed them “error of omission” and “error
9、of commission.” 错误：Hakuta (1976) found two types of error in the subjects article usage and he termed them “error of omission ” and “ error of commission.”句子结尾在标点后空一格，不要空两格。152.1.2 正确使用大小写论文中使用有序号的单位的时候，单位名称的首字母应该大写（见图2.2） 。图2.2：单位名称的正确格式正确：Rules frequently cited by the interviewees are summed up in
10、 Table 3.9. 正确：The results show that Group 1 outperformed Group 2. 错误：Rules frequently cited by the interviewees are summed up in table 3.9.错误：The results show that group 1 outperformed group 2. 任何标题第一个词的首字母必须大写。如果一个冒号后面的小句是一个完整的句子，小句第一个词的首字母必须大写。2.1.3 正确使用连接符号括号夹注中出现两至三个作者时，在APA的规范里应使用 连接符号“& ”（amp
11、ersand） 。连接符号“&”不得出现在正文里（见图2.3） 。图2.3：连接符号的使用正确：Yamada and Matsuura (1982) also reported the poor performance of some advanced Japanese college students who could use English articles correctly only in 70 percent of the cases. 错误：Yamada & Matsuura (1982) also reported the poor performance of some ad
12、vanced Japanese college students who could use English articles correctly only in 70 percent of the cases. 2.1.4 正确使用斜体（italics）（1） 论文中的语言实例（linguistic example） 、即作为单词引用的单词（words referred to as words）和作为字母引用的字母可以用斜体表示。文中不得用大写体或者另一种字体来表示单词（见图2.4） 。16图2.4：斜体的使用正确：Many people, even Shaw, spelled Shakes
13、peare without the final e.正确：Difficult words such as sphinx were explained in Chinese.正确：Twelve of the 30 participants in Group 2 could not correctly pronounce building. 错误：Many people, even Shaw, spelled Shakespeare without the final “e.”错误：Difficult words such as SPHINX were explained in Chinese.错
14、误：Twelve of the 30 participants in Group 2 could not correctly pronounce building. （2）独立出版物（包括书报杂志、期刊、剧本、电影、软件等）的名称用斜体标出，如，Contemporary History of China（书籍） 、Wall Street Journal（报纸） 、Star Trek（电影） ，但是出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品（讲演、论文等）的名称用引号标出，如， “The Lottery”（短篇小说） 、“London”（诗歌 ） 、 “How to Succeed in an In
15、terview”（演讲稿） 。 （3）正文中引用非英语的拉丁语应使用斜体。（4）统计符号应使用斜体，如“t test” 。（5）APA规范中期刊的卷数（不包括卷内的册数）应使用斜体，如“Language Learning, 23, 1”。（6）汉语拼音用斜体。2.1.5 正确使用引号引号在（1）正文中加入引语时使用；（2）引用独立出版物内含作品的名称以及未出版的作品（讲演、论文等）的名称时使用；（3）正文中第一次引用俚语、引用有讽刺意味或者生造的词语使用（但第二次引用开始则不再使用引号） ，如：Researchers in the West consider them learners “no
16、rmal” behavior. However, there is little evidence that such normal behavior can be found in Chinese university students. 论文中的语言实例（linguistic example）用斜体表示而不用引号标出。论文中的引语段不得用引号标出。2.1.6 避免使用缩略语（contractions）正文中不得使用口语体，不得使用缩略语，即：用“it is”、 “I am”而不用“its” 、 “Im”。2.2 数字的使用17（1）如果用英语撰写的论文偏重于文献研究而不需要使用很多数字，则
17、应用英语拼写可以用一个或者两个单词表示的数字，如：eight forty seven three hundred one thousand其余数字用阿拉伯数字表示，如“301” 、 “111”等。如果论文偏重于实证研究、需要使用大量数字，则正文中从“0”到“9”的数字必须用英语拼写，10和10以上的数字用阿拉伯数字表示，但是图表中的数字、用以作数学、统计运算的数字以及文字结构上与10以上数字相联系的数字即使小于10也仍旧用阿拉伯数字表示，如：25 words, including 8 verbs, 10 nouns, 7 adjectivesin 4 of the 22 cases studi
18、ed（2）量词前的数字必须用阿拉伯数字表示，如：“5 lbs.” 。（3）日期、地址、页码中的数字必须用阿拉伯数字表示。（4）大数字可以同时用拼写和阿拉伯数字表示，如：“$2 million ”。（5）句首的数字必须用英语拼写（见图2.5） 。图2.5：句首数字的处理正确：One hundred and thirty four students of a natural class participated in the study. 错误：134 students of a natural class participated in the study.2.3 非英语词句的引用用英语撰写的论
19、文必须使得母语为英语的读者能够看懂，因此论文中引用的汉语或其它语言的词句都应该加以解释。专门讨论翻译、语言对比的论文往往有整段的非英语引文，引文的英文翻译应放在上下文读者容易找到的地方。非英语引文及其英文翻译均应视为引语段，按引语段的格式编排，首尾不得使用引号（见第2.3.3节） 。英文翻译如果属于引文同样必须注明出处。除了整段使用非英语引文以外，凡是使用非英语短句或词语的（不包括英语中的外来语）必须提供英语翻译，翻译应放在引号和括号之内。论文中汉语或其它非拉丁书写语的词句如果属于引文，则应用引号，但如果属于语言实例（linguistic example） ，则不应使用引号（更不得使用斜体）
20、。英语以外的其它拉丁语的词句则应使用斜体，属于引文还要加引号，否则不加引号。见图2.6。图2.6：非英语短句或词语英语翻译的格式正确：Learners of Spanish tend to overuse certain idiomatic expressions, e.g., irse todo en humo (“to go up in smoke”). 错误：Learners of Spanish tend to overuse certain idiomatic expressions, e.g., “irse todo en humo” (“to go up in smoke”).1
21、8正确：Some translators emphasized the concept of 信 (“faithfulness”). 错误：Some translators emphasized the concept of “信” (“faithfulness”).论文中出现的汉语或其它非拉丁书写语不得加英语词缀（见图2.7） 。图2.7：正确使用英语词缀正确：In Chinese, using 好 (“fine”) several times is not necessarily an emphatic device.错误：In Chinese, using several 好s (“fi
22、ne”) is not necessarily an emphatic device.2.4 统计数字的报告在课题研究中使用了统计方法的论文撰写人在报告结果时应该按照统计报告的规范，首先报告描述统计的结果，即：平均值（mean） 、标准差（standard deviation）等，然后再报告推断统计的结果，推断统计结果应包括自由度和显著性水平。推断过程中计算机软件产生的图表一般没有必要打印，如确有需要，可放在论文的附录部分。图2.8为一些正文中报告推断统计结果的实例。图2.8：报告推断统计结果的规范例：The effect of age was not statistically signif
23、icant, F(1, 123) = 2.45, p = .12.例：An examination of the number of hours of television viewing and the frequency of aggressive acts for each of the 60 children revealed a positive or direct correlation between television viewing and instances of aggressive behavior. An analysis using Pearsons correl
24、ation coefficient supported this observation, r(58) = .63, p .001.例：The control group (M = 14.1) remembered more words on the memory test than the drugged group (M = 12.3). This difference was tested using an independent groups t test, and was shown to be nonsignificant, t(18) = 1.23, p = .283. Thus
25、, the data fail to support the notion of a drug effect on memory.例：The mean scores for the short, medium, and long retention intervals were 5.9, 10.3, and 14.2, respectively. A one way analysis of variance 19revealed a significant effect of retention interval, F(2, 34) = 123.07, p .001.例：While 60% o
26、f the males agreed that their map reading skills were strong, only 35% of the females did. A 2 x 2 Chi Square analysis revealed that this was a significant difference, x2 (1, N = 119) = 10.51, p = .0012, suggesting that there was a relationship between gender and confidence in map reading skills.注意：统计符号均须用斜体。另外，在报告绝对值小于1的小数时，小数点左面的“0”应该省去。
