1、大学英语四级写作 College English Writing -CET 4-,西安工业大学北方信息工程学院 魏 明,第九讲 论证观点类作文,提纲模式,论证观点类作文的提纲一般可以分为两类：一类是要求论证一个谚语或格言，这一类的提纲特点比较鲜明，一般是先给出一个谚语、格言并要求阐述其中的道理，然后要求对该谚语中的道理进行论证（多为例证）；另一类是要求论证一种普遍的观点，提纲中经常会先指出一种现象、做法或观点（大都与本文论点相矛盾），然后由此引出一种正确的观点，之后可能会要求直接论证该观点，也可能没有明确要求，但仍要对其进行论证。 两类论证观点类作文的提纲的主要不同之处在于，前一种的论点是一句
2、谚语或格言，后一种的论点比较宽泛。另外，前一种一般都是直接提出观点，后一种则一般会要求描述观点背景，再由此引出论点。,行文思路,论证观点类作文的写作重点在于观点中的道理或其正确性的论证，结合其提纲特点，我们经常采用如下的行文思路：,提出观点段描述背景现象、做法或观点-由此引出要论证的观点（主题句）-解释或强调观点中的道理论证观点段总体引出例证或论据（主题句）-例证或论据一-例证或论据二-例证或论据三重申观点段重申观点（主题句）-强调其重要意义或指出需要注意的地方,观点背景在提纲中会有所体现，如提纲中直接提出观点，一般则不需要交代背景。如果观点比较简单明确，也可以不进行解释说明。论据要充分，不能
3、重复观点，即使提纲没有明确要求用例证，也最好适当结合实例。举例时，可举两到三个例子，选取一、两个适当展开。也可以只举一个例子，详细展开论证。重申观点时注意适当变换用词或是句式。,题目,Directions： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled Practice Makes Perfect. You should write at least 100 words following the outline given below. 1）怎样理解“熟能生巧” 2）例如：在英语学习中 3）又如,提纲
4、分析,本文应为论证观点类作文。根据所给提纲，本文应采用如下行文思路： 第一段为提出观点段-先提出“熟能生巧”的论点，然后解释其中蕴含的道理； 第二段为论证观点段-通过该谚语在英语学习中以及其他方面的应用论证其正确性； 第三段为重申观点段-重申“熟能生巧”的正确性，指出坚持该谚语时应注意的事项。,Practice Makes Perfect,提出观点段 “Practice makes perfect” is a proverb full of logic, which has been generally accepted. It tells us that if we practice an
5、unfamiliar thing again and again, well be able to perform it perfectly. The truth of it is deep and profound.,提出观点段 主题句：提出谚语-“熟能生巧”是一个充满哲理的谚语，被人们普遍接受。 扩展句一；解释谚语中的道理-对于不熟悉的事情，通过反复实践就能做好。 扩展句二：强调谚语中的道理-其中的道理十分深远。,Practice Makes Perfect,论证观点段 Many remarkable examples contribute to this proverb. A case
6、in point is English learning. In order to learn English well, we need extra practice, such as reading English books, going to English corners and communicating with foreigners. This is close to suggest that people can grasp English only if they follow the saying “Practice makes perfect”. For another
7、 example, if we want to be skilled in using the computer, we also need to practice using it often. Besides, in other areas of our lives, practice is also necessary, and we can hardly do things well without practice.,论证观点段 主题句：总体引出论证-许多例子都能证明这一谚语。扩展句一：例证一-一个典型的例子就是英语学习。 扩展句二、三：进一步阐述例证一-学习英语需要反复练习，只要遵
8、循熟能生巧的道理就能学好英语。扩展句四：例证二-计算机学习也需要反复实践操作。扩展句五：例证三-实践在我们生活中的其他领域也很重要。,Practice Makes Perfect,重申观点段Judging from the evidence offered, we might safely draw the conclusion that continuous practice and efforts will lead to final success. But what is worth noting is that we should have a right theoretical d
9、irection before we put our efforts into practice.,重申观点段 主题句：承上启下，重申观点-实践和努力是通往成功之路。扩展句：指出注意事项-实践要在正确的理论指导下进行。,Exercise,Directions： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled Constant Dropping Wears Away a Stone. You should write at least 120 words following the outline give
10、n below. 1）怎样理解“滴水穿石”这句谚语 2）举例论证,提纲分析,提纲第一点要求解释一句谚语，提纲第二点要求举例论证该谚语，由此可判断本文应为论证观点类作文。 根据所给提纲，本文应采取如下行文思路： 第一段为提出观点段-先提出“滴水穿石”的论点，然后解释其中蕴含的道理； 第二段为论证观点段-论证该谚语在英语学习以及其他方面的正确性； 第三点为重申观点段-重申“滴水穿石”的正确性，指出坚持该谚语时应注意的事项。,Constant Dropping Wears Away a Stone,提出观点段 As the old saying goes, “constant dropping we
11、ars away a stone”. It tells us that, no matter how tough that a thing is, one can make it by persisting with it. This proverb is universal for its correctness and vividness.,提出观点段 主题句：提出谚语-滴水能够穿石。 扩展句一；解释谚语中的道理-不管一件事有多么的难，只要我们坚持就能成功。 扩展句二：强调谚语中的道理-其中的道理十分准确并且生动。,Constant Dropping Wears Away a Stone,
12、论证观点段 Many remarkable examples contribute to this proverb. A case in point is learning. During your college life, you must know at least one classmate who is not smart by nature but is among the top students in your class. The reason for his achievements is perseverance. For another example, in face
13、 of difficulty or illness, we also need to be persistent.,论证观点段 主题句：总体引出论证-许多例子都能证明这一谚语。扩展句一：例证一-一个典型的例子就是学习。扩展句二：进一步阐述例证一-在大学中，总有一位同学天资并不聪颖，但却是班里成绩最优秀的学生。扩展句三：进一步阐述例证一-他成功的原因就是坚持不懈。 扩展句四：例证二-在困难和疾病面前，我们也需要坚持。,Constant Dropping Wears Away a Stone,重申观点段 Judging from the evidence offered, we may safel
14、y draw a conclusion that persisting efforts will lead to final success. But what must be noticed is that we should make sure the thing we are going to do is meaningful and worth the efforts.,重申观点段 主题句：承上启下，重申观点-坚持不懈的努力会使我们取得最终的成功。扩展句：指出注意事项-我们要能确保我们所做的事情是有意义的并且是值得我们努力的。,写作技巧-松散句和掉尾句,什么是松散句和掉尾句 简单地说，
15、松散句指的是把主要信息放在前面，辅助信息放在后面的句式；掉尾句指的是把辅助信息放在前面，主要信息放在后面的句式。简单句、并列句和主从复合句都有松散句和掉尾句之分。 They were sweeping the snow outdoors, hands red with the cold.Hands red with the cold, they were sweeping the snow outdoors.,如何使用松散句和掉尾句,松散句简单明了、自然直接，读者看了前面的部分一般就可以知道句子想表达的主要意思。松散句常用来自然有序地陈述观点或罗列事实。 掉尾句则相对复杂、庄重，读者在看完整个
16、句子之后才知道它想表达的是什么意思。掉尾句常用于强调或达到某种修饰效果。 一般来说，文章中大多数句子都应该是松散句，正因为这样，偶尔使用掉尾句往往可以起到突出强调的效果，但要注意不能频繁使用，以免使文章的意思表达不够直接明了，显得做作。,Suburban life will gain more and more popularity among city dwellers with the growing evidence of its superiority over city life.With the growing evidence of its superiority over ci
17、ty life, suburban life will gain more and more popularity among city dwellers.,Exercises,We can win the battle against any other outbreak of calamities only by doing so. Only by doing so, can we win the battle against any other outbreak of calamities. Above all, because they can make contributions t
18、o others, the volunteers will feel satisfied and delighted. Above all, the volunteers will feel satisfied and delighted because they can make contributions to others. Among the three cities, City B is what I like best. I think we should consider safety and climate first when we choose a city. Among
19、the three cities, what I like best is City B. When choosing a city, I think, we should consider safety and climate first.,写作技巧-比较句型,比较句型在英语中使用频率较高，从比较的内容来看，主要分为两类：相似性的比较和差异性的比较。,表示相似性,1. Just as, so （正如， .也一样） Food is necessary to life. Books are necessary to our spirit Just as food is necessary to
20、life, so are books to our spirit. 2.share/have in common（在方面有共同点） China and the U.S.A. have some interests in common in foreign trade area. 3. Bear some similarities to （和具有相似之处） Lots of ancient Chinese constructions bear striking similarities to that of other structures in other parts of the world,
21、 which discloses the similarity in human civilization. 4. The same is true of/with （也是如此） People who are financially dependent will be bullied by the rich ones. And the same is true of with countries.,表示相似性,5. vice versa/the reverse is true（反之亦然） If you are friendly to others, they will hold hospita
22、ble attitude towards you and vice versa. 6. asas（和一样） Some of the doctors are paid almost twice as much as the nurses. 7. no less/more than （不比少/多） The father is an ambitious man; the sons ambition is no less than the father。,表示差异性,1. the opposite of（恰恰与相反） He hopes his wife can give birth to a male
23、 inheritor to such a large fortune; whereas his wifes wish is just the opposite of his. 2. It is just the other way around（相反，） He is not your friend. It is just the other way around. He is your rival. 3. different/differ fromin that（与的不同之处在于） His character is different from his brother in that he i
24、s introvert. 4. less/morethan（比少/多） More people are buying new cars than ever before.,Exercises,Wheels will be good for animals. Wheels will be good for us.（转换成具有相似形的句子） Wheels will be good for animals, just they are for us. Beijing （和上海的不同点在于）_, Beijing possesses long historical background. differs from Shanghai in that,Thank you!,
