1、大学英语四级写作 College English Writing -CET 4-,西安工业大学北方信息工程学院 魏 明,第七讲 阐述方法类,提纲模式,阐述方法类作文提纲中一般是先提出某个问题、目标或更重要的事情，然后要求说明如何解决问题、实现该目标或做成该事，最后可能会要求谈谈自身情况或个人看法。这类作文的标题多以How开头。,行文思路,阐述方法类作文的写作重点是对方法的说明，结合其提纲特点，我们经常采用如下的行文思路：,提出问题段概括提出问题或要实现的目标（主题句）-具体描述问题、目标或重要性-强调解决问题或实现目标的必要性或紧迫性说明方法段总体引出方法（主题句）-方法一/因素一-方法二/因
2、素二-方法三/因素三-总结方法个人看法段/个人情况段总体评论问题或目标/总述个人情况（主题句）具体评论该问题或目标/具体说明个人情况或理由-总结全文，提出建议或希望。,对问题的具体描述要依照提纲来写。注意结尾句要承上启下。可能是方法，也可能是解决问题或实现目标的决定因素。方法或因素可以是两或三点，不一定每点都要展开说明。如提纲比较具体（如结合自身情况），就按提纲要求写；如未作要求或只要求谈谈看法，可以根据问题或目标简单进行评论，并提出建议或希望。,题目,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay
3、 entitled How to Succeed in a Job Interview. You should write at least 100 words following the outline given below: 1）面试在求职过程中的作用 2）取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自身、实事求是,提纲分析,提纲第一点要求说明面试的作用，提纲第二点要求说明怎样做才能取得面试成功，由此可判断本文应为阐述方法类作文。 本题提纲虽然只有两点，但在写作时，为了确保文章结构的合理和完整，应将其整理为三段，即采用如下的行文思路： 第一段为提出问题段-提出面试这一问题，并说明
4、面试在求职过程中的重要性； 第二段为说明方法段-说明决定面试成功的因素（可从提纲列举的因素中选取三点作为自己熟悉的来写）； 第三段为个人看法段-谈谈“我”对面试的认识，提出建议或希望。,How to Succeed in a Job Interview,提出问题段 It is generally accepted that an interview is very important in the process of job hunting. It is a good chance for a job hunter to display his talents. Additionally,
5、whether the job hunter can leave a good impression on the interviewer might decide whether he could get the job. Therefore, how to succeed in a job interview is worth paying more attention to.,提出问题段 主题句：概括提出问题-面试在求职过程中十分重要。 扩展句一：总述问题重要性一-面试是展示才能的好时机。 扩展句二：进一步描述问题重要性-面试中是否留下好印象可能会决定是否被录用。 结尾句：承上启下，强调
6、解决问题的必要性-如何在面试中获得成功值得关注。,How to Succeed in a Job Interview,说明方法段 Many factors play important roles in a successful interview. First of all, interviewees should dress neatly and properly since the first impression is always where we start. Moreover, the interviewee must demonstrate clearly his aptitu
7、de and skills for the job. Besides, a really impressive job seeker must convey a sense of self-confidence, which will help persuade the interviewer to believe his ability. With the knowledge of all these factors, one can succeed in a job interview.,说明方法段 主题句：概括引出方法-很多因素对面试成功起到关键作用。 扩展句一：关键因素一-应该穿戴整洁
8、，留下良好的印象。 扩展句二：关键因素二-充分展示对该工作的了解及个人的天资。 扩展句三：关键因素三-表现出自信。 结尾句：总结方法-了解了这些决定因素才能在面试中取得成功。,How to Succeed in a Job Interview,个人看法段 As far as Im concerned, the importance of an interview cant be underestimated. However, the opportunity is for those who are well-prepared. Therefore, it is necessary for u
9、s college students to learn in advance the points to perform better in a job interview.,个人看法段 主题句：总体评论问题-强调面试非常重要。扩展句：具体评论问题-机会是给有准备的人的。结尾句：提出建议-大学生要提前充分了解面试成功的因素。,Exercise,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled How to Lead a Low-carbon life. You should writ
10、e at least 100 words following the outline given below: 1）当前十分流行“低碳”生活方式：降低二氧化碳排放量，实现低能耗 2）如何做到低碳生活 3）谈谈低碳生活的重要性,提纲分析,提纲第一点提出一个要实现的目标，提纲第二点要求指出实现该目标的方法，提纲第三点要求谈谈实现该目标的重要性，由此可判断本文应为阐述方法类作文。 根据所给提纲，本文应采取如下行文思路： 第一段为提出问题段-什么是低碳生活方式； 第二段为说明方法段-说明实现低碳生活的方法； 第三段为个人看法段-谈谈“我”低碳生活的认识，指明其重要性。,How to Lead a Lo
11、w-carbon life,提出问题段 Nowadays, energy conservation and carbon reduction have become challenges for people all over the world. Thus, the concept of “the low-carbon life” has been widely accepted as soon as it was proposed. That is, reducing carbon-dioxide emission and lowering the power consumption. T
12、hen what we can do to live a low-carbon life?,提出问题段 主题句：概括提出问题-现如今，能源保护和减少二氧化碳的排放成为全球的重大挑战。 “低碳生活”这一概念在提出来不久就得到人们的广泛接受。 什么是低碳生活？所谓低碳生活，就是减少二氧化碳的排放量，降低能耗。 结尾句：承上启下，强调解决问题的必要性-我们怎样才能做到低碳生活？,How to Lead a Low-carbon life,说明方法段The key point is to lower energy consumption. Firstly, save the used water, f
13、or example, clean a mop and flush the toilet with the used water. Secondly, take showers in a shorter time and in slightly lower temperatures. Thirdly, turn the lights off when you dont need them, use energy-saving lamps as far as possible. Last but not the least, travel by public transport instead
14、of private vehicles. Small activities could create big changes.,说明方法段主题句：概括引出方法-最关键的就是要降低能源消耗。 扩展句一：做法一-用过的水洗拖布或是冲洗厕所。 扩展句二：做法二-缩短洗澡时间，尽量调低温度。 扩展句三：做法三不用灯的时候把灯关掉，尽量使用节能灯。 扩展句四-做法四-乘坐公共交通车辆，少开私家车。 总结句-很小的做法就能带来很大的变化。,How to Lead a Low-carbon life,个人看法段 Living a low-carbon life is beneficial to our en
15、vironment. Low-carbon means low pollution and low greenhouse gases. Then our goal of sustainable development will be achieved more effectively, and more resources and energy can be saved for our later generations.,个人看法段 主题句：总体评论问题-低碳生活对我们的环境有益。 扩展句：具体评论问题-低碳生活意味着更少的污染，更少的温室效应。 结尾句：提出建议-这样我们才能更有效率地达到
16、我们可持续发展的目标，才能为下一代节省更多的资源和能源。,第八讲 选择立场类作文,提纲模式,选择立场类作文的提纲中一般是先指出一种有争议的现象、话题或观点，或是提出两种对立的观点或做法，然后要求表明自己的态度或看法。 需要注意的是，有时提纲在指出争议现象、话题或观点后，会明确指出“我”应该采取的态度或做法，此时就不需要在两种观点或做法中进行选择，这类作文我们将其界定为论证观点类作文。,行文思路,选择立场类作文的写作重点在于对观点或做法的对比论证以及个人立场的表达，结合其提纲特点，我们经常采用如下行文思路：,提出争议段 指出争议现象、话题或观点-阐述人们对其的争议。对比论证段 阐述争议一方的观点
17、和理由-转折引出争议另一方观点-阐述争议另一方的理由。表明看法段 表明“我”的看法（主题句）-阐述“我”的理由-总结全文，提出建议或希望。,阐述争议时简单提出对立观点或做法即可，一般不在此展开论证。每种观点给出一至两点理由，不需要长篇大论。本段论述要客观，不要掺杂个人观点，不应出现第一人称。尽量给出明确且积极的选择，并给出充分的理由。,题目,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourist
18、s? You should write at least 100 words following the outline given below: 1）名校校园正成为旅游新热点； 2）校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同； 3）我认为,提纲分析,提纲第一点提出一个有争议的现象，提纲第二点指出针对该现象存在着不同的观点，提纲第三点要求表明“我的看法”，由此可判断本文应为选择立场类作文。,行文思路:,第一段为提出争议段-由名校校园成为旅游热点引出人们对“校园是否应该对游客开放”的争议； 第二段为对比论证段-对此阐述争议双方各自的理由； 第三段为表明看法段-表明“我”对校园对游客开放问题的看法，并阐述
19、理由。,Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists,提出争议段 Nowadays, famous universities campuses are becoming the new hot spots for the tourists. When it comes to whether the university campus should be open to tourists, there is no complete agreement among people.,提出争议段 指出争议现象-大学校园正成为旅游新热点。接着阐述争议-
20、关于大学校园是否应该对游客开放，个人看法不同,Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists,对比论证段Some people take it for granted that the university campus should embrace tourists across the country. They believe that refusing tourists is contradicting universities proclaimed spirit of openness. In addition, no univers
21、ity has the right to reject taxpayers to enter its grounds because it is public land. However, others maintain that the university campus should be closed to tourists. They argue that too many tourists will add a burden to the security department of the universities. Besides, these tourists will des
22、troy the quiet atmosphere and affect students normal study.,对比论证段争议一方观点-一些人认为大学应该对全国的游客敞开怀抱。阐述争议一方的理由-拒绝游客进入违背大学的开放精神。进一步阐述争议一方的理由-大学没有权利拒绝纳锐人进入。转折引出争议一方的观点-大学应该谢绝游客参观。阐述另一方争议的理由-太多的游客会增加安保负担。进一步阐述争议另一方的理由-游客会破坏大学的环境，影响学生学习。,Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists,表明看法段 Weighing up these tw
23、o arguments, I prefer the former opinion. For one thing, it enables high school students to get more information about a university and have better preparation for choosing a suitable university. For another, a university should be an open place and impart the openness to its students. Taking above-
24、mentioned factors into consideration, I suggest that the university campus welcome tourists.,表明看法段 主题句：表明“我”的看法-我支持前一种观点。 扩展句一：阐述我的理由-可以使高中生在进入大学以前更了解大学的情况。扩展句二：进一步阐述我的理由-大学应该有开放精神。结尾句：总结全文，提出建议-大学校园应该对游客敞开怀抱。,题目,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled New Ye
25、ars Eve, Dining out or at home? You should write at least 100 words following the outline given below: 1）现在很多人选择去饭店而不是在家吃年夜饭 2）另一些人坚持认为年夜饭应该在家吃 3）我”的看法,提纲分析,提纲第一点提出一个有争议的话题，提纲第二点指出针对该话题存在的不同观点，提纲第三点要求谈谈自己的看法，由此可判断本文应为选择立场类作文。,行文思路,第一段为提出争议段-对于年夜饭的地点，人们的选择不同； 第二段为对比论证段-对此阐述争议双方各自的理由； 第三段为表明看法段-表明“我”对
26、这个问题的看法，并阐述理由。,New Years Eve, Dining Outside or at Home?,提出争议段 In recent years, more and more people are so eager to dine outside that the seats of famous restaurants are often fully booked several weeks ahead of New Years Eve. However, still others think differently, they enjoy traditional celebrat
27、ion at home.,提出争议段 指出争议现象-近年来，越来越多的人都愿意在外面吃年夜饭，这使得许多餐厅在年夜前就已被订完。接着阐述争议-但同时也有一些人持另外一个观点，他们认为年夜饭应该在家里吃。,对比论证段 People dining outside are usually very busy all year round. They feel too tired to spend time on things like purchasing raw materials, cooking and washing a large number of dishes. As for thos
28、e who dine at home, they gain satisfaction through the activity that all the family members gather together, making dumplings and eating them.,对比论证段 争议一方观点-在外吃年夜饭的人一般都很忙。 阐述争议一方的理由-他们认为花时间买材料，做饭，洗碗很累。 转折引出争议一方的理由-选择在家吃年夜饭的人，他们感到一家人聚在一起吃饭其乐融融。,New Years Eve, Dining Outside or at Home?,New Years Eve,
29、Dining Outside or at Home?,表明看法段In my opinion, although dining outside on New Years Eve is very convenient, I still prefer dining at home. Putting the problems of the crowded environment and uncertainty of the sanitary conditions in the restaurant aside, celebrating the new year is more than having
30、a meal. I value the atmosphere that all the family members sit around the table and enjoy the dishes cooked by themselves. This is my ideal New Years Eve.,表明看法段 主题句：表明“我”的看法-我支持在家吃年夜饭的观点。扩展句一：阐述我的理由-先不说在外吃饭人多，而且餐厅的卫生条件也不好。扩展句二：进一步阐述我的理由-我喜欢一家人围坐一桌，吃年夜饭的氛围。结尾句：总结全文，提出建议-这就是我认为的除夕夜。,写作技巧-强调句和倒装句,适当运用强
31、调句和倒装句可以起到突出、强调的作用，达到较强的修辞效果。,强调句的使用,写作中常使用强调句来达到突出重点的目的。强调句的基本结构是：It is（was）+被强调部分+that（who）+句子成分。 另外，英语中还经常使用助动词do/does/did 对谓语动词进行强调，但写作时并不常用。 The money from parents and other family members mainly support us. It is the money from parents and other family members that mainly support us. I hope pe
32、ople can realize the urgency to solve this problem as soon as possible. I do hope people can realize the urgency to solve this problem as soon as possible,倒装句的使用,句子成分在句子中都有一定的位置，但有时可以把某些句子成分前后倒置，以达到突出强调的目的或起到某种修饰作用。 英语中倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装，部分倒装在写作中比较常见，经常由否定词提前或“only+状语”提前引起。 The white balloon flew higher
33、and higher till it vanished in the clouds. Higher and higher flew the white balloon till it vanished in the clouds. So many newspapers devoted so large a proportion of their space to the public concern about the drop-outs in no other country. In no other country did so many newspapers devote so larg
34、e a proportion of their space to the public concern about the drop-outs. I think that by sticking to one job one can accumulate a lot of experience in it, which in turn will further improve his work. I think that only by sticking to one job can one accumulate a lot of experience in it, which in turn
35、 will further improve his work.,Exercise,We have grown so old because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, rather than because of any change in the death rate.(强调句) It is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, ra
36、ther than because of any change in the death rate, that we have grown so old. However, those who insist on reading extensively argue that we obtain most of our knowledge through reading extensively.（强调句） However, those who insist on reading extensively argue that it is through reading extensively th
37、at we obtain most of our knowledge. The just because of this fund poor children can enjoy enough food and various books. （强调句） It is just because of fund that these poor children can enjoy enough food and various books. They argue sometimes other factors such as opportunity, diploma, but not fluent
38、spoken English, play a more important role in finding a better job.（强调句） They argue sometimes it is other factors such as opportunity, diploma, but not fluent spoken English, that play a more important role in finding a better job.,Exercise, When one goes beyond his own field and reads widely, he ca
39、n really make remarkable achievements in his study.（倒装句） Only when one goes beyond his own field and reads widely can he really make remarkable achievements in his study. There is rarely an opportunity for us to serve the community in this way.(倒装句) Rarely is an opportunity for us to serve the community in this way. By doing part-time jobs, students not only can earn tuition fees, but also can put knowledge in the textbooks into practice.（倒装句） By doing part-time jobs, not only can students earn tuition fees, but also can put knowledge in the textbooks into practice.,Thank you!,
