1、,大学英语四级写作指导,2,考核要求,四六级大学英语写作考试时间均为30分钟，分值占总分的15%。 四级要求考生写出一篇不少于120词的短文，试卷上可能给出题目，或规定情景，或要求看图作文，或给出段首句要求续写;或给出关键词要求写成短文。 要求能够正确表达思想，意义连贯，无重大语法错误。写作的内容包括日常生活和一般常识。短文写作部分的目的是测试学生运用英语书面表达思想的初步能力。,大学英语四六级作文评分标准,（注：虽然现在作文不是15分满分，但作文分值仍然占整卷的20%左右） 2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。
2、有较多的严重语言错误。 8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。(注: 白卷, 作文与题目毫不相关, 或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想,则给0分；字数不足，酌情扣分；只写一段者：04分；只写两段者：09分(按规定写三段的作文),一篇好的四级考场作文,字数适中 切题，语意连贯 基本无语法错误、标点错误 措辞遣句准确、简洁、有新意（用词多样性） 卷面整洁、书写流畅,5,写作的三个角度：语言第一位；结构第二位；内容
3、第三位 要求：结构简单，语言卓越，内容只要相关即可,6,用词贫乏，句式单一,许多考生的作文错误倒不多，相当符合语法要求，但用词贫乏，过多使用如more and more, I think, as you know等表达，并且句子结构过于简单。 统计结果表明，差的作文中简单句多，而好的作文简单句少；差的作文从句、连词、分词结构出现的频率大大低于好的作文；差的作文中关键词和同义表达出现的频率低于好的作文。用词的丰富和句式的多样应该主要通过多看好文章，仔细琢磨好文章中的用词和句子来提高。换句话说，也就是要从阅读中学习写作。,7,对策: 少用垃圾词汇,垃圾词汇1:help 典型例句:Ill help
4、you . 替代语 accommodate E.g: I“ll endeavour to accommodate you. 垃圾词汇2: helpful 典型例句:sth is helpful (to sb) 替代语 conducive有助于 E.g sth is conducive to sb 垃圾词汇3:show 典型例句:as it shows in the picture 替代语 betray,8,垃圾词汇4:think 典型例句:i think - - 替代语deem， harbor the idea that 垃圾词汇5: because 典型例句:xxx because xxx
5、替代语 in that/inasmuch as 垃圾词汇6: about 典型例句:it is about 250 times of that 替代语 it is approximately - 垃圾词汇7: if 替代语provided，supposing,高分真经,(一)背诵 背诵是提高英语综合能力的法宝，可分为以下5个层次：(1)精彩词汇；(2)精彩句型；(3)精彩句子；(4)万能框架；(5)经典范文。注意句子和句型不一样，精彩句子应作为单词来记忆。背诵前，确保自己已充分理解所有内容。 (二)默写背完经典范文后，进行默写。然后对照原文纠错，搞清楚错在什么地方。 (三)中译英 根据范文的中
6、文译文，将其按自己的理解译成英文。 (四)写作 模仿范文写作新的文章，套用范文的精彩词汇、句型、句子和框架。,写作步骤,1、审题 2、草拟提纲 3、正文写作 4、检查修改,审题步骤,1.确定体裁 议论文？ 应用文？ 说明文？ 描述文？ 2.确定主题句（论点） 把中文提纲英文,主题句,主题句（topic sentence）是表达段落主题的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。请看下例： My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Dont argue with par
7、ents; they will think you dont love them. Dont argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Dont argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mothers rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Dont
8、 argue.,主题句的位置,主题句通常放在段落的开端，其特点是开门见山地摆出问题，然后加以详细说明。其作用是使文章的结构更清晰，更具说服力，便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段的内容。主题句可以放在段中起到承上启下的作用，或放在段尾起概括全段的作用。但初学者比较难于掌握，因而在四级考试中，考生应尽量采用将主题句放在段落开头的写作手法。,草拟提纲,中文？ English？,根据题目和中文提纲利用2-3分钟时间列出写作要点， 理清要点间的逻辑关系，组织并列出写作素材，列出关键词，在头脑中形成一个整体的思路。,正文写作,结构： 首段： 综述（引出话题）中间段： 分论点1（主题句，论据）分论点2（主题句
9、，论据）末段：综述（总结全文，前后呼应）,检查修改,1.时态： 议论文一般现在时 描述文过去时 时态一致 2.主谓关系单复数 3.人称一致 4.可数不可数 5.指代问题,6.冠词的用法 7.词组和短语的固定搭配 8.单词拼写 9.标点符号,命题类型,（1）对比观点型 （2）说明利弊型 （3）解释现象型 （4）解决问题型 （5）图表表述型 （6）应用文写作,议论文写作的基本模式,从2006年6月四级改革以来，议论文已经成为四级作文的绝对主流，无论是学生还是老师，都对此类题目进行了充分的准备。对于这种类型的文章，写作框架如下： 第一段：现象背景介绍+引出话题（公众观点+大概理由）； 第二段：关于话
10、题的相关因素（影响，作用，好处，危害或原因等）； 第三段：陈述自己观点或预期未来。 组成一篇文章的三要素是：结构，内容和语言。对于此类型的文章，同学们是很难在结构上略胜一筹的； 至于具体内容，也完全不需要推陈出新，因为批卷老师是完全没有时间仔细看理由的。所以，如何体现我们的写作能力和文章价值，关键在于文章遣词造句的质量。 此类文章的高分原则为：第一，在文章中必须有五个左右的衔接词，来体现逻辑性。第二，用词尽量避免重复，体现语言的灵活和升级。第三，尽量使用非陈述句式，如倒装、被动、虚拟语气及插入语等。,（1）对比观点型作文对策,作文类型与要求： 阐述对立观点型作文的中文提纲则往往是这样的： 1有
11、（些）人认为 2也有（些）人认为 3我的看法/观点 这类型的作文的写作可以采用以下的模式： 第一段：引出讨论的主题，阐述观点A及其理由 第二段、阐述观点B及其理由 第三段：表明自己的观点以及理由 注意：在结尾的时候，一定要表明自己的观点。,对比观点型高分模板The topic of _(主题) is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the rea
12、sons of _ (支持A的理由一)。 Whats more, _(理由二)。Thirdly, _ (理由三)。While others think B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly, _ (支持B的理由一). Besides, _(理由二). Finally, _(理由三)。From my point of view, I think _(我的观点). The reason is that _(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons
13、to explain my choice.For me, the former is surely a wise choice.,经典句型-对比观点常用句型 1. As to whether it is worthwhile ., there is a long-running controversial debate. It is quite natural that people from different backgrounds may have divergent attitudes towards it.关于是否值得_的问题，一直以来争论不休。当然，不同的人对此可能持不同的观点。2
14、. When it comes to , most people believe that , but other people regard as .提到_问题，很多人认为_，不过，一些人则认为_是_.3. When faced with., quite a few people claim that ., but other people think as提到_问题，有人认为_，但另一些人则认为_。4. There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of . Those who criticize argue that ., t
15、hey believe that ,but people who favor , on the other hand, argue that目前，_问题争议较大。批判_的人认为_，他们认为_，不过，另一方面，赞同_的人则认为_。,5. When asked about , different people will offer different opinions. Some people say/think/believe/take it for granted that , while others hold that 当被问及_, 不同的人持有不同的观点。有人认为_, 而其他人认为_.6
16、. With the development of the society, the controversial issue of is often brought into public focus. People from different backgrounds hold different attitudes towards the issue. 随着社会的发展，_这个极具争议性的话题往往很受社会的关注。不同的人对此问题的看法也不尽相同。 7. Recently, there arises a controversial debate over whether we should o
17、r 最近，对于我们是否应该_的问题出现了很多争议。8. Whether we should view as a blessing or curse is a very popular topic which is often talked about not only by city residents /teachers but by farmers/students as well.我们应该把_看做是好还是坏成为了一个热门话题，不仅城里人（教师）在谈论这个问题，农民（学生）也在谈论。,经典句型-支持者观点常用句型 Those who strongly approve of . have l
18、ots of reasons for it. Firstly, . Whats more, . In addition, Some people contend that has proved to bring many advantages. For one thing, For another, Last but not the least, People who support give some or all of the following reasons. Those who have already benefited from practicing it sing high p
19、raise of it. Some people think/prefer that They hold this idea/opinion/view because,经典句型-反对者观点常用句型 But on the other hand, there are also quite a few people who strongly advocate that However, there are a large number of people who hold a different view concerning this case. But other people set fort
20、h completely totally different argument concerning this case. They argue that Some people examine this issue from another angle. On the other hand, there are also many opponents who strongly However/On the other hand, there are still many people who wont agree. They argue that Besides/In addition, ,
21、经典句型-表达个人观点常用句型 Personally, I side with the latter (former) opinion Personally, I am in favor of the former point of view As far as I am concerned, I am inclined to be on the side of the latter view. After a thorough consideration, for my part, I am in favor of the latter view that If asked to make
22、a decision, I would prefer Taking into consideration both sides of the issue, I tend to favor the latter view Personally/ From my point of view/ From my perspective, I am on the side of the latter argument because Therefore/In conclusion, If asked to make a choice, I would not hesitate to side with
23、the former / latter view.,实战练习,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should Online Businesses Be Taxed? You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below. 1. 长期以来，网店纳税的话题一直受到人们的关注 2. 有人赞成网店纳税，但也有人反对这种做法 3. 我的观点,网店应该纳税吗？ Should Onlin
24、e Businesses Be Taxed?,第一段就长久以来一直受到人们关注和备受 争议的话题（a long running concern, Controversial debate),即网店是否应该纳 税（whether online businesses should be taxed) 进行简单阐述。,第二段阐释人们对此问题的不同看法，有人 认为（contend)网店应该纳税；但也有人不 赞成这种做法(disapprove the practice)， 同时给出各自的理由。,第三段就这一问题提出自己的看法（As for my personal viewpoint, I support
25、),高分范文,Should Online Businesses Be Taxed?As to whether online businesses should be taxed, there is a long running concern as well as controversial debate.(第一段开篇点题，简单阐述现象）,Some people contend that online businesses are economic entities（经济实体） with the purpose of making profit, so its reasonable and o
26、bligatory for them to pay taxes. Taxing online businesses also demonstrates fairness to both physical retail businesses（实体店零售商） and their online counterparts（对应物）. Whats more important, levying taxes on online businesses is in line with the standard commercial model, from which they will benefit in
27、the long run. But others disapprove the practice. They hold the view that despite the high e-commerce transaction volume, online businesses do not have a very high profit margin（利润）. Taxation may force many online businesses to quit because they cannot make money any longer. Besides, if online busin
28、esses are taxed, the increasing costs are likely to be shifted to consumers, unfavorable for their healthy development. (第二段阐释人们对此问题的不同看法。引出两种对立观点，并分别给出具体的原因. 是对的递进和补充。）,As for my personal viewpoint, I support the former opinion. Now that online businesses are commercial activities, they have no exc
29、use to be exempted from（使免除） taxation. Furthermore, the tax-free model surely brings some benefits to online businesses in the short term, but it will become a great obstacle for the far-reaching（长远的） development of the whole trade.（第三段给出自己的观点，阐明理由。）,（2）说明利弊型作文对策,作文类型与要求： 说明利弊型作文的中文提纲则往往是这样的：1说明事物现状
30、2事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）3你对现状（或前景）的看法 这类型的作文的写作可以采用以下的模式： 第一部分：引言。简述标题中涉及的某一事物或现象； 第二部分：优点。例举该事物或现象的优点或积极因素缺点。可以考虑用对比关联词引出该事物或现象的另一面缺点或消极因素； 第三部分：考生的个人体会。权衡利弊，阐述个人体会或者如何扬长避短的方法。,说明利弊型高分模板Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages/positive aspe
31、cts can be seen as follows. First _（的优点之一）. Besides _（的优点之二）.But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that _（的第一个缺点）To make matters worse,_（的第二个缺点）Through the above analysis/ Taking into consideration of all these factors, I believe
32、that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to _（我的看法） （From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way, _（对前景的预测）,经典句型-说明利弊常用句型 1. With the deve
33、lopment of science and technology, has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. 随着科学技术的发展， computer 已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。它给我们带来了许多好处，但也产生了一些严重的问题。2. As the proverb goes: “every coin has its two
34、sides“, is no exception.俗语有云：“万事万物都有两面性。” _也不例外。3. Every thing has a good side and a bad side, and is no exception.万事万物有其两面性，而_也是如此。4. The discussion as to whether the . is a blessing or a curse arouses most peoples interests._是好坏利弊问题引起了很多人的兴趣。,5. .plays such an important role that it undeniably bec
35、omes the biggest concern of the present world._ 尤为重要而引起当今社会的关注。 6. There comes a question: is it a blessing or a curse.问题是：_是福是祸？ 7. There is no denying that every thing has one more face and . is no exception.不可否认，每一件事物都有其两面性，其实，_也不例外。 8. Every thing in the world has its own two sides. Without exce
36、ption, has both advantages and disadvantages.任何事情都有两面性， 也不例外，有其优势和劣势（利与弊）。,经典句型-陈述事物优点的常用句型 1. There are several advantages in. The first /biggest advantage is that 2. The advantages of can be seen as follow. First besides 3. is playing an increasing important role in peoples lives. For one thing Fo
37、r another 4. As we know, . bring many benefits and convenience to people. 5. There are no less than three advantages in as rendered below.,6. Nothing / Few things can equal / match with / be compared with in terms of 7. has a positive impact / influence / effect on peoples lives. 8. For all / In spi
38、te of / Despite the disadvantages / side(/adverse) effects, it has its compensating advantages / beneficial effects 9. The merits of this is obvious. 10. As is often pointed out that , it certainly help people For all the advantages, it also brings other content that .,经典句型-陈述事物缺点的常用句型 However, just
39、 like anything else, has its negative side as well. For one thing, Besides / For another, In the meantime/ Meanwhile, we can not ignore the disadvantages of However, the negative aspects of are also apparent / obvious / evident. To begin with, To make matter worse, Worst of all, . Like anything else
40、, it has also its faults / shortcomings /disadvantages / weakness / problems / harmful effects. However, like anything else,. has more than one face.,However, just as everything has two sides, also has many disadvantages. As the proverb goes, every coin has its two sides, is no exception. Despite th
41、e advantages . has, some people claim, we shall not lose sight of its adverse effects on. But its bright side should not keep us from examining its dark side. Of course, nothing in the world is perfect/ Even Homer sometimes nods, so is.人谁无过,经典句型-表达个人体会的常用句型 In my case, the advantages overweigh / car
42、ry more weight than the disadvantages. Anyway, I still hold has more advantages than disadvantages. But for me, I think what is more important is its positive side. With the problems and the benefits has exerted on us, I think what is more important is its positive side. However, I still believe has
43、 more advantages than disadvantages.,实战练习,Direction: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic Private School. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below in Chinese:1.当前，社会上有很多私立学校和培训学校(说明事物的现状）； 2.私立学校的利与弊（阐述事物的优缺点）；3.你的看法。,It can be no
44、ticed that a large number of private schools or training organizations become a new landscape in education. When you read newspapers, when you watch TV, when you walk on the road, you will inevitably see lots of advertisements about private schools. There are private schools mainly dealing with fore
45、ign languages, computers, music and sports.However, is it a good or bad thing to have so many private schools? As a coin has two sides, so are the private schools. On the one hand, private schools can meet the special needs of the society or the particular requirements of people. On the other hand,
46、they often bring people extra burden because of comparison and competition.When asked to decide whether we should have a society without private schools or a society with private schools, I will not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter. Although attending a training course will result in the extra
47、 cost or burden, it is of tremendous merits in preparing my work and cultivating my skills.,（3）解释现象型作文对策,此类作文类型与要求 解释现象型作文的中文提纲则往往是这样的：1.说明某种现象2.产生这种现象的原因3.我的观点（看法） 此类型作文可以采用以下模式第一段：描述现象，评价现象第二段：说明原因 （原因一，原因二、）第三段：我的观点，结论。,解释现象型作文模板Recently, _. (描述现象，引起话题 ) What amazes us most is_( 表现较为典型的一个方面) It i
48、s true that_ . (对于现象做出的评论)There are many reasons explaining_( 承上启下,解释这一现象的原因) The main reason is_. ( 说明原因一) What is more, _. (原因二) Thirdly, _ (原因三) As a result,_ . ( 讲述导致的结果)Considering all these, _. (作者的态度) For one thing, _.( 观点一) For another,_ . (11观点二) In conclusion, _. (12总结全文),实战练习,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled What Electives to Choose. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese: 1.各大学开设了各种各样的选修课（描述现象）2.学生因为各种原因选择了不同的选修课（原因）3.以你自己为例（我的观点）,
