1、-真题分析、专项训练、模拟训练,CET 4 Writing,三. 作文写作知识：,3.1 写作步骤审题，确定观点，列出论据（3-5mins)认真分析材料，掌握文章主旨大意；确定自己的观点立场（主题句thesis statement是确保不跑题的前提，不跑题才可能得及格分）；围绕主题句确立分论点及个分论点之间的内在联系，构筑全文的基本框架。（key words),3.2文章基本框架：,A.引言（Introduction) ( 引出话题+提出立场/观点） B.主体 （Body)： 由一个或几个段落组成，说明论证部分（议论文）(中心句+扩展句+结束句） C.结论 （conclusion） 由整篇文章
2、得出简短结论或事情发展到最后的结果结局。 （重申主题，提出号召，建议）,3.3语言要求,句子结构要完整，力求简洁（能用单词表达的就不要用短语，能用简单句表达的就不用复杂句。句型多样化，简单句和复杂句交叉使用，变换句型。使用恰当关联词（coherence)：逻辑语，过渡词，衔接句子、段落。尽量多用常用词，避免没有把握的词，偏词、难词，也不要反复使用同一个词，学会使用同义、近义词替换。,3.4如何提高写作能力,原则一：丰富词汇 原则二：重视阅读 一方面做大量的泛读。作文和阅读是相辅相成、互相促进的。 另一方面做有意识的精读。一要精读一些内容接近现实生活的例文。二要精读优秀范文。看的时候要着眼于三个
3、方面：范文是如何提出观点并进行论证的，运用了哪些论证手法；范文是如何安排段落的，段落之间以及句子之间是怎样衔接的；范文里有什么精彩的词、词组和句型是值得我们模仿的。如果考生能够举一反三，仔细思考并且适当借鉴的话，定会获益非浅。,.,原则三：加强背诵 原则四：收录材料 原则五：勤于练习 练习四级真题。在练习的时候要注意应该在规定时间内完成。 在练习写作的时候也不一定非得要写完整的文章，有时候可以进行段落论证的写作。 写完之后对照范文，反思自己作文中存在的问题。 英文里有句谚语：Practice makes perfect.（熟能生巧），只要坚持，提高四级作文分数指日可待。,临场写作技巧,黄金三原
4、则1. 提纲式写作：直接把三个句子翻译出来，作为每段的topic sentence2. 确定主题段落，做到详略得当；3. 换位思考，加入醒目、吸引评卷人眼球的细节信息，句子要正确、出彩,读题,一、概述 1、内容 2、原则及标准 3、题型 二、各类型作文写作特点及要求 三、句型与范文,1、四级写作内容,题材现实性命题组的最大原则“反映当前社会的具有普遍意义和教育意义的现象”。四级写作的题材具有显著的现实性，基本可以分为两大类： 1.贴近大学生的学习工作及课余生活的校园题材 2.论及当前社会的现象、发展变化及进步的热点话题。,2. 四级写作评分原则及标准,2.1. 评分原则： CET作文题采用总体
5、评分方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分,而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。 从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体，作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。,2.2. 评分标准,本题满分为15分. 共分五等：2-4分、5-7分、8-10分、11-13分及14-15分。 2-4分 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或在部分句子均有错误，且多数严重错误。 5-7分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。 8-10分基本切题。有些
6、地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 11-13分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14-15分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错误。 注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分。 注：1.如题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得计入所写字数 2.只写一段者：04分；只写两段者：09分（指规定三段的作文）,.,议论文（共13题） 现象/观点阐释型：2006年6月，2008年1月， 2009年6月, 2009年12月，2011年12月 问题对策型： 2008年12月，20
7、10年6月，2010年12月 观点对比型： 2006年1月，2007年1月，2008年6月，2011年6月 论证反驳型：1998年6月 图表作文（共2题）柱状图：2002年6月 2012年 应用文（共7题）告知信/建议信：2001年6月，2004年1月综合信：2002年1月综合叙事：2003年6月，2003年9月演讲致辞：2004年6月，2005年1月，2005年6月,3、历年作文类型出现频率,3、历年四级写作题材及写作类型,3、历年四级写作题材及写作类型,3、历年四级写作题材及写作类型,二、各类型作文特点及写作要求 1、对比选择型 2、现象阐释型 3、原因/观点阐释型 4、问题解决型 5、应
8、用文 6、综合叙事型 7、图表型,1. 特点及写作要求对比选择型议论文是大学英语四级考试写作最常见的写作题型。一般来说，这类议论文的通常是对一个观点或事物的正反两方面或者两种不同的观点或事物进行对比，从而引出主题，得出结论。在对两种不同的观点或事物进行对比时，主要运用比较和对比两种写作技巧。在四级考试中曾多次出现此类议论文。,1、对比选择型,2. 写作流程 第一段：简单介绍某一现象或事物。 第二段：分析某一观点或事物的正反两面，或比较两 种不同的观点或事物。 第三段：得出结论，或提出自己的看法。,1、对比选择型,或者,第一段：简单提及某一现象或事物，并分析该现象或 事物的好处。 第二段：分析该
9、现象或事物的弊端。 第三段：得出结论，或提出自己的看法,. 对比选择型句子模板,1. 对比不同观点/对比法： When it comes to , peoples ideas/views/notions/opinions vary from person to person/from one to another. There is no consensus(共识) of opinions/there are some controversies/there is no agreement among people as to do /as to the view of . Whenever
10、people , they will come across the problem of whether they should or , and it is natural for different opinions to arise. The general public has been debating whether or not .,. 对比选择型句子模板,1. 对比不同观点/对比法： Some people think we should . They say that . While others think otherwise .They argue that . Som
11、e people advocate that . Others hold the opposite opinion/adopt a totally different view/take an opposite side. They believe . Those in favor of believe/claim that . Those oppose to argue/hold/point out that . Everything has two sides and is not an exception, it has both advantages and disadvantages
12、.,. 对比选择型句子模板,2. 在两种对立观点中选择一种观点/表明自己的观点： Were it left to me to decide whether we should , I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable/holds more weight. As for me, I agree to/prefer to the former/latter idea. There are a dozen
13、 of reasons behinds my belief. First of all, . Weighing up the arguments on both sides, Im inclined to believe that .,. 对比选择型句子模板,2. 在两种对立观点中选择一种观点/表明自己的观点： In my opinion/mind, we should . From my perspective/point of view, I think . Personally speaking, I approve of . From what I have discussed abo
14、ve, I can draw the conclusion that .,3. 真题分析2006年1月大学英语四级考试真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1. 名校校园正成为旅游新热点 2. 校园是否对游客开放，人们
15、看法不同 3. 我认为.,1、对比选择型,【范文】Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists?(1)Nowadays, many well-known university campuses in China have become popular tourist attractions. During holidays, large numbers of tourists can be seen on university campuses, particularly, Peking University and TsingHua Uni
16、versity.,(1)开篇自然，引出焦点问题,1、对比选择型,(2)Should the university campus be open to tourists? Peoples opinions vary from one to another. (3)Some maintain that opening university campuses to tourists can not only increase universitys financial income but also provide young students a good opportunity to know
17、the university so that they can be encouraged to study harder to realize their dreams. (3)While others argue that opening university campuses to tourists may ruin both their natural and academic environment.,(2)过渡句，承上启下 (3)分别论述支持和反对的观点及理由,1、对比选择型,(4)As far as I am concerned, university campuses shou
18、ld not be open for profit as tourist attractions, because it is a place for study and research, not for tourism. Its purity and beauty will be destroyed if it becomes a profitable organization. (4)However, I think university is a property for the whole society so that it can be open to individual vi
19、sitors so long as the visit does not disturb its order.,1、对比选择型,(4)表明自己的观点，because原因状语从句引出理由；so that, so long as的使用使句式更为多样,4. 参考模板【模板一】When it comes to the issue of , different people have different opinions. (进一步介绍这种现象或观点).Some people think that . They hold this opinion because (they think) . Other
20、s, however, take a negative / positive attitude to . (Others, nevertheless, are more pessimistic / optimistic about it). From their point of view, . Besides, . .,1、对比选择型,In my opinion/Personally /From my point view /If asked my attitude, I am more in favor of . I stand in / hold this attitude /opini
21、on / view because . Its true that , but it doesnt mean that . Therefore / In a word/ In short, . Instead, we should,1、对比选择型,4. 参考模板【模板二】Nowadays, wherever you go, you will hear people talk about . Whether you like it or not, it had become a part of our life. Generally, it is believed that there are
22、several advantages with . Firstly, .Whats more .But every coin has two sides, and is no exception. There are also some disadvantages with . To begin with . Beside, . And most important of all, .But all in all, . Therefore, we should .,1、对比选择型,【模板三】1 Views/Opinion on (Attitudes towards) vary from per
23、son to person. 2 Some people think that . 3 They hold this opinion because (they think) . 4 Others, however, take a negative / positive attitude to . (Others, nevertheless, are more pessimistic / optimistic about it). 5 From their point of view, . 6 Besides, . 7 In my opinion/Personally /From my poi
24、nt view /If asked my attitude, I am more in favor of . 8 I stand in / hold this attitude /opinion / view because . 9 Its true that , but it doesnt mean that . 10 Therefore / In a word/ In short, . 11 Instead, we should .,. 对比选择型作文模板,1. 特点及写作要求现象阐释型的作文通常先指明一种现象或提出一种观点，然后对这一现象或观点进行解释，最后得出结论或发表个人见解。,2、
25、现象阐释型,2. 写作流程 第一段：简要描述某一现象或某一观点。 第二段：具体阐释现象或观点的正确性或危害性等。 第三段：表明自己的态度或看法。,2、现象阐释型,或者,第一段：简单描述某一现象或观点。 第二段：具体阐述引起这种现象的或持有这种观点 考虑的主要因素。 第三段：对现象或者观点进行评价。,. 现象解释型句子模板,1. 分析原因： There are many/plenty of/ a number of/ numerous reasons explaining/ for . The reasons of lie in several aspects . Many factors co
26、ntribute to . There are many reasons that many account for . The reasons for/why are as follows . There are many reasons for it, but generally, they come down in three major ones.,. 现象解释型句子模板,1. 分析原因： is mainly caused by . What caused these changes? . There are many factors that have stimulated this
27、 huge change. The reasons that caused changes are diverse. On the one hand, . On the other hand, . The rapid growth of owes much to .,. 现象解释型句子模板,2. 总结归纳 / 说明影响 / 表明作者态度 / 以作者个人为例： Through the analysis, we can draw a conclusion that . In short/ In brief, . To solve the problem of , we . From all the
28、 facts given above, we can see . Considering all these /Taking all these into consideration/account, I believe . As to/for me, I believe . Take me as an example/In my own case, I .,3. 真题分析2006年6月大学英语四级考试真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic of s
29、tudents selecting their lecturers. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese: (1). 有些大学允许学生自主选择某些课程的任课老师 (2). 学生选择老师时所考虑的主要因素 (3). 学生自选任课教师的益处和可能产生的问题,2、现象阐释型,【范文】On Students Selecting Lecturers(1)At present, in some colleges and universities, students are allo
30、wed to select lectures on their own. (2)It may someday become the main trend when people give more priority to academic freedom.(3)Students would take three major elements into consideration when making selections.,(1)开门见山，直击主题 (2)提出该现象的发展趋势,(3)揭示学生选任课老师的考虑因素,2、现象阐释型,(4)First of all, they will take
31、lecturers teaching styles into account. Teaching styles to students taste would help them learn more efficiently. (4)Moreover, most students tend to choose lecturers with more experience, because such teachers tend to know more about how to stimulate and inspire students and will help them master th
32、eir subjects with more ease. (4)Last, students also put emphasis on the lecturers academic background. From their perspective, teachers with higher academic degrees may provide more enlightening suggestions.,(4)论述有力有序，更具说服力,2、现象阐释型,【范文】On Students Selecting Lecturers(5) Everything has both positive
33、and negative aspects, and students selecting lectures is of no exception. (6)It encourages students to be actively involved in the teaching process, and at the meantime, spurs teachers to improve their teaching quality. (6)However, it is possible that some students would choose lectures blindly with
34、out due guidance. And it is not uncommon that some teachers employ some abnormal devices to attract more students, such as promising higher marks or more “freedom” of attendance.,(5)承上启下，引出益处和问题 (6)分别论述益处和问题，有条理：动词encourage和spur引出两大益处；however引出问题所在,2、现象阐释型,4. 参考模板【模板一】 In recent years, (描写现状或趋势). Th
35、is has caused a lot of problems.First, (结果1). For example, (细节， 说明结果1). Second, （结果2）. (细节，说明结果2). Finally, (结果3). (细节，说明结果3). Since is such a serious problem, we should take effective measures to . First, we should (措施1). Besides, (措施2). And finally, (措施3).,2、现象阐释型,4. 参考模板【模板二】 At present/ In recen
36、t years/ Nowadays, (描 写现状或趋势). It may someday become the main trend when (进一步描述这一现象或观点).Three major elements/factors would be taken into consideration when (doing sth.). First of all, (主要因素1). Moreover, (主要因素2). Last, (主要因素3). From their perspective, .,2、现象阐释型,4. 参考模板【模板二】 Everything has both positi
37、ve and negative aspects, and (这种现象或观点) is of no exception. (这 种现象或观点的正确性). However, (这种观点 或现象的危害性).,2、现象阐释型,3、原因/观点阐释型,1. 特点及写作要求原因解释型作文的重点在于探讨产生某一社会现象或观点的原因和看法。近十年来，原因阐释型议论文四级考试中出现的并不多。,2.写作流程第一段：对某一社会现象进行描述/对某一观点进行解释。第二段：阐释产生这一社会现象的原因/解释持这一观点的原因。第三段：发表个人看法，或提出解决思路。,. 原因阐释型句子模板,1. 一果多因： Why ? For o
38、ne thing, . For another, . The answer to this problem involves many factors. For one thing, . For another, . Still another, . A number of factors, both physical and psychological affect/both individual and social contribute to . Another important factor is .,. 原因阐释型句子模板,1. 一果多因： is also responsible
39、for the change/problem. Certainly, the is not the sole reason for . The factors that contribute to include . You dont have to look very far to identify the reason that . Thanks to/ Owing to/Due to/Because of/As a result of .,. 原因阐释型句子模板,2. 一因多果 It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact o
40、n . It involves some serious consequence for . There are a number of dreadful consequence of . Perhaps the most serious/disastrous consequence is . It may cause/result in/lead to a host/number of problems. It leaves/involves some serious consequence of The immediate result it produce is . And perhap
41、s the most obvious result of is .,3. 真题分析2011年12月大学英语四级考试真题Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong will by commenting the humorous saying Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world, Ive done it a hundred times. Yo
42、u should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.,3、原因/观点阐释型,分析标题和提示可知，应写一篇议论文。 首先评论幽默性话语，然后在评论的基础上给出观 点：没有坚强的意志就不可能成功，并论证这一观点。,【范文】Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will (1) The humorous saying Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. Ive done it hunderds of times. tells us t
43、hat without a strong will, nothing succeeds. (2) People try to quit smoking for many times but end up with faliure just because they lack a stong will.,(1)解释幽默句的含义 (2)引出文章主题,3、原因/观点阐释型,【范文】 Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will (3) A strong will is essential if we want to achieve our goals. Initial
44、ly, every success involves several stages of setbacks and risks, and we need to summon up our will to overcome them. Moreover, there are enormous tempatations in our path of pursuing success.Only with a strong will can we resist the temptations, and persist in chasing our goals until we reach them.,
45、(3)从两个方面说明为什么拥有坚强的意志才能成功，层层递进,3、原因/观点阐释型,倒装句加强语气,【范文】 Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will The long history of human being has also proved that only those with a strong will can achieve success at last. We are all familiar with (4)Thomas Edisons story that he had tried one thousand kinds of materi
46、als before he finally made his great bulb light up. without a strong will, Edison might have been a nobody. (5)Without a strong will, no one can succeed.,(4)爱迪生的事例极具说服力 (5)进一步强化主题，即不论要达到什么目的，必须通过诚实的方法获得,3、原因/观点阐释型,4. 参考模板Nowadays, we often hear that (提出现象). This phenomenon is not accidental, and there is social and individual background. Why ? For one thing, （原因1）. For another, (原因2). For instance, (举例说明). From that, we .As far as I am concerned, I agree that . I think that (作者本人的点). .,3、原因/观点阐释型,第三段或为We should take measures to . First, (措施1). Second, (措施2). Finally, (措施3).,
