1、Targeting,General (I) - Paragraph,Warm-up Activities,Advantages 1. convenient 2. in an emergency 3. save time 4. information age 5. grasp any chance to succeed 6. play gamessurf the net ,Disadvantages 1. expensive 2. harmful radiation 3. disturbing in public 4. dangerous in driving 5. ring in embarr
2、assing moment 6. calls from strangerscalls from advertising,having a mobile phone,Part II - Paragraph,How are my paragraphs going look to my readers ? How long should my paragraph be ?,outside,What is a paragraph supposed to do ? What should I keep in mind when I am writing one ?,inside,To create a
3、piece of writing, we have to start with paragraph.,Paragraph Components, Topic Sentence Supporting Sentences Concluding Sentence（ See the sample below）,II.1 Topic Sentence,Definition - A sentence that names the topic of the paragraph and contains a controlling idea is called T.S.,Topic,Controlling i
4、dea,1. Selecting a general topic 2. Reading and thinking 3. Narrowing down the scope of yourtopic to a facets which can be developedinto a research paper 4. Formulating the final topic,Choosing a topic,Is my topic :,1. too limited? 2. too broad? 3. too technical? 4. yesterdays news? 5. too controver
5、sial? 6. likable enough?,Try to tell what are those following sentences belongs to, subject or topic?,Try to tell what are those following sentences belongs to, subject or topic?,1. Alternative fuels. 2. Henry Fords development of the assembly line resulted in the mass production of cars. 3. America
6、s legal system. 4. America needs a flat tax. 5. Butterflies. 6. Is intelligence determined by nature or by nurture?,subject,subject,subject,topic,topic,topic,Unsatisfactory Topics,1. The major poets, painters, and dramatistsof the Renaissance: - too board and can not be completed within the time all
7、ocated,Unsatisfactory Topics,2. America should lower the drinking age. - boring or written about too often. 3. There are many different theories to explain the disappearance of the dinosaurs. -too broad and can not be completed within the time allocated. 4. America needs stronger control laws. - bor
8、ing or written about too often.,Unsatisfactory Topics,5. Nanoscale “trees” （纳米树）improve efficiencyin low-cost plastic solar cells. - unfamiliar to you, so you can not write about it knowledgeably.,Good Topics,1. Media producers should prosecute peoplewho download copyrighted music2. Students should
9、be placed in classes according to theiracademic ability, not their age 3. Why my father/ mother is my hero4. How to solve a quadratic equation,Interesting, 2 sides (pro & against), sufficient information,Unusual, enough information, fresh, narrow & broad enough,Interesting, narrow, easy research, su
10、fficient details,Clear-cut, narrow & broad enough, information available,Try to do the exercises in p.3,Try to narrow down the scope and make them specific topics on which you can write a paper.,1. General topic: 20th Century American NovelistsRestricted: More restricted:Topic chosen: 2. General top
11、ic: The Lost Generation WritersRestricted: More restricted:Topic chosen:,Hemingway and His Works,Hemingway and His Short Stories,Old People in Hemingways Short Stories,F. Scott Fitzgeralds Novels,Fitzgerald and His The Great Gatsby,Gatsbys Death and the Disillusionment of the American Dream,Criteria
12、 for your final topic,1. meaningful and serious 2. within the range of your abilities 3. sufficient materials are available 4. can be treated objectively 5. not too topical There are some real examples of your former students. One final suggestion: do not be too eager to settle on any single topic i
13、mmediately. Youd better have 2-3 possibilities in mind.,Criteria for your T.S,1. It is a complete sentence. 2. It contains both a topic and a controlling idea. 3. It is neither too general nor too specific. 4. It tells the reader what to expect in theparagraph.,Find the topic sentence,Practice 1For
14、years I have struggled with my writing skills. My inability to master correct grammar as well as my struggle to formulate coherent ideas has made my compositions very dull and ineffective. This year, however, I decided to visit the Writing Center to help improve my skills. I found, to my surprise, t
15、hat the real key to writing a good paper is to have a passion for the things about which you are writing. When a person becomes interested in his or her subject of composition, he or she will make a better attempt at organizing ideas and giving them a strong coherence.The topic sentence of the parag
16、raph is _ _.,I found, to my surprise, that the real,key to writing a good paper is to have a passion for the things about which you are writing,Practice 2My grandfather contracted lung cancer a few months ago. The doctors now say that he only has a few weeks to live. My familys situation is not uniq
17、ue. Millions of Americans are going through a similar experience. At least three members of every extended family will contract a terminal disease before the age of sixty. At least one out of every three nuclear families will have a member who will die of cancer before the age of fifty. From these s
18、tatistics and from personal experience it is evident that no one is unaffected by cancer.The topic sentence of the paragraph is _ _.,From these statistics and from personal,experience it is evident that no one is unaffected by cancer,Exercise P4-5 Conclusion,The position of a topic sentence may vary
19、 according to the organizational structure used. For beginners, there are 3 basic positions to place the T.S.1. beginning of a paragraph2. at the end3. in the middle If there is no T.S at the end of a paragraph, there should be a concluding sentence there, it either restates the controlling idea or
20、draws an inference. A paragraph is not complete if it is not properly ended.,Unity,coherence,Transition,Length,Unity,Unity is the essential quality of a good paragraph. Unity of a paragraph is concerned with its content. The central theme is usually summarized in what is called the topic sentence. I
21、t often appears at the beginning of the paragraph. (middle / end) Examples - Sample 1Sample 2 Exercises - P6Sometimes, the topic sentence is implied.,Coherence,Coherence of a paragraph is concerned with its form, or its organization. Sentences should be arranged in a clear, logical order and the tra
22、nsitions should be smooth and natural.,Shakespearian characters live. They are no stilted creations intended to represent differing points of view. They are people, with all the usual human foibles and weaknesses. As we laugh at or sympathize with them, we are learning something about our own selves
23、. Shakespeare knew human nature so well and created his characters according to that knowledge. His understanding of human psychology is amazing and is One reason for the continued success of Shakespearian drama.,Transition,Using transitional words and phrases helps papers read more smoothly. They p
24、rovide logical organization and understandability and improve the connections and transitions between thoughts A coherent paper allows the reader to flow from the first supporting point to the last. Transitions indicate relations whether within a sentence, paragraph, or paper. This list illustrates
25、“relationships“ between ideas, followed by words and phrases that can connect them.,Transitions can make sentences smoothly Using parallel structures; Repeating words or word groups; Using pronouns to refer to nouns in preceding sentences; Being consistent in the person and number of nouns and prono
26、uns, and the tense of verbs; Using transitional expressions.,Addition: also, again, as well as, besides, coupled with, furthermore, in addition, likewise, moreover, similarly Consequence: accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, for this purpose, hence, otherwise, so then, subsequent
27、ly, therefore, thus, thereupon, wherefore Generalizing: as a rule, as usual, for the most part, generally, generally speaking, ordinarily, usually Exemplifying: chiefly, especially, for instance, in particular, markedly, namely, particularly, including, specifically, such as Illustration: for exampl
28、e, for instance, for one thing, as an illustration, illustrated with, as an example, in this case,Emphasis above all, chiefly, with attention to, especially, particularly, singularly Similarity: comparatively, coupled with, correspondingly, identically, likewise, similar, moreover, together with Exc
29、eption: aside from, barring, besides, except, excepting, excluding, exclusive of, other than, outside of, save Restatement: in essence, in other words, namely, that is, that is to say, in short, in brief, to put it differently Contrast and Comparison: contrast, by the same token, conversely, instead
30、, likewise, on one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, rather, similarly, yet, but, however, still, nevertheless, in contrast,Sequence: at first, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, at the same time, for now, for the time being, the next step, in time, in turn, later on, meanwhile
31、, next, then, soon, the meantime, later, while, earlier, simultaneously, afterward, in conclusion, with this in mind, Summarizing: after all, all in all, all things considered, briefly, by and large, in any case, in any event, in brief, in conclusion, on the whole, in short, in summary, in the final
32、 analysis, in the long run, on balance, to sum up, to summarize, finally Diversion: by the way, incidentally Direction: here, there, over there, beyond, nearly, opposite, under, above, to the left, to the right, in the distance,First(ly) Second(ly) Third(ly) Forth(ly) Last(ly),From the beginning / t
33、o begin with Whats more / in addition / additionally Next / then / on the subject of In the interest of In conclusion / in the end / finally,Once, people were very much afraid of ghosts. Their fear led them to develop elaborate rituals to ward off encounters with the dead. For example, since primiti
34、ve people believed that ghosts could capture their spirit at funerals, they carried wooden images of themselves in the hope that the ghosts would be fooled into carrying off the image. Images have been popular with people from primitive times until today. In the old times, people believed that takin
35、g a picture of someone would rob the person of his or her soul. It is possible, too, that the tradition of sitting up with the dead comes from a belief that ghosts escape in the night. Certainly the ritual of laying tombstone is derived from a superstition about the dead. People once believe that st
36、ones piled on top of a grave would keep the dead persons ghost from escaping and haunting the living. Eventually the number of stones diminished until only one stone, the tombstone, was left as a reminder of the ancient superstition.,The nobles of Persia, in the bosom of luxury and despotism, preser
37、ved a strong sense of personal gallantry and national honor. From the age of seven years they were taught to speak the truth, to shoot with the bow, and to ride; and it was universally agreed that in the last two of these arts they had achieved a more than common proficiency. The most distinguished
38、youths were educated under the monarchs eye, practiced their exercises in the gate of his palace, and were severely trained in the habits of temperance and obedience in their long and laborious parties of hunting.,Review the Unit,T.S Supporting Sentences Concluding Sentences,3 main parts,Repetition
39、of keywords and phrases Transitional Signals Pronouns Repetition of sentence patterns,4 basic ways coherence,Key for Exercises,P10 Task 3.1) A person can look for a job in several ways.2) Penguins resemble human beings in many respects.3) Ones personality plays an important role in foreign language
40、learning. 4) Living in the place where the wheather is always warm has many advantages. Task 41) All inventions are either basic inventions or improvements on earlier inventions.,P11 Task 4 2) There was serious accident in the chemistry lab yesterday. 3) Nutritional dificiency is a major problem of the elderly. Task 5 1) the first sentence 2) the first sentence Task 6 T.S.- 5 sequence - 5 7 4 1 6 9 8 3 2 Task 7 Task 8 略,
