1、,1. decrease vi.& vt. 减少；（使）变小；或变少n. 减少；降低；减少的数量decrease (sth.) to/by.减少到/了 increase vi.& vt.增加；增长；增强 on the decrease/increase在减少/增加会员数减少到150人。 The membership _ 150. 班里人数减少了20人。 The number of students in the class has _ 20. Is crime_? 犯罪案件是否在减少？,decreased to,has decreased by,on the decrease,2respond
2、 vi.回答，答复；响应，作出反应response n. 回答，回复；反应 respond to sb./sth.回答(比 answer, reply to正式) respond to sb./sth. (with/ by sth.) 用回应某人(事) respond to (疾病、身体的受伤部分)对医药有良好反应 response to sb./sth. (对人/物)的回答/回复/反应 in response to 作为对的反应,(1)They still _ my letter.他们至今仍没有回我的信。 (2)He _ my suggestion _ a laugh/_ laughing.
3、 他对我的建议报以一笑。 (3)His illness _ treatment by drugs. 他的疾病对药物治疗没有反应。 (4)My mother opened the door _ the knock, but there was no one outside. 听到敲门声后，我妈妈打开了门，但外面一个人都没有。,havent responded to,responded to,with,by,didnt respond to,in response to,3certain adj. 确定的；一定；某(种) (1)作“某(种)”讲时，同义于 some。 for a certain r
4、easonfor some reason 由于某种原因 certain / some professors某些教授 (2)作“确信的，有把握的”讲时，同义于 sure。但是 certain 的主语既可以是人，也可用于It is certain that.句型，而 sure 主语只能是人。,“be certain/sure从句”(人)有把握/确信 (表示主语的信念) be certain/sure of/about sth. (人)确信(表示主语的信念) be certain/sure to do sth. 必定/肯定会做某事(主语常为二、三人称，表示说话人的信念) “make certain/
5、sure从句”弄清楚/确保 make certain/sure of/about sth. 把某件事情弄清楚 for certain/sure 确定地，确切地(做状语) It is certain that. 一定会(不能用 sure),(1)There was _ in his manner.他的态度有点冷淡。 (2)Are you _ it？你对此有把握吗？ (3)He is _ his duty. 他肯定会尽职。 (4)_ he has wronged me. 我确信他冤枉了我。 (5)_ their team will win the match. 他们队肯定会赢得比赛。,a cert
6、ain coldness,certain about/of,certain to do,Im certain that,Its certain that,4contain vt. 包含；容纳(hold)；容忍；抑制(control) He couldnt _for joy.他不胜欢喜。 contain/include (1)contain 意为“包含，含有，容纳，里面装有”，指的是包含的全部内容或容量，也可指里面所含的成分。其宾语与主语常是同位关系，不用于进行时态。 (2)include 意为“包含；连在内，计入，算入，包括”，只能用于表示所包含之物中的一部分，其后的宾语往往是主语的一部分。常
7、用 “including被包括部分”或“被包括部分included”。,couldnt contain himself,用 contain和 include的适当形式填空。 (1)The Chinese diet is considered to be the healthiest in the world. It _ a lot of fruit and green vegetables. (2)Everyone took part in the fight against the flood, _old people/ old people_. (3)The _ can _ 100 lit
8、res of water.,includes,including,included,container,contain,5. affect vt. 影响，侵袭；感动 be greatly/deeply affected be affected by heat/cold be affected with high fever (1)The amount of rain _ the growth of crops.降雨量直接影响庄稼生长。 (2)One of her lungs _ a little so that she has to rest.她的一叶肺有些感染，所以她不得不休息。 (3)Th
9、e audience _ by his speech.,很/深受感动,中暑/着凉,发高烧,affects,is affected,were deeply affected,【易混辨析】 affect/effect/influence affect及物动词，“影响；（病）侵袭，感动，感染” ，指一时的影响，强调影响的动作。当其宾语是人时，强调引起心智上或感情上的影响。 effect 名词，“结果，效果，作用，影响”，常用于词组：have an effect on/upon sb. 对有影响 influence 可做动词也可做名词，表示“影响、感染” ，指使思想、行为、性质或发展和成长等发生变化的
10、影响。它可以指坏的影响，也可以指好的影响，这种影响常常是潜移默化的。,(1)Probably we _ each other. (2)To _ a policy is to have _ on it.,influenced,affect,an effect on,5appreciate vt. 欣赏；感激；喜欢；意识到 appreciation n. 欣赏；感激 appreciate sth. (thank sb.) 感激某事或某人 appreciate (one/ones) doing sth.感激(某人)做某事 I would appreciate it if/when. 如果，我将不胜感
11、激。 当表示“感谢”的程度时，可用deeply, highly,（very）much等修饰（much修饰appreciate时，只能置于其前，very much可以置于其后）。 (1)He highly _. 他非常感谢他的帮助。 (2)We shall _you again. 我们将很高兴再次收到您的来信。 (3)I really _ to the party. 你能来参加这次聚会我太高兴了。 (4)I would _ you could help me. 如果你能帮助我，我将不胜感激。,appreciated his help,appreciate hearing from,appreci
12、ate your coming,appreciate it if,1. die out 灭亡；绝种；(风俗、习惯等)逐渐消失 be dying for 渴望；很想 be dying to do sth. 渴望；急切做某事 die away （尤指声音、光、风）逐渐消失;减弱 die down 渐弱；渐息；（风、雨、火、浪等）平息 die off （家族，种族等）相继死亡；绝种 die from/of 因而死。通常由疾病、饥寒、情感原因造成的死亡，用die of（内因）；die from指由于外伤、外界原因、粗心、不注意、劳累过度等而死（外因）。,(1) Scientists said that
13、 those plants _ a century ago.科学家们说那些植物一个世纪前就绝种了。 (2) Many old customs _. 许多古老的风俗正逐渐消失。 (3)If the snowstorm does not blow over, the cattle will _.如果暴风雪不停息，牲畜就要死掉了。 (4)Open the air hole; the fire _. 把气孔打开，火要熄了。 (5)Every winter some old people 15_ hypothermia.每年冬天都有一些老人死于体温过低。 (6)Nowadays many people
14、_ cancer. 现在有很多人死于癌症。,died out,are dying out,die off,is dying down,die from,die of,2. in danger (of) 在危险中;垂危 be in danger of 处于的危险中 be out of danger 脱离危险 endanger vt. 危害，危及 endangered adj. 有生命危险的；濒临灭绝的很明显,这女孩的生命危在旦夕。The girls life was obviously _ . 这位病人有死亡的危险。The patient is _ death. 受伤的警察现已脱离危险。The
15、wounded policeman is now _ . 与 in/out of 搭配的短语 in trouble 在困境中 in peace 和平/和睦地 安详地 in order 有秩序 in sight 看得见 in fashion时尚 out of sight 看不见 out of trouble 摆脱困境 out of fashion 过时 out of order出故障,in immediate danger,in danger of,out of danger,3. protect.from保护不受（危害） keep.from doing sth.=prevent/stop.(f
16、rom) doing sth. 阻止做某事 keep.doing sth. 使一直干某事 defend from/against 保护使免于 prevent/stop. (from) doing sth.结构用在主动语态中时，from可以省略，若用在被动语态中则不能省略。 【易混辨析】 defend/ protect/ guard/preserve defend保卫；防护；防守（含有采取措施抵制进攻的意思）。 protect常含有提供安全的方式来驱开不适、伤害或进攻的意思。 guard含有看守的意思。 preserve指采取措施维护、保护、保存。,选词填空（defend/protect/gua
17、rd/preserve） You must learn to _ yourself from the danger. She had to _ herself against the guard dog. A policeman was _ the entrance to the embassy. It is one of the duties of the police to _ public order.,protect,defend,guarding,preserve,1.They lived on the earth tens of millions of years ago, lon
18、g before humans came into being.千百万年前它们(恐龙)就在地球上生活，比人类的出现要早得多 long before 早在之前很久 before可做连词，连接时间状语从句，做介词，连接时间点或做副词。 (1)before long “不久以后”，相当于 soon after/shortly after, 既可以指将来，也可以指过去，所以与过去时或将来时连用，在句中做状语，不可以引导从句。 (2)long ago (现在的)很久以前，与过去时连用。,(3)“It will be/take 段时间 before从句(一般现在时)”要过久,才 (4)“ “It took
19、 / was 段时间 before从句(一般过去时)” “过了.久才”， (5)“It will not be/take 段时间 before从句(一般现在时)”过不了多久就 (6)“It was not/didnt take 段时间 before从句(一般过去时)”， “没过久就”，,_, there was a big museum here.很久以前，这里有一座大博物馆。 I had heard of him_.早在我来这儿很久以前我就听说过他的情况。 _Canada to go on with his further education.不久以后他就去加拿大继续深造了。 It _she
20、 came. 没多久她就来了。 It _we see each other again.我们很久以后才会再见面。,Long before,long before I came here,Before long he went to,was not long before,will be long before,2. After a while she saw.with black and white lines going beneath their stomachs.(P28)过了一会儿，她看到黑白相间的斑马穿梭于它们的腹下。 with+宾语+宾补结构,在句中常作方式,伴随,原因,条件状语及
21、定语。 with 的复合结构中作宾补的可以是现在分词，形容词、副词、过去分词、介词短语、动词不定式。 They shouldnt leave the workshop with the machines still _. 在机器还运转着的情况下，他们不应该离开车间。 The children fell asleep with the window_. 窗子还开着孩子们就睡着了。 With our work_, we can have a rest. 既然我们的工作做完了，我们可以休息了。 The teacher walked into the classroom with a book_. 老
22、师拿着一本书走进了教室。,running,open,finished,in his hand,新老板很担心，因为有很多事要处理。_, the new boss worried a lot.,With a lot of things to be solved,. 完成句子 1. 你知道世界如何形成的吗？ Do you know how did the world _ _ _ ? 2. 在冬天你应该盖上东西保护那些植物不要冻坏。In winter, you should cover something to _ the plants _ the cold. 3. 他处于极度危险中。 He is _
23、 great _. 4. 他没有努力学习，结果考试不及格。 He didnt work hard. _ _ _ , he failed in the exam. 5. 当你驾驶的时候应该注意标志。You should _ _ _ the signs when you are driving. 6. 我的家人相处融洽。My family lives _ _ . 7. 恐龙在几百万年前就灭绝了。 Dinosaurs _ _ millions of years ago. 8. 他写信申请那份工作。He wrote a letter to _ _ the job.,1. die _ 灭亡;逐渐消失 2
24、. _ peace 和平地；安详地 3. _ danger (of) 在危险中；垂危 4. in _ 如释重负;松了口气 5. burst _ laughter 突然笑起来；大声笑了出来 6. protect. _. 保护不受(危害) 7.pay _ to注意 8. _ into being形成;产生 9. _ to按照;根据所说 10. _ that以致于；结果 答案：1. out 2. in 3. in 4. relief 5. into 6. from 7. attention e 9. according 10. so,1. Were _ _ for the wool beneath
25、our stomachs.为了取得我们肚皮底下的羊毛，我们正在被屠杀。 2. You should _ _ _ _ the rainforest where I live and _ how the animals live together. 你们应该多加关注我生活的热带雨林，并且懂得热带雨林的动物是如何在一起生活的。答案：1. being killed 2. pay more attention to; appreciate It shows the importance of wildlife protection, but Id like to help as the WWF sugg
26、ests.这体现了野生动植物保护的重要性，不过我还是想按照世界野生生物基金会的建议来帮助你们。 Others think the earth got too hot for the dinosaurs to live on any more.另外一些科学家则认为,地球变得太热,因此恐龙无法在地球上生活了。 It is a pity that _(很遗憾)in the story nobody helped the dodo. 遗憾的是,在这个故事里,没人帮助渡渡鸟。 First, I suggest making a special park for them.首先,我建议他们为它建一个专门的公园,
