1、大学英语四级考试,写作篇,试卷要求,Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent? You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.1. 目前不少父母为孩子包办一切 2. 为了让孩子独立, 父母应该How Should Parents Help Children to Be Ind
2、ependent?,评分原则,1.CET是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲的四级和六级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。 2.CET作文题采用总体评分(Global Scoring)方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分(Reward Scores),而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。 3. 从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容,而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题,是否充分表达思想,也要考虑是否用英语清楚而适切地表达思想,也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。 3. 避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分,包括满分;该给低分的给低分,
3、包括零分。一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。,评分标准,1. 短文写作部分满分为15分。 2. 阅卷标准共分五等:14分、11分、8分、 5分、及2分。各有标准样卷一至二份。 3. 阅卷人员根据阅卷标准,对照参照卷评分,若认为与某一分数(如8分)相似,即定为该分数(即8分)；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数,则可加一分(即9分)或减一分(即7分)，但不得加或减半分。,评分标准,14分 切题。表达思想清楚,文字通顺,连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误,仅有个别小错。（漂漂亮亮） 11分 切题。表达思想清楚,文字连贯,但有少量语言错误。（清清楚楚） 8分 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清
4、楚, 文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多,其中有一些是严重错误。 （马马虎虎） 5分 基本切题。表达思想不清楚,连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。（稀里糊涂） 2分 条理不清,思路紊乱,语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误,且多数为严重错误。 （一塌糊涂）,字数不足应酌情扣分,各档作文相当于百分制的得分,14 points,These days many parents tend to make all decisions for their children for fear that they might do something wrong. The parents purpose is quite
5、 clear: to protect their kids from possible failures. But this practice turns out to make their children increasingly dependent on them.For their childrens future development, parents should help them to be independent. The earlier they take measures to do so, the more benefit their children will ge
6、t. Parents should first teach their children how to make plan, an indispensable skill for their future survival. Parents should also give their children more freedom, a must to childrens independence. If the children only follow rules set by their parents, they will never gain the sense of independe
7、nce. Most importantly, parents should be open to different ideas from their children. If children feel that their ideas are well listened to and respected, they will become more confident.To sum up, parents should provide their children with plan-making skill, freedom and respect. In this way, child
8、ren will grow more independent.,11 points,Nowadays, many parents do everything for their children. They cook meals and wash clothes for their children. And they even make all the choices for their children. Everything has done by the parents and the children will do nothing but following the parents
9、 decisions.In order to help children to be independent, parents should following the suggestions given below. First, let children do some housework, such as washing dishes and cleaning rooms. These works will not take too much time, but they are suitable for children to learn to live independently.
10、Second, give the chance to manage the family. As a family member, child should know how to manage the family. And the parents should teach them this kind of skills. In this way, children can learn the necessary abilities to live on their own. And most important, give more freedom to children and let
11、 them make their own choice. Only in this way can children grow up healthily.,8 points,Nowadays, many parents do everything for their children. There are many reasons for parents to do that. The first one is that they love their children and want them live better. The second one is that they think t
12、hey would do everything better than their children. All these things makes the children dont know how to live without parents. They dont know how to be independent.What the parents do have a really bad effect to their children. So they should try another way. They should teach their children how to
13、do things instead of doing things for them. Then, they should let the children know that they would leave one day and children must live by themselves. So the children have to learn to live alone when it is not too late. Next parents should put it into practice. They may creat more chance for childr
14、en to live alone when children are young.If parents do well in these ways, their children will surely know how to be independent.,5 points,Recent years, a topic of how should parents help children to be independent, which has aroused widely public attention. As far as I am concerned that is right in
15、 a sense, which parents do every things for their children. Because of the children is parentss all things. However, I am favor of parents should help children to be independent as soon as possible.How should parents help their children to be independent. In my opinion, parents should believe their
16、children first. Parents should be certain with their children can recognize the true or fault and right or wrong of something. Secondly, parents had best to let their children to relize the responsity of himself and the family. In addition, parents also need to connect with their children and know a
17、bout what children is doing recently.By doing so, children may make mistake even lost their way and so on. However, dont worried, parents. Your children must be succeed from their experience.,2 points,In the world, how many people is very happy? Because they are has parents, friends, teachers and so
18、 on. They are takes much love for them. So they are very happy. In present, parents are doing much more anything for their childrens. Including anything in the home. For example, their clothes, their dinner, their friends and so on. In the school, their parents takes them for school by car, by bike
19、and on foot. For their children safe. Todays children dont do anything except their parents.For children alone in the world. For children doing anything alone in the world. Parents makes do exchange themselves.Parents arent do anything for their children. They can do something by themselves. They ca
20、n with their friends to go to school, to buy something in the story ans so on parents should not upset. Allow their childrens doing themselves. Parents should do anything for their childrens, but doesnt do all the things for their children.,写作五步骤,英语写作的一般步骤为审题、立意、提纲、草稿以及修改等五步。任何文章都不是一蹴而就的，必须循序渐进，经过这五
21、个步骤，从准备到动笔，到最后完稿，每一步都要细心谨慎，只有这样，写出来的文章才符合题目的要求。,一、审题,审题的任务，就在于明确文章的主题和写作的内容，找到贯穿全文的纲。具体而言，审题过程应完成以下三点任务： （）理解命题的基本要求，对于提供关键词或提纲的作文，应确定各个关键词或各个要点之间的逻辑联系； （）确定采用的文体，是记叙文、描写文、说明文，还是议论文； （）确定写作的内容，是写人、记事，还是议论；是解释现象，还是讲道理、论是非。,例1,Directions: For this part ,your are allowed 30 minutes to write a compositi
22、on on the topic Electricity and Our Daily Life .You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese ) below : 电的用途:提供动力/照明/日常生活。 假如没有电:生产/生活，都会受到影响。 因此，我们要节约用电。,Sample,Electricity is essential in our daily life. It runs the machines in factories.
23、 It starts the vehicles and light the streets and rooms. With it，we can watch TV，listen to the tape recorder，cook meals or store food in the fridge. In a word，it helps us a lot in our daily life. If there were no electricity，all the machines would stop working. At night，it would be very dark. We wou
24、ld have to wash our clothes with our hands. Students would use oil lamps to do their homework. We would live as our ancestors did centuries ago. Therefore，electricity is very important to us. Our life cannot go on without it，not to mention the construction of our country. Our country is short of ele
25、ctricity，now. So，everybody should try to save it.,例2,Directions: For this part ,your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic An announcement for a voluntary program .You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese ) below :
26、 1 校学生会组织一次暑假志愿活动，现招聘志愿者 2 本次志愿者活动目的 内容及安排 3 报名条件和联系方式,二、立意：,立意就是确定文章的中心思想。当我们拿到题目，经过审题这一步骤，了解了文章题目所包含的所有信息之后，就要对主题进行确定，将与主题有关的信息、事实排列成序，考虑从不同角度、用不同事实来进一步说明、解释、丰富主题。,例3,Directions: For this part ,your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Create a Green Campus. You should write
27、at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese ) below :1.建设绿色校园十分重要 2.绿色校园不仅指绿色环境 3.为了建设绿色校园我们应该,Sample,It is of great importance to make and maintain a green campus in our university or college. Obviously, a growing number of people are beginning to realiz
28、e that it is our duty to do that in the present days, since the concept of “a green world” has become the focus of the society.The idea of “a green campus” is beyond a green environment. To begin with, the development on the campus is to be sustainable and recyclable. Some of the authorities budget
29、should be on how to reduce of the waste. Whats more, wed better be aware of the seriousness of pollution around us. Thus the idea of environmental protection may become a common occurrence in our daily life.It is necessary that effective actions should be taken to protect our campus from waste and p
30、ollution and hence these activities are to play an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. Certainly, there is little doubt that further consideration must be paid to our green campuses.,三、提纲：,作文之前的提纲就好比是建筑师建造房屋时所使用的图纸设计，为整个工作过程提供一个全面的框架。这样在写作过程中，可以依照所列提纲有步骤地进行。一般来说，每一层提纲就是每一个段落的主题，这样就可以
31、帮助确定各层次之间的逻辑关系。,例4,Directions: For this part ,your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Trying to Be A Good University Student .You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese ) below :.做合格大学生的必要性.做合格大学生的必备条件（可以从德智体方面谈）.
32、我计划这样做,Outline,.It is very necessary to be a good university student . （议论体的主题句） .There are several respects of necessities to be a good university student .（说明体的主题句） .What I will do in the future is the following .(描述体主题句),四、初稿,拟好了提纲之后，就开始进行写作了。这是一个遣词造句，连句成篇，将不同信息组合排列的过程。在这一过程中，作者要对所确定的主题进行进一步的发挥和充
33、实，运用已有的英文基础，将自己的思想表达出来。在初稿的写作过程中，一定要注意以所拟定的提纲为指导，注意语言表达的正确性和流畅性。,要求：,书写整洁 避免错误 开门见山 有闪光点,Traffic in Big CitiesTraffic has become a social problem in big cities. Of course，have a car is a good thing，but if every person own a car，the streets will became too crowded. So，traffic jams occurred during the
34、 rush hours and accidents happened more often.One way to solve this problem is develop public transportation system. For example，we should buy more buses and we should built more roads，especially round-the-city roads And underground trains is also a good solution. Another way is to reduce the big ci
35、ty s population.Our country population control is a wise and necessary policy. If big city people reduce，traffic will less crowded.,五、修改,写出来的初稿往往在语法、用词乃至文章的结构上都会有这样那样的问题，需要做一些修改。,修改的步骤,首先，应该作语篇结构上的检查。这主要是检查文章的主题是否明确，篇章层次是否明显，段落衔接是否连贯，内容是否切题，论述是否充分，描述是否具体，推理是否合乎逻辑等。一般来说，在整体结构上不应有大的问题，因为已经做了仔细的审题，有了详细
36、的提纲指导。其次，具体检查每个段落。这一步主要检查段落是否完善，中心是否突出，论证是否有力，细节安排是否有条理，段内各句是否衔接紧凑等。最后，是作语法上的检查，包括用词是否恰当，标点是否正确，句子结构是否完整，语句是否通顺等。语法上的检查虽然是检查步骤中的最后一步，但也是相当重要的一步，因为过多或较严重的语法错误同样会影响到最后的得分，而且，还有一个相当重要的原则（在本章第三节讲“造句“时还会强调的），就是通常一个意思有若干种表达方式，应当尽量从中选取最为恰当的一种。,写作时间分配,审题、立意并列出提纲（约5分钟） 动笔写: （约20分钟）（1）切题（2）干净整洁（3）少犯错误（4）开门见山（
37、5）闪光点 交卷前检查 （约5分钟）（1）拼写错误（2）语法错误等,四六级考试作文题型分析,出现频率最高的三种作文类型,四级写作的题材具有显著的现实性，基本可以分为两大类：1. 贴近大学生的学习工作及课余生活的校园题材2. 论及当前社会的现象、发展变化及进步的热点话题。,1. Recreational Activities (2008. 6) 2. What Electives to Choose (2007. 12) 3. Welcome to Our Club (2007. 6) 4. Volunteers Needed (2006. 6) 5. Should the University
38、 Campus Be Open to Tourist? (2005. 12) 6. Teachers Day (2005. 6) 7. A Campaign Speech (2005. 1) 8. A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction (2004. 6) 9. A Letter in Reply to a Friend (2004. 1),校园题材,关于此类题材的近五年的真题作文列举如下： 1. Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags (2008. 12) 2. Spring Festival
39、Gala on CCTV (2006. 12)3. How Should Parents Help Children to be Independent? （2010）1). 目前不少父母为孩子包办一切2). 为了让孩子独立, 父母应该四级作文命题透析,社会热点话题,健康: 1身体健康-health: physical:-keep fit; wellbeing(emotional/physical/psychological)2008.12/2008.06/2007.12/98.06/93.01/91/90 2心理健康：psychologically, mentally :independen
40、t, cooperative, competitive, considerate, confident, creative, sociable, selfish, isolated, conservative-2009.12( 绿色校园不仅指绿色环境）/2007.12/2007.06参加社团缓解压力,教育与娱乐： recreation, relax, entertainment; cultivate, foster, enlighten, give inspiration to ,motivate, expand ones horizon, 促进学生身心发展：promote the stude
41、nts physical, intellectual and emotional development (well-rounded/ versatile) mould ones character; team spirit2009.06(博物馆免费开放的目的）-2008.06（娱乐使人们受益）/2007.12(学生选课不同原因)/2007.06( 参加社团的好处)/2006.12( 看春晚),方便VS效率： 2008.12一次性塑料袋广泛使用/2002.06计算机普及程度/2002.01食堂服务/1994.01现代化交通工具发达./1991.01- 自行车在中国这样普及 2006.06学生自
42、由选择教师方便学生,提高办学的效率,节省和浪费：save time/ money/ space; economical, thrift; waste time/ money/ space; costly 2009.06博物馆作为教育资源/2008.12塑料袋使用/2004.01报考专业理由(人才浪费)2002.01-对食堂批评; 2000.01 上大学费用( taking a part-time jobease/alleviate family financial burden 1996.01双休日可能给大学生带来的问题 1998.01假冒伪劣商品对个人(浪费金钱),环境：environmen
43、t, pollute, poisonous, dirty, contamination, detrimental to , sustainable development; 2009.12/2009.06公共设施环境维护（图片）/2008.12preserve environment/2007.06社团主要内容环保组织”heal the world” 2005.12校园是否对游客开放/1990.06-城市绿化,安全和危险：safe, danger, risk2009.06(公共场所存在安全隐患)/2008.06/98.01假冒伪劣产品安全隐患/97.06大学生了解社会的必要性(社会的险恶,陷阱
44、trap)/96.01双休日带来的问题travel;,经验：working experience, social experience, enter the society; practical experience; associate theory with practice; （interpersonal skills) 2007.12开设选修课目的/2007.06社团的好处: expand ones horizon; enlarge our knowledge;/2005.01具备胜任学生会主席的条件/2001.01-取得面试成功的因素/ 97.06大学生了解社会的必要性,四级作文从试
45、题角度可以分为现象解释型、问题解决型和应用文三种类型。四六级命题组总结在这三种类型当中，现象解释型的考试几率最高，考生需特别注意。下面具体解释这三种类型：,一、 现象解释型,命题主要要求考生对某一社会现象进行解释并加以评论。让我们来看下历年四级作文命题： 2009年12月大学英语四级考试真题 1. 建设绿色校园很重要 2. 绿色校园不仅指绿色的环境 3. 为了建设绿色校园，我们应该 Creating a Green Campus,从本题的结构来看，正好符合我们的现象解释类型，指出建设绿色校园这一现象很重要，然后叙述建设绿色校园的意义，最后为建设绿色校园提出良好建议。综上所述，我们可以把其基本结
46、构归纳如下： 基本结构是：首先说明现状；其次阐述这种现状产生或存在的原因；最后做出分析，提出建议或总结观点。 写作方法为：描述现象分析原因对现象做出预测或如何促进(限制)这种现象的进一步发展。,同样2008年6月21日英语四级考试试题也是现象解释型，请看其具体要求： 1. 娱乐活动多种多样 2. 娱乐活动可能使人们受益，也可能有危害性 3. 作为大学生，我的看法 再看2010年6月的四级真题，类型竟会有惊人的相似性： 1.如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写 2.出现这种情况的原因 3.这种现象导致的结果 这些都很好的提醒了广大英语四级考生什么是四级作文考试中的重点，这种同类型考题还有：,二、
47、问题解决型,此类作文要求考生从提示性文字或图表、图画入手，解释提示性文字、图表、图画反映出的问题，提出问题的危害性或解决这一问题的紧迫性；然后对问题展开分析，提出解决问题的方案或应对措施；最后一段要求考生表明自己的态度、做法等。 同样我们也来看如下四级，就能得出此类型解题方案： 2009年6月英语四级考试 1. 越来越多的博物馆免费对外开放的目的是什么？ 2. 也会带来一些问题 3. 你的看法？ 基本方法为：提出问题分析问题解决问题。 写作方法为：分析所给情景选择写作方法。如2000年1月真题。,三、 应用文,这类文体与日常生活比较贴近。书信的类型可能变化万千，如邀请信、申请信、感谢信、道歉信
48、等，但是万变不离其宗，只要掌握了英语书信的格式，并应用恰当的句式和语句，就一定能够写出好的文章来。 需要提醒考生注意的是应用文在六级考试中的出现几率要比四级大，所以四级的考生重点应该放在前两种，尤其是第一种。,建议,1. 建议分解作文观点，扩充内容。 2. 建议在写作时只选择自己能够驾奴的句式和词语。 3. 建议在文章中长短句搭配使用，用短句表达观点，长句推理分析。 4. 建议选用作文模板，限定文章逻辑结构。,写作建议,用词是否恰当，准确，形象，关键词是否换用，切勿老用重复词,Goodadvisable/sensible/informative/useful/instructive; Good
49、beneficial, advantageous, helpful; excellent, outstanding; Badundesirable/mindless/worthless;Badharmful, baneful, detrimental,Lots ofa host of , a vast number of(可数名词），a great deal of , a vast amount of ( 不可数名词）-substantial; considerable; heaps of Importantcrucial, vital, significant, key;P4;indispensable/integral;,desire 替换want pour attention into 替换pay attention to bear in mind that 替换remember 促进/提高/增强/改善 give a boost to/enhance/motivate/ better/ promote,角色与功能,
