1、第四章 运输方式第一节 海洋运输海上运输 Marine TransportationThere is a wide range of maritime cargo handled at seaport terminals.运输方式1、班轮运输（Liner Transport ） A vessel operated a regular scheduled, service on a fixed route between designated ports and carries many different goods. （1）characteristic have a regular sche
2、dule a fixed route between the same portsFreight rates unchanged班轮的港口装卸由船方负责特别适合于一般件杂货和集装箱货物的运输。（3）计价标准a. 按货物实际重量计收运费，即重量吨（W ） b. 按体积/ 容积计收， “ 尺码吨” （Measurement Ton, M ） c. 按重量或体积计收，由船公司选择其中收费较高者作为计费吨。 （W/M ） d. 按商品价格计收，即从价运费（Ad. Val，A.V ） 还有如 W/M or ad. Val 及 W/M plus A.V.e. 按件数 f. 临时议定，open2、租船运输（
3、Charter Transport） Charter a whole vessel. Its cheaper than the liner transportation, and it can choose the rout. So Bulk cargo always chooses charter transport. Types;定期租船： A time charter is the hiring of a vessel for a specific period of time; the owner still manages the vessel but the charterer s
4、elects the ports and directs the vessel where to go. The charterer pays for all fuel the vessel consumes, port charges, and a daily hire to the owner of the vessel.定程租船： Voyage charter：A voyage charter is the hiring of a vessel and crew for a voyage between a load port and a discharge port. The char
5、terer pays the vessel owner on a per-ton or lump-sum basis. The owner pays the port costs (excluding stevedoring), fuel costs and crew costs. The payment for the use of the vessel is known as freight. A voyage charter specifies a period, known as laytime, for unloading the cargo. If lay time is exce
6、eded 超过, the charterer must pay demurrage 逾期费. If lay time is saved, the charter party may require the ship-owner to pay dispatch 派遣 to the charterer.光船租船： A demise charter: The charterer obtains possession and full control of the vessel along with the legal and financial responsibility for it. The
7、charterer pays for all operating expenses, including fuel, crew, port expenses and P Shipment within 45 days after receipt of L/C; immediate shipment. org.2. 装运港 port of shipment:目的港 port of destinatione.g. Port of shipment: Qingdao/Dalian/ShanghaiPort of shipment: China ports3. 转船 Transshipment4. 分
8、批 partial shipment: it will be determined in the contract 5. 装运通知：Shipping AdviceDeclaration of Shipment海运单据 一、海运提单 bill of lading ，B/LThe Bill of Lading is an instrument issued by an ocean carrier to a shipper. Three functions: it is a receipt, i.e. an acknowledgement that the goods have been loade
9、d; it contains or evidences the terms of the contract of carriage; It is a document of title to the goods. ( i.e. if you have the Bill of Lading, you own the concerning goods).二海运提单的种类 清洁提单（clean B/L）：When the goods are loaded on board, the surface of the goods is good. 不清洁提单（unclean B/L or foul B/L
10、） The ocean carrier indicates that there is something wrong between the goods loaded and the goods listed on bill.如“被雨淋湿”、 “三箱破损”、 “四件沾污”等类似批注。The seller should submit the clean B/L to the buyer. 已装船提单（on board B/L, shipped B/L） When the on board B/L is signed, the goods have been loaded. The on boa
11、rd B/L should indicate the name of the ship, and the date of signing is the date of loading. 备运提单（received for shipment B/L） When the receiving for shipment B/L is signed, the goods are not loaded. The seller should submit the on board B/L to the buyer. 按提单收货人的抬头不同 记名提单（straight B/L）指提单上的收货人（consign
12、ee）, the name of the consignee. 不记名提单（bearer B/L） ，来人抬头提单 “货交提单持有人”(to bearer)，or write nothing 指示提单（order B/L） “凭指示（to order） ”或“ 凭某某指示（to the order of .） ”。根据不同的运输方式 直达提单 direct B/L 转船提单 transshipment B/L 转船提单上一般注有“在某港”转船字样，有的还注明二程船或三程船的船名。 联运提单 through B/L 根据提单使用效力 正本提单 original B/L正本提单上必须要标明“正本”
13、（original）字样。一般签发一式两份或三份，凭其中的任何一份提货后，其余的即作废。为防止他人冒领货物，买方与银行通常要求卖方提供船公司签发的全部正本提单，即所谓“全套” （full set）提单。 副本提单 copy B/L 提单上没有承运人、船长或其代理人签字盖章，而仅供参考之用。五. 海上货运单 sea waybill, ocean waybill To certificate the contract of carriage and the goods are gave to the ocean carrier, and the ocean carrier ensures to g
14、ive the goods to the consignee. It can not be 流通 It can help the importer save both time and money, and reduce the risk of cheat by the bogus documents. 第二节 国际铁路运输一、 国际铁路货物联运it uses the railroad to freight the cargo from one country to another.使用一份统一的国际联运单据，由铁路部门经过两国或两个以上国家铁路的全程运输，并由一国铁路向另一国铁路移交货物时不
15、需发、收货人参加的运输方式。 国际铁路货物联运组织第三节 集装箱运输主要规格国际标准化组织为统一集装箱的规格，推荐三个系列 13 种规格。而在国际航运中使用的主要为：1A 型 8*8*40，1C 型 8*8*20 又分别称作 40 英尺和 20 英尺集装箱 1、characteristics:a. cargo can be loaded and unloaded more faster b. protecting cargo c. reducing the cost of freight d. the procedure is more easier 2、装箱方式按装箱方式可分为整箱货（FCL
16、，Full Container Load）和拼箱货（ LCL, Less than Container Load）FCL 指由货方负责装拆箱的货物。在工厂或仓库装箱，直接运交堆场。LCL 指由承运人负责装箱的货物，可以是任何数量。在货运站 CFS 装箱，然后运到堆场CY。二、集装箱交接方式通用的集装箱货物运输交接方式可以分为下列三个基本种类：门到门(DOOR TO DOOR)，由发货人货仓或工厂仓库至收货人的货仓或工厂仓库，这种方式通常适用于整箱货的运输；场到场(CY TO CY)，由起运地或装箱港的堆场至目的地或卸箱港的堆场(CONTAINER YARD，即 CY)，一般也为整箱货的运输；站
17、到站(CFS TO CFS)，由起运地或装箱港的集装箱货运站 (CONTAINER FREIGHT STATION，即 CFS)至目的地或卸箱港的集装箱货运站，这种方式通常用于拼箱货的运输。集装箱货物运输运费构成集装箱运输的费用构成和计算方式与传统的运输方式不同。以海运为例，它包括内陆或装运港市运输费、拼箱服务费、堆场服务费、海运运费、集装箱及其设备使用费等。 计费方法主要有两种： 1、 按件杂货基本费率加附加费。2、 包箱费率（box rate） ，以每个集装 箱为计费单位。包箱费率有三种规定方式：1、 FAK 包箱费率（ freight for all kinds） ，the fee of
18、 one container. 2、 FCS 包箱费率（freight for class） ，according to the class of the cargo 3、 FCB 包箱费率（freight for class & basis） ，according to the class and basis of the cargo determine the fee rate. 第四节 国际多式联运（International Combined Transport）一、 定义：It is the movement of goods from one country to another
19、in one and the same loading unit, using 2 or more modes of transport. 二、特点1、 a contract of combined transport3、 more than 2 modes of transport4、 more than 2 countries 5、 there is one management controls the transporting 6、 one and same loading unit 第五节 大陆桥运输（Landing Transport） 指以集装箱为媒介，以大陆上的铁路或公路运输系统为中间桥梁，把大陆两端的海洋运输连接起来，构成海陆海的连贯运输。它具有集装箱运输和国际多式联运的优点。
