1、 1 NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT STANDARDS This is the 27th edition of the Danish nutrient standards. INSTITUTION: SEGES PIG RESEARCH CENTRE AUTHORS: PER TYBIRK, NIELS MORTEN SLOTH, NIELS KJELDSEN AND LISBETH SHOOTER UPDATED: APRIL 2018 The Danish feed evaluation system The Danish feed evaluation system, rev
2、ised in 2002, is based on the physiological energy value of nutrients and on the standardised digestibility of these nutrients. In 2002, the old feed unit was replaced by two new feed units: FUgp (feed units for weaners, growers and finishers) and FUsow (feed units for sows). In practice, energy eva
3、luation in Denmark is based on: 1. Chemical analyses of water, ash, crude protein and crude fat 2. In vitro digestibilities at ileal level and faecal level 3. Energy values of nutrients based on “potential physiological values“. The protein evaluation system is based on the standardised ileal digest
4、ibility of each amino acid. Energy content per kg diet of a normal complete diet: Feed unit MJ ME MJ NE MJ physiological energy Lactation diets 1.06 FUsow 13.3 9.6 7.9 Gestation diets 0.99 FUsow 12.6 8.8 7.4 Weaner diets, 6-9 kg 1.18 FUgp 14.4 10.5 8.7 Weaner diets, 9-30 kg 1.17 FUgp 14.1 10.4 8.6 F
5、inisher diets, 30-100 kg 1.07 FUgp 13.4 9.6 7.9 2 Amino acids The standards for amino acids are shown in Tables 1-4. Note that a safety margin is not included. The standards for weaners, growers and finishers are based on ad libitum feeding or on approximate ad libitum feeding. Standards for lactati
6、ng sows are adapted to prolific sows with a minimum feed intake of 7 FUsow in peak lactation (d 12-28). Standards for gilts are based on restricted feeding and the goal is that gilts be inseminated in their second heat when they are approx. 8 months old and weigh approx. 135-150 kg. Boars amino acid
7、 requirement for sperm production is covered if they are fed according to the standards for gestating sows. The standards are based on an economically optimum standard, as a standard for maximum productivity would increase feed costs more than can be covered by productivity improvements. For gilts,
8、the standards are based on a desire to reach a maximum daily gain of approx. 725 g to achieve the above goal. Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 show the minimum crude protein content in pig feed. A minimum content serves as a guarantee against inaccuracies in feed formulation. Table 1 furthermore provides the li
9、mit for maximum digestible protein in weaner feed to ensure that only the amount protein necessary is used as high protein levels may increase the risk of diarrhoea outbreaks. Table 1. Amino acid standards for weaners, g digestible per feed unit (FUgp). Interval, kg 6-9 kg 9-15 kg 9-30 kg 15-30 kg %
10、 of lysine* Lysine 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 100* Methionine 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 32 Methionine +Cystine 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 54 Threonine 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 61 Tryptophan 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 21* Isoleucine 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 53 Leucine 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 100 Histidine 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 32 Phenylalanine 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 54 Phe
11、nylalanine+tyrosin 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 100 Valine 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 67 Crude protein, minimum 140 140 141 143 - Crude protein, maximum 152 152 155 157 - * It must be ensured that the composition of ideal protein is met if lysine levels / weight intervals differ from those in the table. * The amino aci
12、d standards present the level that, under normal price conditions, guarantees maximum gross margin in herds with normal, healthy pigs. Research demonstrates that maximum productivity is obtained by increasing the lysine standard by approx. 7-10% (corresponding to 11.8 (6-9 kg) and 11.6 (9-30 kg) g s
13、tandardised digestible lysine, respectively, per feed unit including the above profile for all essential amino acids). This is expected to improve FCR and daily gain by 1-2%. Research also demonstrates that maximum productivity is obtained when the tryptophan standard is increased from the current a
14、pprox. 21% to 22% of the lysine standard corresponding to approx. 0.21 g digestible tryptophan more than stated in the table. 3 Table 2. Amino acid standards for growers and finishers, g digestible per feed unit (FUgp). Interval, kg 20-45 30-45 30-55 30-110 45-110 55-110 65-110 75-110 % of lysine* 4
15、5-65 55-75 Lysine 9.4 8.8 8.5 7.7 7.4 7.2 7.0 6.9 100 Methionine 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 30 Met+Cys 5.3 5.0 4.9 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.2 56-61 Threonine 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.1 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 63-67 Tryptophan 1.88 1.76 1.70 1.54 1.48 1.44 1.40 1.38 20 Isoleucine 5.0 4.7 4.5 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.7 53 Leucin
16、e 9.4 8.8 8.5 7.7 7.4 7.2 7.0 6.9 100 Histidine 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 32 Phenylalanine 5.1 4.8 4.6 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 54 Phen+tyrosine 9.4 8.8 8.5 7.7 7.4 7.2 7.0 6.9 100 Valine 6.3 5.9 5.7 5.2 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.7 67 Crude protein, minimum 140 130 127 120 115 112 109 108 - *The standards in t
17、his table apply to FCR per kg gain in the period 30-110 kg above 2.75 FUgp per kg gain. Pig producers with feed conversion ratios between 2.66 and 2.75 FUgp per kg gain in the period 30-110 kg are recommended to raise the standard for all amino acids for all weight intervals by 3.9%. Pig producers w
18、ith a feed conversion ratio between 2.56-2.65 FUgp per kg gain are recommended to raise the standards by 7.8% for all amino acids. Pig producers with a feed conversion ratio below 2.56 FUgp per kg gain are recommended to raise the standards by 11.7% for all amino acids. Pig producers with specialise
19、d production units with focus on a high lean meat %, eg production for the British markets, are recommended to increase the content of digestible lysine by 0.3 g and the content of crude protein by 8 g per FUgp for all diets used until slaughter, but not for diets for pigs below 65 kg if phase feedi
20、ng is applied. See table 2a for examples of standards under different FCR and pig price models. *It is recommended to apply the standards and profile (% of lysine) that match the weight interval in question. Table 2a. Standards from 30 to 110 kg depending on FCR and production for the British market
21、, g digestible per feed unit (FUgp) and including an example of a typical two-phase feeding standard. Pig price model Regular For UK market FUgp/kg gain 2.75 2.66 2.75 2.56 2.65 2.55 2.75 2.66 2.75 2.56 -2.65 2.55 Lysine* 30-110 7.7 8.0 8.3 8.6 8.0 8.3 8.6 8.9 Crude protein, 30-110, min. 120 124 128
22、 132 128 132 136 140 Lysine, 30-55* 8.5 8.8 9.1 9.4 8.5 8.8 9.1 9.4 Crude protein, 30-55, min. 127 131 135 139 127 131 135 139 Lysine 65-110 kg* 7.0 7.3 7.6 7.9 7.3 7.6 7.9 8.2 Crude protein, 65-110 kg, min. 109 113 117 121 117 121 125 129 *incl. remaining essential amino acids in table 2 with the p
23、rofile (% of lysine) matching the weight interval 30-110 kg. 4 Table 3. Amino acid standards for gilts, g digestible per feed unit.* Interval, kg 30-65 kg 65-110 kg 30-110 kg Above 110 kg Lysine 6.6 5.0 6.0 4.0 Methionine 2.1 1.6 1.9 1.6 Methionine + cystine 4.0 3.2 3.5 3.2 Threonine 4.3 3.3 4.0 3.0
24、 Tryptophan 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.0 Isoleucine 3.7 3.0 3.5 3.0 Leucine 7.6 5.8 6.1 4.1 Histidine 2.6 2.0 2.2 1.5 Phenylalanine 3.6 3.0 3.7 2.4 Phenylalanine + tyrosine 7.5 5.8 7.0 4.6 Valine 5.0 3.8 4.2 3.5 Crude protein, minimum 110 95 100 90 * Provided restricted feeding from no later than 65 kg. The amin
25、o acid profile is significantly below what is required for maximum gain in order to slow growth and obtain a higher degree of fattening to accommodate longevity. The amino acid profile is based on a practical evaluation ensuring that diets for gilts can also be used for other categories of pigs. If
26、you only use gilt diets up to 110 kg, you may instead apply in the amino acid profile (amino acids in per cent of lysine) for finishers in the weight interval 75-110 kg shown in table 2. Table 4. Amino acid standards for sows, g digestible per feed unit (FUsow). Gestating sows Service unit* Lactatin
27、g sows Lactating sows % of lysine Lysine 3.3 5.0 7.7 100 Methionine 1.6 1.6 2.4 31 Methionine + cystine 3.2 3.2 4.5 58 Threonine 3.0 3.3 5.0 65 Tryptophan 1.0 1.0 1.54 20 Isoleucine 3.0 3.0 4.3 56 Leucine 2.6 5.8 8.3 108 Histidine 1.2 2.0 2.8 36 Phenylalanine 1.9 3.0 4.2 55 Phenylalanine+tyrosine 3.
28、6 5.8 8.7 113 Valine 3.5 3.8 5.3 69 Crude protein, minimum 90 95 118 - * Empty sows from weaning to insemination. Minerals Mineral standards are presented as pigs requirements plus a safety margin. Pig producers are generally not recommended to add minerals beyond the standard. This particularly app
29、lies to calcium, 5 as calcium interacts with certain micro minerals, wherefore a high content of calcium may inhibit the absorption of these micro minerals. The standard for digestible phosphorus is a minimum standard and does thus not include a safety margin. The mineral standards in Tables 5, 6 an
30、d 7 are presented as total amount in the feed. Feed for boars follows the mineral standards for finishers up to 110 kg, and from 100 kg it follows the standards for gestating sows. Table 5. Mineral standards for sows and gilts, total amount per feed unit. Sows (per FUsow) Gilts (per FUgp/FUsow) Gest
31、ating Lactating Service unit 30-65 kg 65-105 kg 30-105 kg Above 105 kg Calcium, no phytase, g 7.0 8.0 7.0 8.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 Calcium, g +60-100% phytase 6.5 7.5 6.5 7.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 Calcium, g +150-250% phytase 6.2 7.2 6.2 7.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 Calcium, g +300-400% phytase 6.0 7.0 6.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Dig. P,
32、g 2.0 3.0 2.3 2.7 2.3 2.5 2.0 Sodium, g 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.3 Chloride, g 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.2 Potassium, g 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Magnesium, g 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Iron, mg 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 Copper, mg 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Manganese, mg 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 Zinc, mg 100 100 100
33、 100 100 100 100 Iodine, mg 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Selenium, mg1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 1) According to the Danish Feedstuff Act, diets must not contain more than 0.5 mg selenium per kg complete diet. Depending on the composition of the diet, this means that it is allowed to add 0.2-0.35 m
34、g selenium per feed unit 6 Table 6. Mineral standards for weaners, total amount per feed unit (FUgp). Interval, kg 6-9 kg 9-15 kg 9-30 kg 15-30 kg Calcium, no phytase, g 7.0 8.0 8.5 8.5 Calcium, g +60-100% phytase 6.5 7.5 8.0 8.0 Calcium, g +150-250% phytase 6.2 7.2 7.7 7.7 Calcium, g +300-400% phyt
35、ase 6.0 7.0 7.5 7.5 Dig. P, g 3.33 3.2 3.1 3.0 Sodium, g 2.5 2.1 2.0 1.9 Chloride, g 4.0 3.5 3.4 3.2 Potassium, g 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Magnesium, g 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Iron, mg 1501 1501 1501 1501 Copper, mg 6 6 6 6 Manganese, mg 40 40 40 40 Zinc, mg 100 100 100 100 Iodine, mg 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Selenium, mg2 0
36、.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 1) Of this min. 100 mg easily soluble iron salt. 2) According to the Danish Feedstuff Act, diets must not contain more than 0.5 mg selenium per kg complete diet. Depending on the composition of the diet, this means that it is allowed to add 0.2-0.35 mg selenium per feed unit. 3) W
37、hen a high inclusion of zinc oxide is applied (2,500 ppm zinc), it is recommended to add an additional 0.3 g digestible phosphorus per feed unit than stated in the standard. It is also recommended to continue adding phytase to weaner feed when additional zinc is added. 7 Table 7. Mineral standards f
38、or growers and finishers, total amount per feed unit. 20-45 kg 30-45 kg 30-105 kg 45-105 kg 65-105 kg Calcium, no phytase, g 8.0 7.5 7.0 7.0 6.5 Calcium, g +60-100% phytase 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.5 6.0 Calcium, g +150-250% phytase 7.2 6.7 6.2 6.2 5.7 Calcium, g +300-400% phytase 7.0 6.5 6.0 6.0 5.5 Dig. P, g
39、 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 Sodium, g 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 Chloride, g 3.0 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.2 Potassium, g 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Magnesium, g 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Iron, mg 80 80 80 80 80 Copper, mg 6 6 6 6 6 Manganase, mg 40 40 40 40 40 Zinc, mg2 100 100 100 100 100 Iodine, mg 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Selenium, mg1 0.
40、2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 1) According to the Danish Feedstuff Act, diets must not contain more than 0.5 mg selenium per kg complete diet. Depending on the composition of the diet, this means that it is allowed to add 0.2-0.35 mg selenium per feed unit. 2) It is recommended to add 70 mg zinc per feed unit t
41、o meet the standard of 100 mg per feed unit and at the time avoid exceeding the maximum limit of 120 mg per kg. If it is confirmed that the feed includes minimum 200% phytase, the addition of zinc may be lowered to 40 mg per feed unit. As it is not possible to analyse the content of digestible phosp
42、horus in feed, it must therefore be assessed on the basis of the total content of phosphorus. Table 8 shows the guidelines for minimum content of total phosphorus in diets containing phytase. 8 Table 8. Guiding minimum content of total phosphorus in complete diets with phytase g per feed unit. Min.
43、content of total P when adding phytase Phytase, % of standard* 100 200 300 400 Weaners (FUgp), 9-30 kg 5.2 4.9 4.7 4.6 Growers and finishers (FUgp), 30-105 kg 4.4 4.1 3.9 3.8 Gestating sows (FUsow) 3.8 3.4 3.2 3.1 Lactating sows (FUsow) 5.2 4.9 4.7 4.6 Prerequisites of minimum recommendations: tradi
44、tional diets based on grain and soybean meal in which wheat constitutes approx. 50% of the grain for sows and minimum 2/3 of the grain for weaners and finishers. Phosphorus source: monocalcium phosphate. In other types of diets, the content of total phosphorus often needs to be slightly higher to me
45、et the standards for digestible phosphorus. * Phytase units in different phytase products in different inclusion rates are shown in Table 9. Table 9. Phytase units in different phytase products; inclusion rates ranging from 60 to 400%. Inclusion Natuphos (FTU) Phyzyme XP (FTU) Ronozyme HiPhos (FYT)
46、Ronozyme NP (FYT) Optiphos (OTU)3) Axtra Phy (FTU) Quantum Blue (FTU) 60% 3001) Below allowed inclusion rate 1504) 2506) 100% 500 1,5002) 250 4006) 150% 750 1,875 375 600 200% 1,000 2,500 500 800 300% 1,5005) - - 1,200 400% 2,0005) - - 1,600 1): Minimum inclusion allowed of Ronozyme HiPhos is 500 FY
47、T. 2): It only takes 1,250 FYT to obtain an effect corresponding to 100%, but the lowest inclusion allowed is 1,500 FYT per kg feed. 3):Optiphos is approved in the EU according to a different analysis method, the OTU. In practice, Optiphos can be verified with the standard method (FTU/FYT), but requ
48、ires minimum twice as many analysed FTU/FYT than declared OTU. Literature reviews indicate a conversion factor between OTU and FTU of roughly 2.5, but this will be determined later in an EU test made at multiple laboratories. 4): Optiphos minimum inclusion in feed for sows and finishers: 125 OTU. Mi
49、nimum inclusion in feed for weaners: 250 OTU (100%). 5): Phyzyme only allowed in inclusion rates up to 1,000 FTU in feed for weaners and finishers, and 500 FTU in feed for sows. 6): Axtra Phy minimum inclusion: 250 FTU. Quantum Blue minimum inclusion in feed for sows and finishers: 250 FTU. Minimum inclusion in feed for weaners: 500 FTU. 9 Vitamins Besides minimum requirements, the vitamin standards include a safety margin for maximum productivity and reproduction. The standards for certain vitamins also take into consideration maximum health to the extent that this is scientif
