1、The Paragraph(3): The Development of the Paragraph,Joanna & Nancy,B. Pattern of Developing Paragraphs,Development by Time Development by Space Development by Process Development by Citing Statistics Development by Comparison and Contrast Development by Exemplification Development by Cause and Effect
2、 Development by Definition Development by Classification,1.Development by Time,To describe events by the order of time in which they take place,2.Development by Space,When we describe a place, whether it be a room or a big park, we normally describe it according to certain spatial order as if we wer
3、e shooting a filmeither from left to right, from top to bottom, or from what is nearby to what is in the distance, etc.,Sample 2 My dormitory room is small and crowed. The dark green walls and dirty white ceiling make the room seem dim, and thus even smaller than it is. As you walk into the room, yo
4、u are stopped short by my bed, which fills half of the room. The two large windows over the bed are hidden by heavy dark green drapes. Against the wall on the left, pushed into a corner behind the head of the bed, is a large bookcase that is crammed with papers, books and knickknacks. Wedged in betw
5、een the bookcase and the wall opposite the bed is a small grey metal desk. It has a brown wooden chair that seems to fill the left end of the room. Stuffed under the desk is a woven wastepaper basket overflowing with paper and debris. The wall above the bookcase and desk is completely taken up with
6、two small posters. On the right hand side of the room is a narrow closet with clothes, shoes, hats, tennis racquets, and boxes bulging out of its sliding doors. Every time I walk out of the door, I think, “Now I know what it is like to live in a closet.”,In example, the first sentence, i.e. the topi
7、c sentence, gives us a general idea about the room. The writer first describe the wall and the ceiling, i.e. from the top. Then he moves his “camera” to his bed, which occupies half of the room. From there he turns to the left, then to the place under the desk, and then back to the wall. Finally he
8、describes the right side of the room. After that we have the concluding sentence, which is what the writer thinks of the room.,Read samples on textbook,3.Development by Process,Developing a paragraph by process is a step-by-step description of how something is done. In a sense it is also a kind of c
9、hronological order, since it follows the natural order in which the event takes place.,Assignments: Ex1 & Ex2,Key,4.Development by Citing Statistics,The technique of developing a paragraph by citing statistics is commonly used in research papers or similar writings .When properly used, statistics wi
10、ll lend credibility to our arguments.,Sample 1:,The U.S. Census Bureau has estimated that the population of the United States could approach 300 million in 2000 and will be 400 million in 2020. And the U.S. Department of Commerce estimates that the average U.S. per capita income will increase from $
11、3,400 in 1969 to the equivalent of $8,500 (assuming a 1967 price level ) in the year 2000, 2.5 times as much as that of 1969.,It is a report of the estimation of the U.S. Census Bureau. The listening of the statistics gives the readers some specific information about the population and capita income
12、 of the United States in the future.,Sample2:,Due to increases in output from the North Sea, oil production rose by 47.2% to compensate for a 1.6% fall in U.S. production. At the end of June, inventories in the seven biggest oil consumption countries were 3.8% above the levels of the previous year.
13、European stocks were up 5.7% and U.S. by 3.8%. Only in Japan were stocks lower1.3%.,In both cases, the cited statistics help make the essays much more convincing.,The selection of statistics is also very important.,For example: When we talk about the threat of nuclear weapons, it might be more effec
14、tive to point out that the United States and Russia alone possess enough weapons to destroy our globe over twenty times than to cite the actual number of such weapons they have.,5.Deveolpment by comparison and Contrast,They are usually applied to the things belonging to the same general class. They
15、are usually used between two apparently similar things to reveal their significant differences, or between two seemingly unrelated things to discover their similarities so far unsuspected.,Useful Expression of Contrast,Useful Example of Comparison,6.Development by Exemplification,Exemplification: It
16、 refers to the use of examples in support of the main idea of the paragraph.,Conjunction:,for example for instance take the case of sth. such as take for example illustrate sb. /sth. /serves/can be used as/ a /typical/representative/ /example/illustration/. a case in point is that,Organization of Ex
17、ample Paragraphs,A. General-to-specific PatternIt starts with a topic sentence. Then several examples (details) are given to back up the opening statement.,见书上P137 Sample (A.),B. Specific-to-general Patterna. The examples (details) are mentioned first, and the general statement, which may be the top
18、ic sentence, comes at the end of the paragraph, summarizing the points in the development, restating the topic sentence, giving a suggestion, a prediction or raising a question.b. Details and examples are arranged in climactic order; the least important comes first, followed by others in order of in
19、creasing importance,例子自己找,7.Development by Cause and Effect,Homework,8. Development by Definition,Definition is a statement of the meaning, nature or limits of something. When we introduce some new concepts or terms, we must tell the reader what they are or what they mean. Definition as such is extr
20、emely important because we cannot understand what a piece of writing is about without knowing the meaning of the key terms.,Sample 1:,A US associate degree is a two-year degree given by two types of colleges: community colleges offering associate degree programs are operated by the local government
21、and are financed by public funds; US junior colleges offering associate degree programs are generally privately run.,Sample 2:,A CVE (Collaborative Virtual Environments) is a computer-based, distributed, virtual space or a set of places. In such places, people can meet and interact with others, with
22、 agents or with virtual objects.,Attention,What is essential for a definition is correctness and preciseness, because obviously an incorrect or imprecise definition would be misleading. Besides, a definition can be effective only if it is supported by concrete facts.,9.Development by Classification,
23、Sometimes when we discuss a group of things, we classify them into several categories. It offers us a convenient way to separate a complex idea or groups of facts into more manageable or simpler units and gives the reader a more precise and comprehensive understanding of the ideas or things under discussion.,见书上 142,
