1、Basic Parts of English Sentence,1. 英语单词词类(words level),名词 Nouns ( n. )： 表示人、事物时间、地点或抽象概念的名称John room动词 Verbs ( v. )： vt 及物 vi 不及物 表示动作、状态或性质think be形容词 Adjectives ( adj. ) ： 表示人或事物的属性或特征good interesting 代词 Pronouns ( pron. ) ： 代替名词、数词以避免重复them everything数词 Numerals ( num. ) ： 表示数量或顺序nine first副词 Adv
2、erbs ( adv. ) ： 修饰动词、形容词、其它副词或全句，表示行为特征或性状特征almost介词Prepositions ( prep. ) ： 用于名词或代词之前，表示名词、代词与其它词之间的关系near from连词 Conjunction ( conj. ) ： 连接单词、短语、从句或句子and but冠词 Articles ( art. ) ： 用于名词之前，帮助说明名词的含义a an the 感叹词 Interjection( interj. )：表示说话时的语气或感情hello oh,指出下面短文中划线单词的词类,A Dollar Per Point A professor
3、 was giving a big test one day to his students. He handed out all of the tests and went back to his desk to wait. Once the test was over, the students all handed the tests back in. The professor noticed that one of the students had attached a $100 bill to his test with a note saying, A dollar per po
4、int. The next class the professor handed the tests back out. This student got back his test and $64 change.,名词（Nouns）,名词是指那些用于表示人(Persons)、地点(Places)、事物(Things)或概念(Ideas)等名称的词，它可通过加冠词或修饰语等组成短语。人: Brown teacher child地点：house school city事物：chair train sheep概念：romance bravery well-being,可数名词与不可数名词,可数名词
5、（Countable Nouns）如：car, cars；不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）如：air。,名词的格（Possessive Forms）,表示所有关系：如a students book。所有格规则如下：1. 单数名词词尾加 “s”, 复数名词词尾没有s，也要加 “s”，如the girls bag, mens duty. 2. 若名词已有复数词尾-s，只加 “ ”，如：the students homework。3. 凡不能加 “s”的名词，可用 “名词of名词”结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the book。4. 复合名词或短语，在最后一个词词
6、尾加 “s”。,代词（Pronouns）,代词是指用来代替名词或名词短语的词，它可以在句中指代人，地点，事物或概念等而不需要再重复提及这些名词。如：Mrs. Brown is now going for a walk. She always goes for a walk after supper everyday. (在第二句中，she是代词，用来指代Mrs. Brown. )Mr. White bought two tickets for Lily. He gave them to her. (在第二句中，he, them, her是代词，用来分别指代Mrs. Brown，tickets,
7、 Lily. ),人称代词（Personal Pronouns）,人称代词通常指代的是特定的人或物。在使用人称代词时，要注意其人称、数、属格以及其反身形式的变化规则，如：Your breakfast is ready. It is on the table. Those are his pencils.,不定代词（Indefinite Pronouns）something, nothing，everything, all, each, both, much, many, little, few, such等。指示代词（Demonstrative Pronouns）单数（this / that）
8、和复数（these / those）疑问代词（Interrogative Pronouns ）who, whom, whose，what， which,代词其他知识点,形容词（Adjectives）,形容词说明人或事物的性质或特征，它一般用作定语，通常位于所修饰的名词前，或用作表语，位于系动词之后。如：He is an intelligent student who is always good at the subjects. 形容词主要回答下面的问题What kind? The German car looks expensive. Which one? This sweater look
9、s like that jacket. How many? Many teachers speak two languages.,形容词知识点,1. 形容词的比较等级（Adjectives Degree）1） 原级（Positive Degree）：The flower is beautiful.2）比较级（Comparative Degree）：This flower looks more beautiful than that one.3）最高级（Superlative Degree）：He is the tallest boy in our class. 形容词的比较级和最高级的不规则变
10、化。2.形容词的位置（Adjectives Placement）,副词（Adverbs）,副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或其他结构的词，主要用来表达某种方式、地点、时间、程度等，如：He drove slowly. （方式）She moved quite slowly down the aisle. （程度）副词主要回答下面的问题：How? My husband drives very smoothly.How much? John really wants to pass this class.When? The concert is starting now.Where? Ill mee
11、t you there.,副词知识点,副词的分类（Kinds of Adverb）副词的比较等级（Adverb Degrees）副词的构成（Forms of Adverb）,动词（Verbs）,动词是指人或事物发出或承受的动作（如：take），或存在状态的一个词（如：run）或词组（如：run out of）。为了理解这一表述，我们需要知道动词的种类，因为我们所写句子的结构变化其核心就在于动词的不同种类。,行为动词（Action Verbs）,行为动词是用于描述人或事物所产生的行为的词。这些行为可能是具体的行为，也可能是精神上抽象的行为，如：具体行为： He walked to his off
12、ice. Lucy ran into the burning building. (动词walked, ran等这样的行为是可见的。)抽象行为： John thinks about moving to New York every day. John loves action movie.(动词thinks, loves等这样的行为并不能被看见。)有的行为动词可以有其动作承受者（或对象），称为及物动词（Vt）；有的行为动词无承受者（或对象），称为不及物动词（Vi）。,系动词（Linking Verbs）,系动词又称联系动词，在句中构成系表结构，说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。常用的系动词有：
13、1. 表感官的系动词: look, sound, taste, smell, feel;2. 表似乎的系动词: seem, appear;3. 表变化的系动词: become, get, turn, grow, make, come, go, fall, run;4. 表依旧的系动词: remain, keep, stay, continue, stand, rest, lie, hold; 5. 可带名词作表语的系动词: be, make, look, sound, fall, prove, remain, turn;James is a nice person.This room smel
14、ls bad. 需注意的是有些系动词还可作行为动词，有词义，可单独作谓语。如：He fell ill yesterday. （句中fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）He fell off the ladder. （句中fell是行为动词，单独作谓语。）,助动词（Auxiliary Verbs）,助动词用来协助行为动词或系动词构成谓语动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。助动词可标记为语法助动词和情态助动词（简称情态动词）。助动词本身没有词义，不可单独使用。语法助动词主要有： be, have, do ; 情态动词（Modal Verbs）can, may, must, shall, wi
15、ll, should, would等。助动词具有以下功能： 1. 表示时态 He is singing. 2. 表示语态 He was sent to England. 3. 构成疑问句 Can you help me? 4. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句 I dont like him. 5. do, did, does用于加强语气 Do come to the party.,动词其他知识点,动词的五种基本形式（Five Forms of Verb）动词时态和语态（Verb Tenses and Voices） 非谓语动词（Non-finite Verbs）,介词（Preposition
16、s）,介词指的是一个单词置于名词或名词短语前组成一个短语（即介词词组），以表示该名词或名词短语与句中其他单词关系的词。如：The dog is under the bed. (句中under 指出了dog与bed的位置关系。)Jamie kicked the ball through the goalposts. (句中through指出了ball运动的方向。) 在运用介词时，要考虑介词的宾语，即是介词后面所跟的名词或代词。如：People communicate in many ways. (句中ways是介词 in的宾语，同时in many ways应视为介词词组。),常用介词归纳表：,2
17、. 英语句子基本句型及成分,句子（Sentence）是由一组词构成，表达一个完整的思想，通常至少包含主语和谓语两部分，且句末有正确的标点符号（句号、问号或感叹号）。当一组词只能与其它词组一起表达完整意思时，就不能称其为句子。如：不是句子： The car in the parking lot 是句子： The car in the parking lot had a flat tire.,(1) 主语+不及物动词(S+Vi )He laughed .(2) 主语+及物动词+宾语(S+Vt+O )I like Chinese food. (3) 主语+连系动词+表语(S+LV+P )The we
18、ather is very cold. (4) 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 (S+Vt+IO+DO)She taught them physics.(5) 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(S+Vt+O+C)We must keep the room warm.,Vi,S,Vt,O,P,LV,IO,DO,C,请说出下列句子类型。,1.Summer is coming.2. We named our baby Tom .3.He showed me a new TV set.4.She knows what to do.5.The weather is very cold.,S+Vi,S
19、+V+O+C,S+V+IO+DO,S+V+O,S+V+P,S+V+PS+ViS+V+OS+V+IO+DOS+V+O+C,英语句子成分解析,主语(subject) 谓语(predicate) 宾语（object）表语（predicative）定语（attribute）状语（adverbial）补语（complement）同位语（appositive）,名前定，动后宾，状在动形前面走，补在动形后面跟,宾语:1、及物动词宾语和介词宾语； 2、直接宾语和间接宾语状语:原因、时间、地点、方式、条件、结果、 目的、比较、让步、程度,1. Our master is very kind.2. He is a
20、 good boy.3. Teaching them English is her job.4. To work with them is very interesting,主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme)， 是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。,指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was
21、given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.,二谓语 (predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词主要动词）构成。,1由简单的动词构成。 (1). He worked hard all day today. 他今天苦干了一天。 (2). The plane took off at ten oclock. 飞机是十点起飞的。 2由动词短语构成的谓语。 (1). I
22、 am reading. 我在看书。 (2). You can do it if you try hard. 你努力就可以做到。 3英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词，表生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have, get, take, give 等。如： (1). I had a swim yesterday. 我昨天游了一次水（had a swim 代替了swam） (2). Take a look at that! 你看看那个！（take a look 代替了 look） (3). He gave a sigh. 他叹了口气。（gave a sigh 代替了sighed）
23、,(二) 选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall.A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be
24、B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast,宾语（object）在句中主要充当动作的承受者，因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等,1) I dont know the man over there.2) He wants to be an engineer.3) Alice thinks it interest
25、ing to swim with her sister.,(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?,宾语扩展： 宾语中有些动词
26、需要两个同等的宾语，即直接宾语(direct object)与间接宾语(indirect object)。 直接宾语一般指动作的承受者，间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物（多指人），常用的有： answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等。 间接宾语一般须与直接宾语连用，通常放在直接宾语之前。如：I have found him a pl
27、ace. 我给他找到了一个职位。,直接宾语和间接宾语,1. He passed me a bottle of salt. 2. He promised his teacher to help us.3. She asked me a question just now.,人间(间接宾语)物直(直接宾语),(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语1. Please tell us a story.2. My father bought a new bike for me last week.3. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.4. Her
28、e is a pen. Give it to Tom.5. Did he leave any message for me?,表语 （predicative）的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构钟，联系动词只是形式上的谓语，而真正起谓语作用的则是表语。可以作表语的词有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。,1) He isnt a teacher.2) John is quite tall.3) Are they in ?,4) His full-time job is sel
29、ling newspapers.(对比) He is selling newspapers now.5) The cup is broken.(对比) The cup was broken by the cat last night.6) He was to leave when the phone rang.,(四) 挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon they all became interested i
30、n the subject. She was the first to learn about it.,定语（attribute）是用来说明名词（代词）的品质与特征的词或一组词。可用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句和句子等。,定语可分为：前置定语和后置定语。形容词、物主代词的所有格、(单个)动词ing形式、(单个)过去分词常作前置定语。 1) The tall boy is Toms elder brother.2) The dancing hall is being repaired now.3) The broken cup isnt min
31、e.4) The sleeping girl is my younger sister.,(五) 挑出下列句中的定语1. He must be the best violinist alive.2. Everybodys business is nobodys business. 3. Theres only one way to do it.4. Her promise to write was forgotten.5. This is a map of China.,状语状语（adverbial）是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。(原因、时间、地点、方式、条件、结果、目的、比较、
32、让步、程度、伴随),will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meetingroom.The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well.He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam.I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam.He goes to schoo
33、l by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well.,(七) 挑出下列句中的状语1. Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow? 2. Because he was ill, Tom lost his job. 3. She spoke so softly that I couldnt hear what she said. 4. If he were to come, what should we say to him? 5. My train starts at six, arriving at Ch
34、icago at ten.,补语（complement）是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语（subject complement）,补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语（object complement）.,We all made Jack monitor at the last class meeting. Jack was made monitor at the last class meeting.,(六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the
35、reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.,同位语（appositive）当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同谓语.这两个句子成分多由名词（代词）担任，同谓语通常皆放在其说明的名词（代词）之后。,We students should study hard. /
36、(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生）We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们）,(七) 挑出下列句中的同位语,1. The neighbor boys, the twins, were excellent baseball players.2. The girl in the red dress is Sarah, our best actress.3. Have you read Brothers, a book by Dean Hughes?4. There goes Mr. White, the electrical contr
37、actor.5. My friend, Matt Matson, collects stamps.,nounadj. / adv.infinitiveV-ing V-edetc.,主语,谓语,宾语,表语,Vt,V-l,Vi,Noun / PronounThe + adjV-ing / ClauseInfinitive,Noun / Pronoun / The + adjV-ing / Clause / Infinitive,英语句子基本成分示意图,be / feel / seem / lookappear / stand / lie become /get / grow / turn go / come / remain/ keeptaste / smell etc.,nounpronounadj. / adv.infinitiveV-ing / V-edclauseetc.,
