1、,Total Physical Response,by Zhang Wenjing,Background,Advantages and Disadvantages,Approach,Approach,Related Thesis,Content,Design,Procedure,1. Background,TPR was developed by James Asher, a professor of psychology at San Jose State University, California, it draws on several traditions, including de
2、velopmental psychology, learning theory, humanistic pedagogy, and language teaching procedures.,In a developmental sense, Asher sees successful adult second language learning as parallel process to child first language acquisition. He claims that speech directed to young children consists primarily
3、of commands, which children respond to physically before they begin to produce verbal responses.,1. Background,Asher feels that adults should recapitulate(总结) the processes by which children acquire their native language.,Asher shares with the school of humanistic psychology(人本主义心理学）a concern for th
4、e role of affective (emotional) factors in language learning. A method that is undemanding in terms of linguistic production and that involves gamelike movements reduces learner stress, he believes, and creates a positive mood in the learner, which facilitates learning.,1. Background,2. Approach,CON
5、TENTS,TPR reflects a grammar-based view of language. Asher states that “most of the grammatical structure of the target language and hundreds of vocabulary items can be learned from the skillful use of the imperative(祈使句) by the instructor”. He views the verb, and particularly the verb in the impera
6、tive, as the central linguistic motif around which language use and learning are organized.,2. 1 Theory of language,Stimulus-response view: learning is the result of a series of stimuli and responses, children learn language through a chain of stimulus-response reinforcement, and adults use of langu
7、age is also a process of stimulus-response. “Trace-theory“ of memory in psychology: the more often or the more intensively a memory connection is traced, the stronger the memory association will be and the more likely it will be recalled. Retracing can be done verbally and/or in association with mot
8、or activity,2. 2 Theory of learning,2. 2 Theory of learning,2.2 Theory of learning,1. The bio-programThere exists a specific innate bio-program for language learning, which defines an optimal path for first and second language development.Three central processes:A. Children development listening com
9、petence before they develop the ability to speak. At the early stages of first language acquisition, they can understand complex utterances that they cannot spontaneously produce or imitate B. Childrens ability in listening comprehension is acquired because children are required to respond physicall
10、y to spoken language in the form of parental commands. C. Once a foundation in listening comprehension has been established , speech evolves naturally and effortlessly out of it. So Asher thinks that the foreign language learner should first internalize a “cognitive map“ of the target language throu
11、gh listening exercises accompanied by phycical movement.,2.2 Theory of learning,2.Brain lateralizationAsher sees TPR as directed to right- brain learning, whereas most second language teaching methods are directed to left-brain learning. He thinks that child language learner acquires language throug
12、h motor movement a right hemisphere activity.The adult should proceed to language mastery through right-hemisphere motor activities, while the left hemisphere watches and learns. When a sufficient amount of right-hemisphere learning has taken place, the left hemisphere will be triggered to produce l
13、anguage and to initiate other, more abstract language processes.,2.2 Theory of learning,3. Reduction of stress An important condition for successful language learning is the absence of stress. First language acquisition takes place in a stress- free environment, according to Asher, whereas the adult
14、 language learning environment often causes considerable stress and anxiety. The key to stress-free learning is to tap into the natural bio-program for language development and thus to recapture the relaxed and pleasurable experiences that accompany first language learning. By focusing on meaning in
15、terpreted through movement, rather than on language forms studied in the abstract, the learner is said to be liberated form self-consicous and stressful situations and is able to devote full energy to learning .,3. Design,3.2 Syllabus,3.1 Objectives,3.3 Learning Activities,3.4 Roles of Learners,3.5
16、Roles of Teachers,3.6 Instructional Materials,3.1 Objectives,Comprehension is a means to an end, and the ultimate aim is to teach basic speaking skills. A TPR course aims to produce learners who are capable of an uninhibited communication that is intelligible to a native speaker. Specific instructio
17、nal objectives are not elaborated, for these will depend on the particular needs of the learners.,Whatever goals are set, however, must be attainable through the use of action-based drills in the imperative form.,The type of syllabus Asher uses can be inferred from an analysis of the exercise types
18、employed in TPR classes. This analysis reveals the use of a sentence-based syllabus, with grammatical and lexical criteria being primary in selecting teaching items. Total Physical Response requires initial attention to meaning rather than to the form of items. Grammar is thus taught inductively(诱导地
19、).,3.2 Syllabus,Asher also suggests that a fixed number of items be introduced at a time, to facilitate ease of differentiation and assimilation(吸收). “In an hour, it is possible for students to assimilate 12 to 36 new lexical items depending upon the size of the group and the stage of training”. A c
20、ourse designed around Total Physical Response principles, however, would not be expected to follow a TPR syllabus exclusively.,3.2 Syllabus,Conversational dialogues are delayed until after about 120 hours of instruction. Other class activities include role plays and slide presentations.,3.3 Learning
21、 Activities,Imperative drills the major classroom activity in TPR, which are typically used to elicit physical actions and activity on the part of the learners.,They listen attentively and respond physically to commands given by the teacher. Learners are also expected to recognize and respond to nov
22、el combinations of previously taught items. They are required to produce novel combinations of their own. Learners monitor and evaluate their own progress. They are encouraged to speak when they feel ready to speakthat is, when a sufficient basis in the language has been internalized.,3.4 Roles of L
23、earners,Asher recommends detailed lesson plans: “It is wise to write out the exact utterances you will be using and especially the novel commands because the action is so fast-moving there is usually not time for you to create spontaneously”.,3.5 Roles of Teachers,decides what to teach,selects suppo
24、rting materials for classroom use,models and presents the new materials,Asher stresses, however, that the teachers role is not so much to teach as to provide opportunities for learning. The teacher has the responsibility of providing the best kind of exposure to language so that the learner can inte
25、rnalize the basic rules of the target language. In giving feedback to learners, the teacher should follow the example of parents giving feedback to their children.,3.5 Roles of Teachers,decides what to teach,selects supporting materials for classroom use,models and presents the new materials,3.6 Ins
26、tructional Materials,1）For absolute beginners, lessons may not require the use of materials, since the teachers voice, actions, and gesture may be a sufficient basis for classroom activities. 2）Later, the teacher may use common classroom objects, such as books, pens, cups, furniture. 3）As the course
27、 develops, the teacher will need to make or collect supporting materials to support teaching points. These may include pictures, realia, slides, and word charts.,There is generally no basic text in a TPR course. Materials and realia(教具) play an increasing role, however, in later learning stages.,Ash
28、er has developed TPR student kits that focus on specific situations, such as the home, the supermarket, the beach. Students may use the kits to construct scenes (e.g., “Put the stove in the kitchen”).,Asher (1977) provides a lesson-by-lesson account of a course taught according to TPR principles, wh
29、ich serves as a source of information on the procedures used in the TPR classroom. The course was for adult immigrants and consisted of 159 hours of classroom instruction. The sixth class in the course proceeded in the following way:,4. Procedure and Example,1）Review. This was a fast-moving warm-up
30、in which individual students were moved with commands such as:Pablo, drive your car around Miako and honk your horn.Jeffe, throw the red flower to Maria.Maria, scream.,4. Procedure and Example,2) New commands. (These verbs were introduced.)wash your hands. look for a towel.your face. the soap.your h
31、air. a comb.hold the book.the cup.the soap.(Other items introduced were:)Towel Put the towel on Juans arm.Juan, put the towel on your head and laugh.Toothbrush Look for the toothpaste.Throw the toothpaste to Wing.,4. Procedure and Example,Next, the instructor asked simple questions which the student
32、 could answer with a gesture such as pointing. Examples would be:Where is the towel? Eduardo, point to the towel!Where is the toothbrush? Miako, point to the toothbrush!,4. Procedure and Example,3）Role reversal. Students readily volunteered to utter commands that manipulated the behavior of the inst
33、ructor and other students,4）Reading and writing. The instructor wrote on the chalkboard each new vocabulary item and a sentence to illustrate the item. Then she spoke each item and acted out the sentence. The students listened as she read the material. Some copied the information in their notebooks.
34、,Discussion,Advantages and disadvantages of TPR method,5. Advantages of TPR,Fun and easy: students enjoy activity. Easy to implement/no translation. It is inclusive and works well a class with mixed ability levels. Good for kinesthetic learners who need to be active in class. Good tool for building
35、vocabulary. It is memorable. Actions help strengthen the connections in the brain. Works well for child and adult learners. Reduces pressure and stress for students.,5. Disadvantages of TPR,Most useful for beginners. Preparation becomes an issue for teachers at higher levels. Students are not genera
36、lly given the opportunity to express their own thought in a creative manner. It is easy to over use TPR and begin to bore students. Teachers may find that it is limited in terms of language scope. Can be a major challenge for shy students.,6.Related thesis,a.Total Physical Response 理论特点及其在现代英语教学中的应用 b. Asher 的第二语言习得观和TPR教学法 c. 儿童英语教学全身反应法的启示 d.论TPR在英语形容词教学中的应用 e. TPR 对汉字启蒙教学的研究实验 f. The Total Physical Respond Approach in Second Language Learning and Teaching g. TPR and Its Application in Classroom English Teaching and Learning,Thank You,
