1、KeyChapter OneSample Passage E D D EChapter Two练习 1：单句功能推测1. 事实/作者观点2. 引用观点 (consensus among scholars)3. 引用观点 (they disagree 潜藏两派引用观点)4. 事实 (know 的作用)5. 引用观点 (one might assume)6. 事实/作者观点7. 事实（note 的作用）8. 事实9. 事实（autobiography received criticism 整体）+ 引用观点（negative criticism 表现 critics 对 the autobiogr
2、aphy 的立场）10. 引用观点 (conception) + 作者对此引用观点持负评价 (misconception)11. 事实（know 的作用）12. 引用观点 (某些人 stressed) + 作者观点对此引用观点持正评价 (rightly)13. 引用观点 (argue)14. 事实 (observe 的作用)15. 引用观点 (RR alters previous approach 体现两派引用观点的冲突) + 作者观点 (successfully 体现了作者对 RR 的赞同)16. 引用观点 (debate concerning XXX takes precedence ov
3、er analysis of XXX 体现了两派引用观点的冲突) + 作者观点 (unfortunately 体现作者对前者持批判态度)17. 引用观点 (wrote)18. 引用观点 (a perception) + 事实（an editorial encouraging women to participate in movement 是对该观点有利的事实）19. 引用观点 (be attributed to)20. 引用观点 (be regarded by)21. 引用观点 (conventional story 与 cynical counterstory 是对立的两派引用观点)22.
4、 引用观点 (in saga)23. 作者观点 (not necessary)/事实24. 作者观点 (improbable)/事实25. 作者观点/事实26. 事实 (exhibit attracted scholarship) + 引用观点 (his work challenged scholarship 潜藏两派对立观点)27. 事实28. 事实29. 事实30. 事实31. 事实32. 事实 (NR was popular 以及 no artist showed interest 本身是事实 + 引用观点(NR was popular潜藏大众对 NR 的立场，no artist sho
5、wed interest 潜藏 artist 对 NR 的立场)33. 引用观点 (dismiss)34. 引用观点 (suggest)35. 引用观点 (view) + 作者观点 (failed 体现作者对该引用观点的负评价)36. 引用观点 (indicate) + 事实 (the importance of eland contrasted with the importance of pigs 是对该引用观点有利的事实)37. 引用观点 (portray as 体现了某些 sketches 的引用观点，depicted 体现了 women writers 的引用观点，这两派观点对立 +
6、 作者观点 (valuable 体现了作者对 Buell 的正评价，ignore 体现了作者对 Buell 的负评价，increasingly characterized actual village communities 体现了作者对 women writers 的正评价)38. 事实/作者观点39. 事实/作者观点40. 作者观点/引用观点练习 2：句群关系与功能判断1. B，引出下文讨论对象 women suffragist annual parade。2. A，引出下文讨论对象 Thomas Dilworths primer。3. C，引出下文讨论对象 Brightwood pain
7、ting。4. B，rather 体现上下文的等价关系，上文排除一种猫出现在人类社会的原因，下文建立原因。5. A，instead 体现上下文的等价关系，上文指出 avant-garde 不是什么，下文指出是什么。6. A，rather 体现上下文的等价关系，上文指出 the resurgence of multiple ethic groups 的影响不是什么，下文指出它的影响是什么，且根据 rather 的用法，the resurgence of multiple ethnic groups应该等价于 the assertion of cultural differences。7. B，f
8、or instance 体现是在对上文举例。8. C，为上文的 benefit 举例。9. A，为上文的 play a part in political life 举例。10. C，详述上文理论。11. C，详述上文海洋与陆地特征的区别。12. A，详述上文史学家的质疑。13. C，because 表明是在为主句的观点提供理由。14. A，since 表明是在为主句的观点提供理由。15. A，reasoned 表明是在为上一句的观点提供理由。16. A，concluded 表明是基于上一句的证据做推论 /得出结论。17. B，this has been used to support the
9、 view 表明是基于上一句的对比做推论/ 得出结论。18. A，the first hint 表明是基于前半句以及上一句做推论/得出结论。19. C, may be due to 表明是在对前一句话的变化做解释/寻找原因。20. C, see as 表明这句话是一个观点，而且是对上一句话的事实做出某个判断，上一句话指出某个运动的发生，这一句话说该运动是在为了对抗工业化，建立两句话之间的逻辑关系，应该是为了对抗工业化，所以发生了这个运动，说明第二句话指出了第一句话现象发生的原因，所以这些人其实是在为第一句话的现象寻找原因/做解释。21. B，this has been used to supp
10、ort the view 表明是基于上一句花的对比做推论 /得出结论，而上一句话的事实是，打猎方式变了，打猎能力发展了，这一句话说脑神经发展，使得人类能从事更复杂的行为，暗示是因为人类大脑神经的发展，导致了打猎方式的变化，说明这个推理其实是一个寻找原因的解释型论证。22. A，上一句话谈论 concentration of water，这句话谈论 concentration of water 带来的结果，所以这句话的功能是指出上一句现象的影响。23. A，consequently 表明是在指出上一句话现象产生的影响。24. A，根据上文，red squirrel 多了，grey squirre
11、l 少了，而 grey squirrel 的储存种子的方式对树有利，所以显然，如果 red squirrel 继续增多，grey squirrel 继续减少，则森林可能会受损。这恰恰是最后一句话所说的内容，说明最后一句话的信息是基于上文信息所做的推论。并且，鉴于这个推论是由原因去推测结果，所以最后一句话也是指出上文信息所将产生的影响。25. A，显然是回答上文问题。26. B，显然是回答上文问题。27. A，根据上文的 problem 和此句中的 in an attempt to，说明词句是在对上文的 problem 提供解决方案。28. B，前文是引用观点，则此句的 however 表明是在
12、提出质疑。29. A，前文是引用观点，则此句的 however 表明是在提出质疑。30. A，前文是引用观点，则此句的 however 表明是在提出质疑。31. A，本句不是引用观点，且下文是 yet，根据语义，这两个句子构成怪事，则本句话是在凸显下一句话信息之奇怪，理应不发生。32. A，本分句不是引用观点，且下文是 yet，根据语义，这两个分句构成怪事，则本句话是在凸显下半句信息之奇怪，理应不发生。33. A，本分句不是引用观点，且与下文之间的关系是 despite，根据语义，这两个分句构成怪事，则本句话是在凸显下半句信息之奇怪，理应不发生。34. B，前文不是引用观点，且不和本句话构成对
13、比，则本句的 however 表明 however 之前只是为了引出 however 之后的讨论信息。35. C，前文不是引用观点，且不和本句话构成对比，则本句的 however 表明 however 之前只是为了引出 however 之后的讨论信息。36. C，前文不是引用观点，且不和本句话构成对比，则本句的 however 表明 however 之前只是为了引出 however 之后的讨论信息。37. C，和前文形成对比，但根据下文，对比重点是 February revolt，说明本句对比只是为了凸显 February revolt 的特殊性。38. C，体现了 occupational
14、unionism 和 worksite unionism 的区别，但鉴于文章显然重点是occupational unionism，本句的信息只是为了凸显 occupational unionism 的特殊性。39. A，as though 体现了作者是拿 convection carries plates 和 conveyor belt 做类比，但鉴于文章显然重点是 convection carries plates，说明本句类比只是为了凸显 convection carries plats 的特点。40. B，这个对比体现了 19 世纪对 didactic 的态度，但鉴于上一句话是 19 世
15、纪与 20 世纪对didactic 的对比，所以这一句话间接辅助体现了 19 世纪与 20 世纪的态度区别。41. C，it is true 体现作者是在让步，承认对立面的合理性，防止对手把自己想得太绝对，处理别人可能的反击。42. C，certainly 体现作者是在让步，承认对立面的合理性，防止对手把自己想得太绝对，处理别人可能的反击。43. A，while 体现 Farmer 是在让步，承认对立面的合理性，防止对手把自己想得太绝对，处理别人可能的反击。44. C，it is true 体现作者是在让步，承认对立面的合理性，防止对手把自己想得太绝对，处理别人可能的反击。练习 3：单句功能反
16、推与修正1. 下文支持的作者观点2. 下文支持的作者观点3. 下文支持的作者观点4. 引用观点 (his work challenged scholarship 潜藏两派对立观点)，下文展开这个 challenge5. 下文解释的事实6. 下文解释的事实7. 下文解释的事实8. 事实，用以引出下一句话，不是重要信息，全文解释下一句话9. 事实，用以引出下一句话，体现一个变化对比，全文解释这个变化10. 事实，用以引出下一句话的问题，全文回答这个问题11. 引用观点 (dismissed)，不是 Carolina Hospital 的，而是 anthologies and analyses 的，
17、下文Carolina Hospital 要对这一派引用观点进行负评价12. 被下文质疑的引用观点 (speculate)13. 引用观点 (view) + 作者观点 (failed 体现作者对该引用观点的负评价 )，这句话辅助对比下一句话作者认同的 traditional systems，第一句话不是文章重点信息14. 事实，引出 problem 待下文解决15. 引用观点，即 women writers 的观点，且包含作者的正评价，待下文展开, Buell 所研究的sketches 只做辅助对比。16. 事实，完全不重要的背景，和下一句话形成对比，共同引出 But 之后文章真正讨论内容17.
18、 事实，完全不重要的背景，引出 However 之后文章真正讨论内容18. 文章下文展开的观点，核心对比文章训练：Passage 第一题 第二题 第三题 第四题1 E C2 E3 C E4 D5 D6 A7 A8 E9 B10 B11 C “I unpleasant.”12 AChapter Three练习 1：主线筛选与修正1. Feminist scholars have tended to regard women in the nineteenth-century United States who elected to remain single as champions of wo
19、mens autonomy and as critics of marriage as an oppressive institution. Indeed, many nineteenth-century American women who participated in reform movements or who distinguished themselves as writers and professionals were single. Yet this view of single women tends to distort the meaning of their cho
20、ices. The nineteenth century saw the elevation of marriage for love as a spiritual ideal. Consequently, it became socially acceptable for women not to marry if such an ideal marriage could not be realized with an available suitor. Thus, many womens choice to remain single reflected not a negative vi
21、ew of marriage but a highly idealistic one.2. Recent studies of ancient Maya water management have found that the urban architecture of some cities was used to divert rainfall runoff into gravity-fed systems of interconnected reservoirs. In the central and southern Maya Lowlands, this kind of water
22、control was necessary to support large populations throughout the year due to the scarcity of perennial surface water and the seasonal availability of rainfall. Some scholars argue that the concentration of water within the urban core of these sites provided a centralized source of political authori
23、ty for Maya elites based largely on controlled water access. Such an argument is plausible; however, it is less useful for understanding the sociopolitical implications of water use and control in other, water-rich parts of the Maya region.3. Unlike most Jane Austen scholarship before 1980, much rec
24、ent scholarship analyzes the novels of Austen, who lived from 1775 to 1817, in the context of Austens tumultuous times, which saw the French and American revolutions and the Napoleonic Wars. Yet Frantz notes another revolution, rarely mentioned in Austen scholarship: the Great Masculine Renunciation
25、 that altered conventions in mens dress and behavior. During the later eighteenth century, wealthy gentlemen exchanged the velvets and satins long in fashion for somber woolen suits. Frantz contends that this change reflected deeper cultural changes. The value once placed on mens expressiveness, ref
26、lected in Mackenzies novel The Man of Feeling (1771), gave way to a preference for emotional restraint. In Austens novels, the heroine often struggles to glimpse the true nature of hero beneath his reserved exterior.4. Having a larger assortment to choose from increases consumers expectations about
27、matching their preferences. The heightened expectations seem logical, since assortments containing more or more varied items should increase the degree to which preferences can be matched. In practice, however, as assortment size increases, the degree to which consumers realize better preference mat
28、ches often rises relatively little. Larger assortments may not actually offer more variety, the market may simply not supply an envisioned offering, or in the absence of sophisticated search tools, consumers may miss a better preference match even if it is available. Therefore, larger assortments ca
29、n increase the likelihood that expectations will not be met, leaving consumers less satisfied with options chosen from larger rather than smaller assortments.5. MacArthur and Wilson suggested that the biodiversity of an island will vary in direct proportion to a function of the islands size (i.e., l
30、arger islands can support a greater number of species) and in inverse proportion to a function of its distance from the mainland (i.e., many remote islands will tend to support fewer species). Reduced biodiversity in an island context is likely to require significant adaptation on the part of coloni
31、zing human populations. Evans argues that this limitation makes islands ideal laboratories for the study of human adaptations to the natural environment, whilst Renfrew and Wagstaff, in the introduction to their study of Melos, focus on this limitation in biodiversity as a “significant characteristi
32、c of the island ecosystem.” For human communities, however, this limitation may potentially be offset by other factors. The reduced biodiversity of an island ecosystem applies only to terrestrial resources: the resources of the sea will be as rich as on any other coastal area, and may be equally imp
33、ortant to human communities. A small island such as Malta or Melos allows all communities direct access to the sea, providing an important nutritional “safety net,” as well as an element of dietary diversity, which may actually give island communities an advantage over their landlocked counterparts.
34、 Islands may also have specific nonbiological resources (such as obsidian on Melos), which may be used in exchange with communities on other islands and adjacent mainlands.6. Before feminist literary criticism emerged in the 1970s, the nineteenth-century United States writer Fanny Fern was regarded
35、by most critics (when considered at all) as a prototype of weepy sentimentalisma pious, insipid icon of conventional American culture. Feminist reclamations of Fern, by contrast, emphasize her nonsentimental qualities, particularly her sharply humorous social criticism. Most feminist scholars found
36、it difficult to reconcile Ferns sardonic social critiques with her elusive celebrations of many conventional values. Attempting to resolve this contradiction, Harris concludes that Fern employed flowery rhetoric strategically to disguise her subversive goals beneath apparent conventionality. However
37、, Tompkins proposes an alternative view of sentimentality itself, suggesting that sentimental writing could serve radical, rather than only conservative, ends by swaying readers emotionally, moving them to embrace social change.7. Ecologists had assumed that trees in the consistently warm tropics gr
38、ew at a slow but steady rate, unvarying from year to year. However, a study at La Selva, Costa Rica, showed that trees grew less in hotter years and more in cooler ones: between 1984 and 2000, dramatic differences occurred in the six species of trees studies, with trees adding twice as much wood in
39、some cooler years as they did in the scorching El Nino year of 1997-1998. Because tree growth is an index of the balance between photosynthesis, in which trees absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and release oxygen, and respiration, in which the opposite occurs, the La Selva data were th
40、e first hint that rapidly rising global temperatures, driven by human-generated emissions of CO2, may be pushing tropical forests to release more CO2, thereby intensifying global warming. This raised serious questions about a popular theory that tropical forests act as a sponge, soaking up much of t
41、he excess CO2 that humans pump into the atmosphere. The La Selva data are consistent with a model of global CO2 flux developed by Keeling, who concluded that the amount of CO2 taken up in tropical landmasses rose in cooler years and fell in hotter ones, accounting for year-to-year changes in the amo
42、unt of CO2 that stays in the atmosphere.8. In the 1920s, Gerstmann described a set of problems found in people who have suffered damage to the brains left parietal lobe, problems that include being unable to understand arithmetic and having difficulty identifying ones fingers. There is still no agre
43、ement on whether the symptoms Gerstmann noticed constitute a syndrome, but the parts of the brain used for storing facts about numbers and for representing the fingers are close to each other. Mental representations of numbers and of fingers may therefore be functionally connected. A 2005 experiment
44、 had people perform some tasks requiring dexterity and others involving matching pairs of numbers, while an area of their parietal lobesthe left angular gyruswas stimulated by a magnetic field. Facility at both sets of tasks was impaired.9. Migratory songbirds breeding in Eurasias temperate forests
45、depend on a summer flush of insects, particularly caterpillars, to feed themselves and their offspring. In some places, these caterpillars are emerging earlier in responses to rising global temperatures. In theory, the songbirds could simply push up their departure from their winter quarters to catc
46、h the earlier flush of insect prey. If, however, the birds rely on a fixed cue such as increasing day length to begin flying north, they may be unable to adjust the timing of their migration. Precisely this disruption in the emergence of insects relative to the timing of songbird migration has been
47、identified as the cause of a significant decline in populations of pied flycatchers in the Netherlands.10. In North America, crows have historically antagonized humans by ravaging corn crops, but advancing urbanization has recently made humans more tolerant of crows, and crows wariness has according
48、ly diminished. The future demeanor of the American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) is suggested by intercontinental analogy to Indias house crow (Corvus splendens), which has lived for many centuries in an essentially unarmed, animal-friendly, and densely populated culture. Its audacity extends to stea
49、ling food from street vendors and entering dwellings to remove food from the table. The extreme watchfulness of the American crow has grown out of a long history of persecution. As people treat crows with insouciance rather than aggression, less wariness results in reproductive success, and another kind of corvine conduct asserts itself.11. Ingestion of food containing spores of the pathogen Ascosphaera apis causes a fatal fungal disease known as chalk brood in honeybee larvae. However, larvae must be chilled to about 30C (normal brood-comb temperature is 33-36C) for
