1、Chapter 1The Nature of Translation o What is Translation?o Translation means “to give the meaning of something said or written in another language (Oxford Learners Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation)Date 1Key words:o source language (SL) / o receptor language / target language (T
2、L); o reproduce; o message / information; o equivalence / correspondence Date 21. The Definition of Translation o Translation is an art/operation/ interlingual communication or a science/skill/craft/skill. Date 3o 五方之民，言语不通，嗜欲不同。达其志，通其欲，东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄，北方曰译。 o 礼记 王制 o 译即易，亦即换易语言使相解也。 Date 4o 翻译就是把已说出
3、的或写出的话的意思用另一种语言表达出来的活动。o 中国大百科全书 语言文字 Date 5o Translating consists in reproducing the closest natural equivalent of the source language message in the target language, firstly in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style. o Eugene A. NidaDate 62.The Schools of Translation Studieso the school
4、of science :Eugene Nida o the school of art: Lin Yutang Date 7o 1) My holiday afternoons were spent in ramble about the surrounding country.o (Washington Irving) o 每逢假日的下午 , 我总要漫游周围的乡村。o 2） The sight of his native town called back his childhood.o 一见到故乡，他就回忆起自己的童年。 Date 8Translation as a scienceo Fir
5、st, the translating process is rule-governed. It involves thinking and languages, and reflects the relationship between existence and cognition. Such relationship can be described with the rule-governed language, so that the translator can abide by scientific rules in his translation. Date 9o Second
6、, as a discipline, translatology has developed its own translating techniques, strategies and principles. Ever since the mid of the 20th century, scholars have been studying this discipline from linguistic theories. Date 10Machine translationo My love is like a red, red roseo 我的爱是红的红的罗斯Date 11o 欢迎光临
7、台州太阳风翻译社旗下中国在线翻译网，我们为您提供中国最庞大的翻译辞典。o Welcome to Taizhou, China, the solar winds online translation translation agency network, we provide you with the most massive translation dictionary. Date 12o 翻译于用之外，还有美一方面须兼顾的，理想的翻译家应将其当作一种艺术，以爱艺术之心爱它，以对艺术谨慎不苟之心对它，使翻译成为美术之一种。 Date 13Translation as an arto To sa
8、y translation is an art is mainly out of the consideration of the materials to be translated mainly refers to literary translation. In most practical writings, the leading function of language is informative function.Date 14o But in literary works, it is true that informative function is also import
9、ant, but other functions (such as expressive function and aesthetic function) of the language are by no means less important, the translator should try to comprehend the source text, including the meaning, artistic charm, style and the authors intention. Date 15o When reproducing the source text, th
10、e translator needs to bridge the linguistic and cultural gaps and adopt some unique ways to reproduce the original meaning, artistic charm and style, and his translation should have the same expressive and aesthetic functions as those of the source text. Therefore, translation is an art.Date 16o I l
11、ove my love with an E, because shes enticing; I hate her with an E, because shes engaged. I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement, her names Emily, and she lives in the East. o 我爱我的爱人为了一个 E, 因为她是Enticing(迷人的 ); 我恨我的爱人为了一个E, 因为她是 Engaged(订了婚的 ).我用我的爱人象征 Exquisite(美妙
12、 ),我劝我的爱人 从事 Elopement(私奔 ),她的名字是 Emily(爱弥丽 ),她的住处在 East(东 方 ) (董秋斯 译 ) Date 17o 吾爱吾爱 ,因伊可爱 ;o 吾恨吾爱 ,因伊另有所爱。o 吾视吾爱 ,神圣之爱 ,o 吾携吾爱 ,私逃为爱 ;o 吾爱名爱米丽 ,吾东方之爱。o (姜秋霞 ,张柏然 译 ) Date 18o 一朝春尽红颜老，花落人忘两不知。o - 红楼梦o 1. One day when spring has departed and beauty has fled,No one will know the the flowers have fall
13、en and the maid is dead.o 2. The day that spring takes wing and beauty fades, Who will care for the fallen blossom or dead maid?Date 193. What difficulties might occur in translating process?A. Language / Cultural Barrierso Translatability is lower when (1) the work to be translated is quite distant
14、 both in time and space; (2) its form is very much unique; (3) the content is not shared in the two cultures. o Betrayal: Loss / DistortionDate 20o He made you a highway to my bed; o But I, a maid, die maiden-widowed.o Romeo and Julieto 译文 1：他要借你做牵引相思的桥梁 ,可是我却要做一个独守空闺的怨女而死去。o 译文 2：他本要借你做捷径，登上我的床；可怜我
15、这处女，活守寡，到死是处女。Date 21o In the long run there is a tendency: translation itself can convert intranslatability into translatability.o e.g. crocodiles tears; o science / democracyDate 22o 翻译之难：o “一名之得，o 旬月踌躇 ”o 严复Date 23o It often takes as long as ten days or even a whole month to establish a term in t
16、ranslation after repeated meditation and hesitationDate 24o The following is a quotation from Lu Xun:o o 人们常以神话中的 Prometheus比革命者，以为窃火给人，虽遭天帝之虐待不悔，其博大坚韧正相同。但我从天国窃得火来，本意却在煮自己的肉的，以为倘能味道较好，庶几在咬嚼者那一面也得到较多的好处，我也不枉费了自己的身躯。然而，我也愿意于社会上有些用处，看客所见的仍是火和光。 Date 25o 学译 :o People usually compare the revolutionary p
17、eople to Prometheus as they all dare to sacrifice themselves to bring happiness to people. Not regreting of being punished by God, they are of the equal universal fraternity and toughness. But when I found the way to happiness, I intended to sacrifice myself to benefit people and I thought they woul
18、d appreciate, even those who are hypercritical. If so, my effort and my life would be worthwhile. I hope I could make a little countribution to our society, but in the eyes of stander-bys, its just a waste of time.Date 26o 学译 :o People often regarded Promeheus who was ill-treated by God because of s
19、tealing fire for people as a revolutionist. But he didnt regret what he did which showed his breadth and persistence. He intended to boil himself with the fire that he stole from the paradise. If it tasted well and people could benefit from it, then what he did was of no avail. However, I also would
20、 like to make contribution to the society, and what people see are still fire and light.Date 27o 学译 :o People often compare the revolutionary to mythical Prometheus for both of them are selfless and fortitudinous， thinking that although maltreated by God ， he didnt regret stealing the fire for peopl
21、e。 However， I was intended to cook myself when stealing the fire from Heaven。 If it tastes nice and people who crunch it can benefit much。 I wont disappoint my body 。Nevertheless， I am still willing to be useful to the society and what people see is still fire and light。 Date 28o 学译 :o People always
22、 assimilate Prome theus in fable to revolutionary. Though he was chastised by the God as he stolen fire for human being, he never regret. His philanthropism and tenacity just as mine. But I learnt foreign culture and translated their literature with much ado just like stole fire from Heaven to steam
23、 my body. I think if readers can read my work and benefit from it just as taste my body and absorb nutrition from it, I will feel very worth of scarifying my time, energy even my body. I hope I can make contribution to the society the tasters can see fire and light from my body, the readers can see
24、rosiness and hope from my work! Date 29o 陈成 :o People hold a common belief that revolutionary shares the great and dauntless characteristics with Prometheus who never regret having been punished by the king of gods for bringing the red flower of fire down to earth secretly. But the difference is tha
25、t my true intent to steal the fire from the kingdom of heaven is to cook myself, deeming it would taste well and gain some praises from the tastors. If it did so, my body would not be devoted in vain. On the other hand, Im willing to be a useful man to the society, but what the spectators could see is only fire and light. Date 30
