1、E C Translation,Lecture 7 Meaning & Translation,Communicative Function of Lg.,Major function of Language?Communicationform, meaning, function,Communicative Function of Lg.,Types of Communicative FunctionsReferential （指示功能）Reflectional（示兆功能）Conative （刺激功能）Textual （语篇功能）,Communicative Function of Lg.,
2、Functions and Meaning Referential （指示功能）Referential Meaning （指示意义）语言的最基本意义，指一个词或其他语言单位所直接代表的事物的概念或关系。（指称事物，说明关系）,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Referential （指示功能）Referential Meaning （指示意义）Populations increase and decrease relatively not only to one another, but also to resources
3、. In most parts of the world the relation between population and resources is already unfavorable and will probably become even more unfavorable in the future. This growing poverty in the midst of growing poverty constitutes a permanent menace to peace.,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Me
4、aning Referential （指示功能） Contextual Meaning （特指意义）当一个词的基本意义与某种具体语境结合时，就会生成一些仅适用于这一语境的意义，这是特定情况的指示意义。,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Referential （指示功能） Contextual Meaning （特指意义）The gorilla is something of a paradox in the African scene.,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and
5、 Meaning Referential （指示功能） Contextual Meaning （特指意义）She had been dry-eyed at his funeral, broke down and wept.,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Referential （指示功能） Contextual Meaning （特指意义）Smart devices are sometimes empowering. They put a world of information at our fingertips. T
6、hey free people to work from home.,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Referential （指示功能） Contextual Meaning （特指意义）Immigrants have made this country great. We are not looking for a free ride, but instead we are willing to work as hard as we can to show that we deserve to be here and
7、to be treated like first-class citizens. Deportation, and “self-deportation,” will result only in dividing families and driving them into the shadows. In America, teenagers shouldnt have to go through what Im going through.,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Referential （指示功能）Potent
8、ial Meaning （潜在意义）除指示意义以外，语言，尤其是词语所传达的附加性意义或一些并非由指示性意义生成或派生出来的潜在性意义。（概括性意义、属性意义、象征意义、搭配意义、联想意义）,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Referential （指示功能） 概括性意义一些词组或短语的指称性意义并非交际上的真正意义。kick the bucket, 抓小辫子，etc.,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Referential （指示功能） 属性意义一些
9、词语除了指称某事物以外，人们又从其属性中抽取一些意义附加在这些词语上。不同文化中，属性意义可能相异。,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Referential （指示功能） 象征意义词语所指示的事物并不是具有这种属性，而是成为一种象征性的东西，因而获得意义。,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Referential （指示功能） 象征意义In April, there was the “ping“ heard over the world, in July
10、, the ping “ponged“.,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Referential （指示功能） 象征意义He was moderately truthful towards men, but to women he lied like a Cretan.,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Referential （指示功能） 搭配意义词与词之间的搭配后所产生的意义，会直接影响到这个词组的指示性意义。,Communicative Funct
11、ion of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Referential （指示功能） 搭配意义a remote grove, good wives, white night, the street lawyer, the stree law山阴，江阴contact lenses 接触透镜？座钟？挂钟？秒表？今年专四作文：observe the festival,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Referential （指示功能） 搭配意义Audrey had a natural beauty and el
12、egance; she has often been voted the most beautiful woman of the century. However she also had an aura of childlike innocence which portrayed a natural charm and humor.,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Referential （指示功能） 联想意义黑色 （black） negativeblack market, blacklist, black sheep
13、(败家子),Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Reflectional（示兆功能）语言反映说话人的文化教养水平，社会身份，情感（赞扬、愤恨、喜欢、厌恶、欣赏、蔑视等等）和主观动机。,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Reflectional（示兆功能） Eliza : Look where youre goin, dear. Look where youre goin! Two bunches o violets trod in the mud. A fu
14、ll days wages. Hes your son, is he? If you d done your duty as a mother should . . . . . . you wouldn t let im spoil a poor girls flowrs and run away without payin.,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Reflectional（示兆功能） 译文一：走路小心点，亲爱的，走路小心点。掉在泥里的两束紫罗兰就是一天的辛苦钱。他是你的儿子吗? 如果你尽到一个做母亲的责任，你就
15、应该为此事赔偿，而非置之不理啊。,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Reflectional（示兆功能） 译文二：你这个人是怎么搞的, 走路不长眼睛的吗? 这花掉到泥里，一天的辛苦就完了。他是你儿子吗? 你这个当妈的要是好好管教孩子，他就不会把人家的花糟蹋了，不付钱就溜了。,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Reflectional（示兆功能） “I have a broken heart. I feel desperate. I cant stand t
16、he idea that two million people are in imminent danger of starving to death, many of them children, not because there isnt tons of food sitting in the northern port of Shoa.“,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Reflectional（示兆功能）“ 我的心碎了，我感到绝望，我不能想象两百万人处于饥饿的死亡边缘，其中很多还只是孩子，而这并不是因为在绍阿北部
17、港口没有足够的食物。”,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Conative （刺激功能） 话语对受话人具有刺激功能，不同的刺激方式就会产生不同的意义。这些意义与适当的句式有着密切联系。,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Conative （刺激功能）陈述句信息意义 疑问句求答意义 祈使句命令意义形式与意义并非总是一致，尤其在翻译中。,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Conative （
18、刺激功能）“You dont want to live down there!“ everyone said, with disapprobation writ large upon their faces. The People of the Abyss,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Textual （语篇功能） 单词、单句、语篇？语篇是由一个个语句组成的语句链。语句链可以组成语句群、语句段，最大形成一个完整语篇。,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning
19、Textual （语篇功能） 语篇组织方式的不同，所传达的意义就不想同。“屡战屡败，屡败屡战”“屡败屡战，屡战屡败”,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Textual （语篇功能） 语篇衔接（cohesion）使用一定的语言手段，使句与句之间在词法和句法上联系起来，包括词汇衔接和结构衔接。,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Textual （语篇功能） 词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）By comparison with the narrow,
20、 ironclad days of fathers, there was an expansiveness, I thought, in the days of mothers. They went to see neighbors, to shop in town, to run errands at school, at the library, at church. (S. R. Sanders: “Women and Men“),Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Textual （语篇功能） 词汇衔接（lexical
21、 cohesion）跟父亲的那种狭窄的、一成不变的日子相比，我觉得母亲的日子过得比较阔绰。她们去看望邻居，上城里买东西，到学校、图书馆、教堂办事情。,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Textual （语篇功能） 词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）BlackBerrys and iPhones provide relentless stimuli interspersed with rewards. Whenever you check the glowing rectangle, there is a fair
22、chance you will see a message from a client, a herogram from your boss or at least an e-mail from a Nigerian gentleman offering you $1m if you share your bank details with him.,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Textual （语篇功能） 词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）黑莓和iPhone凭借着众多优点无情地吸引着我们。无论何时，只要你查
23、看一下这个闪光的方块，便很有可能看到客户的留言或老板的邮件，至少也会看到一个尼日利亚人发来的诈骗邮件：只要你向他提供银行信息，就可以给你100万美元。,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Textual （语篇功能） 结构衔接（structural cohesion）As for the soul of man, the Eskimos do not claim to know exactly what it is but then who does? They see it, however, as the beginnin
24、g of life, the initiator of all activities within a being and the energy without which life cannot continue.,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Textual （语篇功能） 结构衔接（structural cohesion）Ofcom, Britains telecommunications regulator, says that a startling 60% of teenagers who use smartp
25、hones describe themselves as “highly addicted” to their devices. So do 37% of adults.,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Textual （语篇功能） 结构衔接（structural cohesion）Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric abl
26、e to contend. Francis Bacon,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Textual （语篇功能） 语篇连贯（coherence）语言片段以语篇意向为主线，所形成的语义、逻辑上的连贯性。在翻译中需结合语境领会作者的意图和语篇的逻辑连贯意义，语篇的情景语境、文化语境，进而作出确切的传译。,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Textual （语篇功能） 语篇连贯（coherence）Work invades the home far mor
27、e than domestic chores invade the office. Otherwise-sane people check their smartphones obsessively, even during pre-dinner drinks, and send e-mails first thing in the morning and last thing at night.,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Textual （语篇功能） 语篇连贯（coherence）工作侵占的生活时间远多于生活侵占的
28、工作时间。在其他方面，普通人如同得了强迫症一般会每天不停地刷手机，连吃饭前的时间也不会放过。他们每天起床第一件事和睡前最后一件事就是查邮件。,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Textual （语篇功能） 语篇连贯（coherence）The faster smartphones become and the more alluring the apps that are devised for them, the stronger the addiction will grow. Spouses can help by t
29、ossing the darned devices out of a window or into a bucket of water. But ultimately it is up to companies to outsmart the smartphones by insisting that everyone turn them off from time to time.,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Textual （语篇功能） 语篇连贯（coherence）智能手机越快，为它们设计的应用就越吸引人，人也越
30、容易上瘾。妻子或丈夫看见对方沉溺手机就应该把这玩意扔出窗外或扔进马桶。但这最终取决于公司坚决要求每个人不时地关机，这样才能管住智能手机。,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Textual （语篇功能） 语篇连贯（coherence）译文应与原文的情景语境相吻合At that ball, while I had the honor of dancing with you, I was first made acquainted by Sir William Lucas s accidental information, tha
31、t Bingleys attentions to your sister had given rise to a general expectation of their marriage.宾利向令姐献殷勤已经弄得满城风雨，大家都以为他们要结婚。,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Textual （语篇功能） 语篇连贯（coherence）语篇的连贯与文化语境也紧密相关The terrain of New York is such that a resident sometimes travels farther, in t
32、he end, than a commuter. The journey of the composer Irving Berlin from Cherry Street in the lower East Side to an apartment uptown was through an alley and was only three or four miles in length; but it was like going three times around the world.,Communicative Function of Lg.,Functions and Meaning Textual （语篇功能） 语篇连贯（coherence）语篇的连贯与文化语境也紧密相关纽约的地形比较特别，有时住在城里的人最终走的路比上班族还要远。作曲家欧文柏林从下东区切里街走到住宅区公寓，中间只经过一条小巷，仅仅只有三四英里长，但他好像绕着地球走了三圈。,
