1、ocusing on ways and means of improving and upgrading work, further development of “three to split“. (A) fully grasp “no unauthorised“ created. The township “no unauthorised“ created the existing building “one household, one document“ survey and file storage work must be unconditional and full covera
2、ge. Main corridor leading to the town (road, river) village, the Central built-up area of the town on both sides must be to create a “no unauthorised village“. According to “five hundred villages“ created and shanty towns, villages, old houses, reconstruction of old plant, expand create, upgrading c
3、reates files, the real “no unauthorised village“ created into the benefit of the people of very good thing. (B) to strictly manage count as unauthorised controls. Promoting the “new“ control work to move the center of gravity, management measures to the front, and earnestly pipes effectively. A stri
4、ct new unauthorised network responsibility. Sectors such as land, housing and basic stations (stations) and the Township of grid accountability mechanisms must be strictly in accordance with the new regulatory requirements, effective implementation of the area of responsibility of the new inspection
5、s, suppression, demolition work to ensure that the new “zero tolerance“. Second, public security, water, electricity, water, oceans and fisheries, tourism collaboration, market supervision departments should strictly enforce the illegal construction of disposal of relevant provisions of the regulati
6、ons, effective fulfilment of responsibilities, particularly in electricity and water supply, and other units may not be new illegal buildings to supply water and electricity supply. While more regulation to prevent personal privacy violations. Illicit trading in illegal construction in the Ministry
7、of public security sector to strictly from the blow. Three is to create additional offence reporting system of incentives. According to building law and covers an area of nature, to report timely degree divided report grade, effective after the removal of certain incentives. (C) integrated implement
8、ation “, building demolition, modification, use“ combination. Demolition is the means and purpose built is. To adhere to the building demolished, combination of construction and demolition waste, demolished with combined efforts to improve the scientific level of three to split; second, we must pay
9、attention to “three to split“ and “five hundred“ and “five water treatment“, “three of the four sides“, the shackDistrict transformation, and dangerous old room transformation and “two road sides“, series work organic combined up, active do River, and along demolition work, and manpower advance vill
10、age in the, and old residential demolition work, to improved masses housing conditions and live environment; three to put “three modified a split“ as traditional low, and small, and bulk industry structure transformation upgrade of important initiatives to caught, speed up advance industry Park, eff
11、ective optimization park environmentand improve idle land of utilization, real achieved environment improved and productivity development mutual promoting total win. Five, firmly implement, promoting work ahead, to create highlights. Third deployment, implementation of seven, then it is imperative t
12、o strengthen responsibility and improve the mechanisms and implementation. All localities and departments must be convinced that goals, going all out, mustering spirit, work together to ensure that this years objectives carry out tasks, at the forefront. First, we must strengthen the leadership to i
13、mplement. Departments at all levels should always work and rural “five water treatment“, “three to split“ in an important position, and carry the main responsibility, main leader personally, leaders arrested and layers of responsibility rank transmission pressure established hierarchical accountabil
14、ity, and work together to promote the work of the mechanism, a concerted effort pay attention to implementation. County nongban, flood, three to one down to further play a leading catch total, integrated and coordinated role of all kinds is “long“, “Sheriff“ “Inspector“ to effectively fulfill their
15、responsibilities, formed the alignment on the fire line and management a lively situation. Second, we must strengthen the test implementation of the Governor. Role play the Governor got the baton, for agricultural and rural focus and “five water treatment“, “three to split“ work, refine improve asse
16、ssment methods and evaluation system, accurate assessment. Combined with “dare play, tree benchmark“ style building five major operations, carry on and gain firsthand experience of supervision, in particular, to strengthen the focus on the “long“ signs “go left“, “names“ such as supervision, urged a
17、ll levels longer on duty in place. Through the supervisory assessment, to promote habits, stimulating power. Third, we must strengthen implementation style. Departments at all levels to work in rural areas and “five water treatment“, “three to split“ as training cadres for major platforms, compete a
18、gainst large examination room, inspection cadres work performance of the ring, water control and the Japanese pulled a workout, training, discovery and selection of cadres. Than good catch up, first to excellence-oriented. Party members and cadres at all levels must adhere to the rural, water contro
19、l and the Japanese pulled a grass-roots, “put down the shelf, leaned“ pragmatic style, the spirit of play, become a benchmark model. Four, we must strengthen propaganda implementation. Comprehensive utilization of micro-credit, micro-blogging, new media, mining, summarizing, good publicity work in t
20、he countryside and “five water treatment“, “three to split“ advanced models, point to gather positive energy for the community to see the results of our work in time, increase public awareness, participation rates, satisfaction and support. Play gongqingfu, a mass organization and grass-roots such a
21、s schools, communityThe role of引言生物多样性是人类社会赖以生存和发展的环境基础，也是当今国际社会环境和发展的研究 热点问题之一。中国是全球生物多样性最丰富的国家之一，生物物种数量约占全球的十分之一，是全球生物多样性保护的重要地区。 但是由于自然、人为及制度方面的原因，中国的生物多样性正遭受着严重的损失和破坏，保护生物多样性已成为摆在人们面前的急中之急、重中之重的事情。所谓生物多样性是指生命形式的多样化（从内病毒、病毒、细菌、真菌到动物界与植物界） ，各种生命形式时间及其与环境之间的多种相互作用，以及各种生物群落、生态系统及其生境与生态过程的复杂性。生物多样性是地
22、球生物圈与人类本身延续的基础，具有不可估量的价值。一般讲，生物多样性可以从 3 个层次上去描述，即遗传多样性、物种多样性、生态系统多样性。三者之间既有区别又有联系。遗传多样性是指所有生物个体中所包含的各种遗传物质个遗传信息，既包括了同一种的不同种群的基因变异，也包括了同一种群内的基因差异。遗传多样性对任何物种维持和繁衍其生命、适应环境、抵抗不良环境与灾害都是十分必要的。三者之中生态系统多样性是基础，而物种多样性是关键，遗传多样性含有的潜在价值最大。1.2 生物多样性的意义生物多样性与人类的生存和发展有着密切的关系,每个层次生物多样性的都有着重要的实用价值和意义。物种的多样性为人类提供了大量野生
23、和养殖的植物、鱼类及动物产品；遗传多样性则对培育新品种、改良老品种有着重要的作用，如人们可利用一些农作物的原始种群、野生亲远种和地方品种培育高产、优质和抗病的作物。在生态系统中的最重要的作用就是改善生态系统的调节能力，维持生态平衡。因此生物多样性不仅能为人类提供丰富的自然资源，满足人类社会对食品、药物、能源、工业原料、旅游、娱乐、科学研究、教育等的直接需求，而且能维持生态系统的功能、调节气候、保持土壤肥力、净化空气和水，从而支持人类社会的经济活动和其它活动。此外生物多样性直接影响着中国的文化多样性.1.3 我国生物多样性现状我国在 1987 年公布的中国珍稀濒危保护植物名录第一期中，公布的濒危
24、种类有 121 种，受威胁的 158 种，稀有的 110 种，共计 389 种，其中一类保护植物 8 种、二类的 157 种、三类的 22 种。另据中国红皮书的估计显示，超过 1/10 即 500 多种脊椎动物物种和 15%20%即400500 种高等植物已经受到威胁。而我国对境内的物种及其数量尚无确切的统计数字，尤其对濒危物种的调查尚不全面。出现的问题是有些国家未列入濒危物种名录的物种面临生存威胁，有的甚至濒临灭绝，而另一些则由于人为的保护、繁育、利用而使种群数量有所增减，因而有必要调整其保护级别或划出、划入保护之列，尤其值得一提的是药用动植物，如黄草，急待保护。此外，近年来野生生物贸易已经
25、对中国的生物多样性产生了较大影响。由于粮食、中医药、服装等对野生生物的需求日益增加，野生动植物的非法交易也急剧增长，对几种濒危动植物物种以及一些没有列入国家保护名单之内的动植物物种数量已经构成威胁。如：藏羚羊。2.生物多样性损失的主要原因生物多样性的丧失，既有自然发生的，也有因自然发生的，但就目前而言，人类活动（特别是近两个世纪以来）无疑是生物多样性的损失的最主要原因。此外制度特别是法律制度的不健全，则是引起损失的另一主要原因。2.1 自然原因一是物种本身的生物学特性。其一是物种的形成与灭绝是一种自然过程，化石记录表明，多数物种的限定寿命平均为 1001000 万年。其二是物种对环境的适应能力
26、或变异性、适应ocusing on ways and means of improving and upgrading work, further development of “three to split“. (A) fully grasp “no unauthorised“ created. The township “no unauthorised“ created the existing building “one household, one document“ survey and file storage work must be unconditional and full
27、 coverage. Main corridor leading to the town (road, river) village, the Central built-up area of the town on both sides must be to create a “no unauthorised village“. According to “five hundred villages“ created and shanty towns, villages, old houses, reconstruction of old plant, expand create, upgr
28、ading creates files, the real “no unauthorised village“ created into the benefit of the people of very good thing. (B) to strictly manage count as unauthorised controls. Promoting the “new“ control work to move the center of gravity, management measures to the front, and earnestly pipes effectively.
29、 A strict new unauthorised network responsibility. Sectors such as land, housing and basic stations (stations) and the Township of grid accountability mechanisms must be strictly in accordance with the new regulatory requirements, effective implementation of the area of responsibility of the new ins
30、pections, suppression, demolition work to ensure that the new “zero tolerance“. Second, public security, water, electricity, water, oceans and fisheries, tourism collaboration, market supervision departments should strictly enforce the illegal construction of disposal of relevant provisions of the r
31、egulations, effective fulfilment of responsibilities, particularly in electricity and water supply, and other units may not be new illegal buildings to supply water and electricity supply. While more regulation to prevent personal privacy violations. Illicit trading in illegal construction in the Mi
32、nistry of public security sector to strictly from the blow. Three is to create additional offence reporting system of incentives. According to building law and covers an area of nature, to report timely degree divided report grade, effective after the removal of certain incentives. (C) integrated im
33、plementation “, building demolition, modification, use“ combination. Demolition is the means and purpose built is. To adhere to the building demolished, combination of construction and demolition waste, demolished with combined efforts to improve the scientific level of three to split; second, we mu
34、st pay attention to “three to split“ and “five hundred“ and “five water treatment“, “three of the four sides“, the shackDistrict transformation, and dangerous old room transformation and “two road sides“, series work organic combined up, active do River, and along demolition work, and manpower advan
35、ce village in the, and old residential demolition work, to improved masses housing conditions and live environment; three to put “three modified a split“ as traditional low, and small, and bulk industry structure transformation upgrade of important initiatives to caught, speed up advance industry Pa
36、rk, effective optimization park environmentand improve idle land of utilization, real achieved environment improved and productivity development mutual promoting total win. Five, firmly implement, promoting work ahead, to create highlights. Third deployment, implementation of seven, then it is imper
37、ative to strengthen responsibility and improve the mechanisms and implementation. All localities and departments must be convinced that goals, going all out, mustering spirit, work together to ensure that this years objectives carry out tasks, at the forefront. First, we must strengthen the leadersh
38、ip to implement. Departments at all levels should always work and rural “five water treatment“, “three to split“ in an important position, and carry the main responsibility, main leader personally, leaders arrested and layers of responsibility rank transmission pressure established hierarchical acco
39、untability, and work together to promote the work of the mechanism, a concerted effort pay attention to implementation. County nongban, flood, three to one down to further play a leading catch total, integrated and coordinated role of all kinds is “long“, “Sheriff“ “Inspector“ to effectively fulfill
40、 their responsibilities, formed the alignment on the fire line and management a lively situation. Second, we must strengthen the test implementation of the Governor. Role play the Governor got the baton, for agricultural and rural focus and “five water treatment“, “three to split“ work, refine impro
41、ve assessment methods and evaluation system, accurate assessment. Combined with “dare play, tree benchmark“ style building five major operations, carry on and gain firsthand experience of supervision, in particular, to strengthen the focus on the “long“ signs “go left“, “names“ such as supervision,
42、urged all levels longer on duty in place. Through the supervisory assessment, to promote habits, stimulating power. Third, we must strengthen implementation style. Departments at all levels to work in rural areas and “five water treatment“, “three to split“ as training cadres for major platforms, co
43、mpete against large examination room, inspection cadres work performance of the ring, water control and the Japanese pulled a workout, training, discovery and selection of cadres. Than good catch up, first to excellence-oriented. Party members and cadres at all levels must adhere to the rural, water
44、 control and the Japanese pulled a grass-roots, “put down the shelf, leaned“ pragmatic style, the spirit of play, become a benchmark model. Four, we must strengthen propaganda implementation. Comprehensive utilization of micro-credit, micro-blogging, new media, mining, summarizing, good publicity wo
45、rk in the countryside and “five water treatment“, “three to split“ advanced models, point to gather positive energy for the community to see the results of our work in time, increase public awareness, participation rates, satisfaction and support. Play gongqingfu, a mass organization and grass-roots
46、 such as schools, communityThe role of2性比较差，在环境发生较大变化时难以适应，因此而面临灭绝的危险。如大熊猫，其濒危的原因除气候变化和人类活动以外，与其本身食性狭窄、生殖能力低等身体特征有关。二是环境突变（天灾） ，如地震、水灾、火灾、暴风雪、干旱等自然灾害。2.2 人为原因由于人类对生物多样性对人类的重要性认识不够，同时又过多的重视经济发展，而对生物多样性保护意识淡薄，从而导致生境破坏时有发生；对生物资源开发过度，有些甚至是掠夺式的开发；环境污染严重；对外来物种入侵问题重视不够以及制度的不健全，这些都是导致生物多样性减少的主要原因。2.2.1 生境的丧
47、失、片断化、退化栖息地破坏和片段化已成为我国一些兽类数量减少、分布区缩小和濒临灭绝的主要原因。伐木和占地是中国生境被破坏的两大主要原因。天然林的大幅度减少直接威胁到从苔藓、地衣到高等物种的生存。此外伐木也是导致森林火灾的一个主要原因，中国在过去 25 年内因森林火灾共损失了 860 万公顷的森林。以农业和建设为目的的占用森林、湿地和草原则是生境破坏的另一个原因。据估计，中国目前农田的 1/3 本来是处女林，这一问题在中国热带地区尤为严重。而在过去的半个世纪里，沿海湿地的一半左右已经发生改变,高原湖泊周围的湿地也损失严重。另外，19501980 年间中国湖泊面积减少 1/10。生境的片断化是指一
48、个面积大而连续的生境被分割成两个或更多小块残片并逐渐缩小的过程。多种人类活动都可能导致生境的片断化。如铁路、公路、水沟、电话网络、农田以及其他可能限制-生物自由活动的分隔物，和自然保护区内修筑公路等人为设施。特别是由于这些人为设施的建立，使得动物的活动受到限制，从而影响其觅食、迁徙和繁殖，而且植物的花粉和种子的散布也会受到影响。因而引起动植物种群数量下降并引起局部灭绝。同时由于生境的片断化，阳光、温度、湿度及风的变化，也会导致一些物种濒危、甚至灭绝。另外生境的片断化有助于外来物种的入侵，进而威胁到原由物种的生存。生境退化则是生境部分的失去原有功能，如由于经济发展、过度放牧等原因，使得草场退化严
49、重，引起草原生物生理机能衰退，从而对其生存构成威胁。草原的退化。2.2.2 掠夺式的过度开发许多生物资源对人类具有直接的经济价值。随着人口的增加和全球商业化体系的建立和发展，人类对之的需求随之迅速上升，其结果导致对这些资源的过度开发并使生物多样性下降。而当商业市场对某种野生生物资源有较大需求，通常会导致对该种生物的过度开发。典型的实例是人类对海洋鲸类的猎捕活动与鲸类数量的消长之间的关系。我国许多药用植物，如人参、天麻、砂仁、七叶一枝花、黄草、罗汉果等，野生的植株都已经很有限了，如果仍不加限制必然导致灭绝。其中偷猎、滥挖走私野生动物行为对生物的多样性威胁最严重。2.2.3 环境污染2.2.3.1 水体污染水体污染能够对水生生物（特别是鱼类）生命周期的任何发展阶段，产生亚致死或致死作用，影响他们的捕食、寻食和繁殖。其中亚致死的水体污染对水体生物多样性的影响更为突出、普遍、久远。在这种环境中的生物繁殖能力下降、生长缓慢或者死于环境胁迫有关的疾病。而水体富营养化能使水体生物多样性显著下降，昆明滇池即是一例。2.2.3.2 土壤污染土壤污染通常会使当地植被退化，甚至变成不毛之地，同时土壤动物也会变的稀少甚至绝迹，其生物多样性比未受污染区显著下降。如矿区、尾矿堆积地一、矿区废弃地以及垃圾ocusing on ways a
