1、V-ing 作定语、状语,Unit 4,1.Yesterday, another student and I, representing our universitys student association, went to the Capital International Airport to meet this years international students.,状语,2. I stood for a minute watching them and went to greet them.3. She stepped back appearing surprised.4. Th
2、en Akira Nagata from Japan came in smiling, together with ,伴随状语,5. Just at that moment, however, Akira Negata bowed so his nose touched Georges moving hand.,定语,6. , they also express their feelings using unspoken “language”,=They also express their feelings by the way of using unspoken language.,方式状
3、语,7. Most people around the world now greet each other by shaking hands.8. In general, though, studying international customs certainly can help avoid difficulties,宾语,主语,(not) doing,(not) being done,(not) having done,(not) having been done,动词-ing做定语、状语,现在分词的一般式表示分词动作与谓语动作同时发生。 e.g. The students walk
4、ed on the street, talking and laughing.现在分词的完成式表示分词动作先于谓语动作发生。 e.g. Having finished his homework, the boy went out to play with his friends.,注意1,动作先后顺序,现在分词通常和逻辑主语之间存在主动关系。 The students walked on the street, talking and laughing.Having finished his homework, the boy went out to play with his friends
5、.,The students,主动关系,talking and laughing,finish homework,主动关系,the boy,注意2,逻辑主语,1)现在分词作定语,表被修饰者的动作或状态,“正在的”burning house= house that is burninga sleeping child =the rising sun =,a child who is sleeping,sun that is rising,动词-ing做定语,1、单个动词的V-ing 形式可以单独充当 名词的前置修饰语, 这时有两种情况。,2)动名词做定语,表示被修饰者的作用或功能。a swimm
6、ing pool= a pool used for swimming,a sleeping car,=,water used for drinking,a car used for sleeping,drinking water =,2、动词-ing形式短语作定语时一般放在它所修饰的名词之后, 相当于一个定语从句。如: The boy standing there is a classmate of mine.Standing there the boy is a classmate of mine.,The building being built over there is our lib
7、rary._ dogs seldom bite. A. Bark B. To bark C. Barked D.BarkingThe _ buildings showed us that an earthquake was coming. A. shaking B. shook C. shaken D. shake,barking dog,shaking building,1、作时间状语,Hearing the news, he couldnt help laughing. (=When he heard the news, he couldnt help laughing.)Having f
8、ound her car stolen, she hurried to a policeman for help. (= After she found her car stolen, she hurried to a policeman for help .),同时发生,先发生,在逻辑上,当动词-ing形式表示的动作和句子谓语动词表示的动作同时发生时用一般式(V-ing);在句子谓语动词表示的动作之前发生时用完成式( having done).,练习The old man, _ aboard for twenty years, is on the way back to his mother
9、land. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked,D,先发生,2、作原因状语,Being poor, he couldnt afford a TV set. (=Because/As he was poor, he couldnt afford a TV set .) Being a student, you should study hard. (=Since you are a student, you should study hard.) Not thinking he might be at home, I cal
10、led him.(=As I didnt think he might be at home, I called him.),because, as, since,表示原因的动词-ing 形式一般放于句首,相当于一个原因状语从句。其否定式直接在句首加 not.,_ his telephone number, she had some difficulty getting in touch with Bill. (1991上海) Not knowing B. knowing not C. Not having known D. Having not known,A,现在分词作原因状语, 分词结构
11、中否定词 通常放在现在分词前面。,3、作条件状语,Working hard, you will succeed. (=If you work hard, you will succeed.) 动词-ing 形式作条件状语,相当于一个条件状语从句。一直往前走,你就会看到一座白色的房子。 _ahead, you will see a white house.一直努力,你就可以实现梦想。 _ on trying, you will realize your dream.,Walking,Keeping,4、作结果状语,The child slipped and fell, hitting his h
12、ead against the door. (= The child slipped and fell, and hit his head against the door.)全国到处在传唱这首歌曲,使它成了一首最受欢迎的歌曲。 The song is sung all over the country, _ .,making it the most popular song,5、作让步状语,Having been told many times, he still didnt learn these rules by heart.(= Although he had been told ma
13、ny times,)Being young,the little boy knows a lot about computer. (=Though the little boy is young, he knows a lot about computer.),though, although,6、作伴随状语: 作伴随状语的分词 1.) 表示的动作必须是主语的一个动作, 2.)与谓语表示的动作或状态同时发生,或补充说明谓语的具体情况。,The boy sat in front of the farm-house, cutting the branch.(= The boy sat in fro
14、nt of the farm-house, and cut the branch. ) She sat on the sofa, watching TV. (She sat on the sofa, and watched TV.),动词-ing 表伴随时,可以扩展成为一个并列句。,Time permitting, I will pay a visit to the whole city.,独立主格结构,分词作状语时, 分词的逻辑助于必须与句子的主语保持一致。当非谓语动作的主语不是句子的主语时,必须加上其自己的逻辑主语,这种结构成为独立主格结构。如:,The rain having stopp
15、ed, we went on marching.,垂悬分词/独立成分/插入语,有些分词作状语时,其形式的选用不收上下文的影响,称作独立成分或插入语。常见的有:,generally / frankly/ strictly speaking 一般而言/坦率地说/ 严格地说 judging from /by 根据来判断considering / taking into consideration考虑到;鉴于supposing / providing /provided that 如果compared with 与相比,例如 Judging from his accent ,he is from th
16、e south . Considering your health , you d better have a rest .,1. Having not seen the film, I cant tell you what I think of it.2. The men (worked for extra hours) got an extra pay.3. Seen from the top of the hill, we find the city more beautiful.4. Generally speak, facial expressions are helpful communications, too.,Not having,working,Seeing,speaking,单句改错,5. “Cant you read?” the man said, angrily pointed to the notice on the wall.6. Knocking at the door before entering, please. 7. European football is played in 80 countries, made it the most popular sport in the world.,pointing,Knock,making,