1、Lecturer: Peng Xiaoling (彭晓玲),Mythology,Roman,Classical Greek and,3. Final exam: 50%,participation: 40%,2. Class,10%,1. Class attendance:,Evaluation:,Requirement and Evaluation,after class,3. Extensive reading,class,participation in the,2. Active,attendance,1. Punctual,Requirement:,About the Course,
2、Course DescriptionRecommended Reading,Course Description,Greek and Roman mythology one of the three origins of western culture having enormous influence upon western literature, arts, astronomy, social lifeTherefore, there is some truth in the saying that without certain knowledge of Greek and Roman
3、 mythology, one can never fully understand and appreciate western culture. (eg. literature, arts, character),Significance of the Course,Language,chaotic martial Promethean under the aegis of Jupiter laughs at lovers perjuries. Far from Jupiter, far from thunder. Without Ceres and Bacchus, Venus grow
4、s cold.,Literature,Shakespeare (1564-1616) Troilus and Cressida (tragedy) Venus and Adonis (poem),Literature,Shelley (1792-1822) Prometheus Unbound Hymn of Apollo Hymn of Pan Adonis,Keats Endymion Ode to Psyche,James Joyce Ulysses (Odyssey),B. ONeill Mourning Becomes Electra(Oresteia),Literature,Geo
5、rge Bernard Shaw Pygmalion,原型理论(Myth Archetype Theory )Plato (427-347 BCE) discussed his “Forms“, postulating that all objects have an “ideal“ “form“ or structure. In particular, he taught that these “Forms“ were pure or perfect objects of mathematical or other conceptual knowledge. He felt that the
6、se “pure“ forms existed only in the realm of knowledge and never in the reality of human everyday existence. Individual things in the realm of appearance are beautiful only insofar as they participate in, correlate with, or approach in structure these universal “Forms“ of Beauty.,原型理论(Myth Archetype
7、 Theory )Karl Jung (1875-1961) took the concept of Platos “Forms“ further and presented his own Theory of Archetypes. In Jungian Psychology an Archetype is “an unconscious idea, pattern of thought, image, etc., inherited from the ancestors of the race and universally present in individual psyches“.
8、In simpler terms we could basically refer to an archetype as an “instinct“. That is, in essence, an instinctual idea, pattern of thought, image, etc., inherited from the ancestors of the race and universally present in individual psyches. We now believe that the image of the “ideal“ human face is in
9、deed an “Archetype“; a subconscious image which we are born with and carry throughout our lives.,This archetype has evolved in order to help us identify members of our own species and further sort members of our species according to their relative health and ability to successfully reproduce and to
10、provide other resources to us and those who are close to us.So they think the structural element of literature is myth, and it is myth that forms the archetype symbol of different literature types.,1、女性神话原型,前俄林波斯神系2、男性神话原型 俄林波斯神系,3、英雄原型,希腊神话以很大篇幅讲述英雄的故事。形成西方文学史的英雄主题：希腊神话英雄中世纪骑士英雄文艺复兴贵族英雄17世纪古典英雄19世纪
11、前期平民英雄19世纪后期心理实验英雄20世纪现代反英雄,4、漂流原型,奥德修斯的故事 开创西方文学的旅程文学传统。奥德赛埃涅阿斯纪中世纪骑士的旅程传奇神曲旅程小说堂吉诃德鲁滨逊漂流记巨人传哈克贝利芬历险记20世纪漫游小说,5、寻找原型,伊阿宋寻找金羊毛古希腊神话寻找金羊毛中世纪骑士传奇寻找圣杯文艺复兴时期巨人传寻找神瓶，流浪汉小说寻找父亲和争取生存权利19世纪俄国文学探求真理，寻找出路，托尔斯泰战争与和平安娜卡列尼娜复活20世纪文学寻找自我和寻找精神理想(美)索尔贝娄 雨王亨德森,6、父子冲突原型,俄狄浦斯王杀父娶母父子冲突原型构成西方文学史的父亲主题，反映父权文化权威与反权威之间的矛盾冲突。
12、 古希腊神话子夺父位，杀父娶母莎士比亚哈姆雷特17世纪戏剧嘲笑、讽刺父亲，莫里哀伪君子19世纪嘲笑、仇视父亲，司汤达红与黑，巴尔扎克高老头20世纪文学报复追杀父亲，如法国罗伯-格里耶橡皮,7、母子冲突原型,俄瑞斯特斯杀母（阿伽门农的二女儿厄勒克特拉仇恨母亲杀死了父亲，鼓动弟弟俄瑞斯特斯杀死母亲）厄勒克特拉情结 古希腊神话母恨子、子杀母哈姆雷特怨恨母亲20世纪文学的畸形母爱，英国劳伦斯儿子与情人 哈姆雷特母子冲突.asx,8、两性冲突原型,美狄亚对丈夫伊阿宋的报复 两性冲突原型形成西方文学史上的弃妇主题和平权主题。 古希腊神话两大神系矛盾文艺复兴女性智慧的故事 薄伽丘十日谈18世纪英国笛福摩尔弗
13、兰德斯19世纪傲慢与偏见简爱娜娜安娜卡列尼娜玩偶之家20世纪英国劳伦斯小说 美狄亚复仇.asx,二 希腊神话原型,Saturn: God of agriculture and father of Jupiter,Astronomy,Ursa Major,Constellation,Ursa Minor,Constellation,Lyra,Constellation,Hercules,Constellation,Orion,Constellation,Arts,Da Vinci, 1506,a 16 C. copy after a lost painting by Michelangelo,
14、1530 (National Gallery, London),Leda and the Swan,Arts,Jacopo Carucci Pontormo 1512-13 意大利佛罗伦萨乌斐兹美术馆.jpg,大理石雕塑 希腊古典时期,Apollo Program Poseidon Submarine Trident I & II missile,Other Aspects,Recommended Reading,希腊罗马神话一百篇（英汉对照） 陶洁等选译， 中国对外翻译出版公司 1989 古希腊神话（英汉对照） 折鸿雁译， 西北工业大学出版社 1999 希腊罗马神话（英文） 常耀信编注， 外
15、语教学与研究出版社 1981 古希腊罗马神话（中英文）托马斯布尔芬奇著；贾雪译，中国书籍出版社 2013 希腊神话中的主神 （英文）毛立群，黎凡编著，复旦大学出版社 2009 希腊古典神话（中文）(德)古斯塔夫施瓦布著；曹乃云译， 译林出版社，1995,Introduction to Mythology,What is Mythology,Myths Fairy Tales Fables,后羿射日,黄帝的故事,大禹治水,Commonplace Definition,stories of a particular culture that it believes to be true and t
16、hat feature a specific religious or belief system a collection of stories belonging to a group of people, which addresses their origin, history and heroes the projection of human images into the infinite unknown; or, the expression of religious meaning through stories and symbols,Basic Points,Mythol
17、ogy is the primitives childish understanding of the world and life.Mythology is the combination of primitive life and primitive religion.Mythology is handed down orally from generation to generation.,Zeus Hera Athena Apollo Artemis Aphrodite Ares Hephaestus Hermes Demeter Dionysus Poseidon Hades Per
18、sephone Eros,Jupiter Juno Minerva Apollo Diana Venus Mars Vulcan Mercury Ceres Bacchus Neptune Pluto Proserpina Cupid,宙斯 赫拉 雅典娜 阿波罗 阿耳特弥斯 阿弗洛迪特 阿瑞斯 赫菲斯托斯 赫尔墨斯 德墨特耳 狄俄尼索斯 波塞冬 哈得斯 珀耳塞福涅 厄洛斯,朱庇特 朱诺 密涅瓦 阿波罗 迪安娜 维纳斯 马尔斯 伏尔甘 墨丘利 克瑞斯 巴克斯 涅普顿 普路同 普洛塞庇娜 丘比特,The Olympians,Zeus zju:s Hera hir Athena i:n Apollo
19、 plu Artemis :timis Aphrodite .frdaiti Ares ri:z Hephaestus hifi:sts Hermes h:mi:z Demeter dimi:t Dionysus .dainaiss Poseidon psaidn Hades heidi:z Persephone p:sefni Eros ers,Jupiter du:pit Juno du:nu Minerva min:v Apollo plu Diana dain Venus vi:ns Mars m:z Vulcan vlkn Mercury m:kjuri Ceres siri:z B
20、acchus bks Neptune neptju:n Pluto plu:tu Proserpina prs:pin Cupid kju:pid,Teaching Plan,Final Exam: in Week 16 (not finally decided),of Odysseus (3 classes),Part IV: The Adventures,classes),Part III: The Trojan War (3,mythology (5 classes),Part II: Heroes in,mythology (3 classes),Part I: The gods in
21、,坦巨神与其他次要神祗),gods and goddesses (提,3. The Titans and other,林匹斯诸神),2. The Olympian Gods (奥,wars in the heaven,(众神的起源) and the two,1. The origin of the gods,mythology (众神),Part I: The gods in,The 1st Lecture,The origin of the gods,called the Titans. (提坦巨神),producing children who were,Gaea mated with U
22、ranus,and heaven. (天神乌拉诺斯),who became king of the sky,to Caelus (Uranus/Ouranos),Gaea immediately gave birth,(Gaea), the earth. (地母该亚),From Chaos came Terra,all things (混沌之神),the god Chaos: the source of,(天王星, 太阳系第七大行星),Caelus (Uranus),Terra (Gaea),Chaos,The origin of the gods,was born.,love, beauty
23、 and fertility (多产),Aphrodite, goddess of sexual,From the bloody foam (泡沫),into the sea.,sexual organs and threw them,sickle (镰刀) and cut off his,Cronus attacked him with a,prevented them from being born.,Caelus feared his children and,in Roman Myth 萨图恩,土星),and most important Titan (Saturn,Cronus (克
24、洛诺斯): the youngest,The 1st War,their birth.,Poseidon, immediately after,Demeter, Hera, Hades, and,five children Hestia, But he swallowed his first,sons.,three daughters and three,(Rhea瑞亚), who bore him, He married his sister Ops,and became king of the sky.,Titans from inside Terra, Cronus then freed
25、 the other,The 2nd War,Th,while inside their father.,who had grown into adults,Cronus to vomit his children, By using a trick, he caused,challenge his father., After he grew up, he returned to,baby on the island of Crete.,baby clothes, while hiding the,Cronus a stone wrapped in,was born, Ops (Rhea)
26、handed, However, when the sixth, Zeus,Zeus,there became known as Olympians.,The gods and goddesses who lived,Olympus, in northern Greece.,ruler and lived with them on Mount,Then Zeus was chosen as their,洛斯,冥界的最深处).,deep within the Underworld (塔耳塔,Titans to Tartarus, a dark region,They won the war, d
27、riving the,Titans.,a war against Cronus and the other,Zeus led his brothers and sisters in,The 2nd War,Th,interment: (-ment) 埋葬，葬礼,inter: (in-入内, ter = terr) 入土，埋葬,terrestrial: (-ial 的) 地球上的，陆上的,的，地中海,Mediterranean: (medi-中间) 被陆地包围,田,terrace: (-ace名词后缀) 平台，阳台梯,exterritorial: (ex-外) 治外法权的,territorial
28、: (-al的) 领土的,territory: (-ory名词后缀) 领土，领地,terr = earth, land 表示“土地”,Terra: 地母,Vocabulary,chaos 混乱，混沌（宇宙未形成前的情形,and peace of Romes mythical Golden Age.,Saturn, for it appears to evoke the prosperity,the Saturnalia is an appropriate festival to,of gift giving, feasting, and merriment. Indeed,celebrated
29、 during the winter, and it was a time,Saturn - the Saturnalia. This festival was,There was even a Roman festival named after,agriculture.,was thought of as a god of fertility and,how to farm the land. For this reason Saturn,agriculture to his people by teaching them,According to the myth, Saturn int
30、roduced,下劳动，受到主人的殷勤招待。,日在冬至前后，罗马人纵情欢庆，奴仆和长工们停,那里成了农神撒图恩，他的节日被称作农神节。节,按照罗马神话传说,克洛诺斯逃到意大利地界，在,Saturn: Saturday,Vocabulary,The Olympian Gods（奥林匹斯诸神） The Olympians were 12 in number. Zeus(宙斯): the god of the sky. Hera(赫拉): the goddess of marriage and childbirth. Poseidon(波塞冬): the god of the sea,protect
31、or. Hades(哈迪斯): the god the dead andwealth. Hestia(赫斯提亚): the goddess of the Hearth(灶台). Ares(阿瑞斯): the god of war. Hermes(赫尔墨斯): the god of thieves and commerce. Hephaestus(赫斯菲托斯): the god of fire and the forge(熔炉). Apollo(阿波罗): the god of light. Artemis(阿尔忒弥斯): the goddess of chastity,virginity,th
32、e hunt,the moon,and the natural environment. Athena(雅典娜): the Greek virgin goddess of reason, intelligent activity,arts and literature. Aphrodite(阿弗洛狄德): the goddess of love,desire and beauty.,Zeus. -波塞冬,earthquakes; brother of,God of the sea and,Poseidon (Neptune 尼普顿):,protector of married women.,m
33、arriage and childbirth;,the gods; goddess of,Hera (Juno 朱诺): Queen of,his sister Hera.,of the gods, married with,Zeus (Jupiter 朱庇特): Ruler,number.,The Olympians were 12 in,),The Olympian Gods (,B. lustful and lecherous,mercy,A. the god of justice and,Two very different images:,树) were sacred to him.
34、,The eagle and the oak tree (橡,thunderbolt (闪电).,weapons were thunder and,As a sky and weather god, his,knowing,Zeus: all-powerful and all-,Zeus,(Heracles).,and to Alcmene as her own husband,Danae as a shower of gold (Perseus),(twins: Helen and Polydeuces), to,(three sons), to Leda as a swan,He came
35、 to Europa as a white bull,he frequently disguised himself.,When he approached mortal women,Artemis, Hermes, and Dionysus.,became the father of Athena, Apollo,In his affairs with the former, he,goddesses and mortal women.,numerous love affairs with,As a faithless husband, he has,Zeus: the universal
36、lover,Pluto (冥王星),Naptune (海王星),Uranus (天王星),Saturn (土星),Jupiter (木星),Mars (火星),Earth (地球),Venus (金星),Mercury (水星),solar system:,Nine planets of the,格,词形容圣诞老人的性,心情快活的，常用该, jovial: 脾气随和的，,调),By Jove! (表惊讶或强, Jove: Jupiter 的别称，,威严、高傲或冷峻的, olympian: 如天神般,Vocabulary,Hera: a furious and revengeful wife,H
37、,companion, bore Ares and Hebe.,5. Hera - became his permanent,and Artemis.,4. Leto - bore the twins, Apollo,who became the Muses.,3. Titaness - bore nine children,Eunomia, Horae, and Fates.,2. Themis - bore Dike, Eirene,wife and she bore Athena.,1. Metos (wisdom)- was his first,bore him many childr
38、en.,Zeus had a number of wives who,with 100 eyes to watch over her.,gift and then ordered Argus, a giant,young cow, but Hera asked for it as a,Zeus changed her into a beautiful,was turned out of the palace.,began to have horrible dreams and she,When Zeus fell in love with her she,of Argos (阿耳戈斯国王的女儿
39、).,Io (伊娥): the daughter of Inachus, king,Zeus mistresses and their children.,She bitterly hated and cruelly treated,married Heracles.,fire; Hebe, goddess of youth, who,of war; Hephaestus (Vulcan), god of,Her children included Ares (Mars), god,protector of married women,Hera: the goddess of marriage
40、 and the,Hera: a furious and revengeful wife,Epahus, the ancestor of many kings.,In Egypt, Io gave birth to a son,woman.,where Zeus changed her back into a,earth, until she found peace in Eygpt,Io and forced her to wander over the,But the gadfly continued to torment,and killed the giant.,closed, Her
41、mes produced a sword,After he fall asleep with all his eyes,began to play his lyre.,Hermes came close to him, and,Zeus sent Hermes to kill Argus.,to sting her continuously.,Besides, she also sent a gadfly (牛虻),Heras revenge,time for it to be born.,Dionysus and hid him in his thigh (大腿) until it was,
42、However, Zeus was able to rescue her unborn child,burned to ashes by the lightning from him.,Then as she gazed at Zeus in all his glory, she was,he was very sad, but could not break his promise.,But when he was told what she wanted him to do,“Could you do me a favor?”,magnificence.,ask Zeus to visit
43、 her in the form of a god with all his,form of a human being, she persuaded Semele to,Hera was jealous of the love affair and taking the,with a child by Zeus.,Harmonia, king and queen of Thebes, was pregnant,Semele (塞墨勒), the daughter of Cadmus and,Heras revenge,Januarius演变而来的。,位守护神的拉丁文名字,语1月January
44、，便是由这,“朱诺之月”,一个月的月名很有意义。英, June: 源于Juno, 意为,他的名字作为除旧迎新的第,气度不凡的女人,与开始未来，人们认为选择,些雍容华贵、仪态万方、,眺望未来。象征着结束过去, Junoesque: 用以修饰那,副脸，一副回顾过去，一副,卢斯的守护神，生有前后两,材高大、相貌端庄的女人。,在罗马传说中，有一名叫雅, Juno一般被描绘成一个身, January: 1月,Vocabulary,演变而来。,丁文April即开花的日子,中一个显赫贵族的姓氏。,季节。英文4月April便由拉,Junius可能是个代拉丁家族,地回春,鲜花初绽的美好,演变而来。也有学者认为,
45、 April: 罗马的4月,正是大,月June便由这位女神的名字,Junius来命名6 月。英语6,献给她,以她的名字拉丁文,而来的。,是由这位战神的名字演变,对她十分崇敬,便把6月奉,育和保护妇女的神。古罗马,月名。英语3月March,便,是众神之王后,又是司管生,战神的拉丁名字作为3月的, June: 罗马神话中的朱诺,斯 (Mars),人们便把这位,季节。为了纪念战神玛尔,惯,3月是每年出征远战的,这位女神的名字演变而来。,开始。另外,按照传统习,命名5月,英文5月May便由,人仍然把3 月看做是一年的,便用她的名字拉丁文Maius,来的1月变成3月,但罗马,为了纪念这位女神,罗马人,凯
46、撒大帝改革历法后,原,雅专门司管春天和生命。,月,新年的开始, March : 3月,原是罗马旧历法的1 May: 罗马神话中的女神玛,Vocabulary,terraneous, terramycin,superterrene, terrain,subterrane, disinter / disinterment,words:, 2. Look up the new,Olympians.,the description of the,origin of the gods and,concerned with the, 1. Read more stories,Homework,Questions for review: 1.Who are Olympians? 2.Who led a war against Cronus? 3.How many are the Olympians in number? And what are their responsibilities? 4.What is the characteristic of Zeus? How about Hera? 5.Please tell the stories of Zeus and his mistresses.,
