1、Module 2Grammar and usage,Non-restrictive attributive clauses 非限制性定语从句,限制性定语从句的概念：,限制性定语从句对先行词起限制或修饰的作用，是先行词在意义上不可缺少的 ，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。从句和主句的关系密切，写时不用逗号分开。 例如：,eg: This is the soldier who saved the boys life.,先行词,引导词,定语从句,定语,非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作些附加的说明, 如果去掉, 主句的意思仍然清楚。和主句关系不十分密切，从句和主句之间用逗号分开。 例如：Rome
2、 has a very long history.罗马是意大利的首都，有着非常悠久的历史。,非限制性定语从句的概念：, which is the capital of Italy,1、限制性定语从句和非限制定语从句的区别： 限制性定语从句常翻译为：“的” 非限制性定语从句常翻译为两个并列句,(1) 限制性定语从句His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college. 他那个当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。(2) 非限制性定语从句His brother, who is now a doctor, always
3、 encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（“唯一”概念）,（他还有其他的哥哥）,（他只有一个哥哥）,2、运用非限制性定语从句的情况,Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买了那幢房子，它带着个漂亮的花园。,当先行词是世界上独一无二的事物、专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后
4、的定语从句通常是非限制性的。,3、非限制性定语从句引导词的选择：,His mother, loves him very much, is strict with him.他的妈妈很爱惜他,对他也很严格。,His wife, you met at my home, was a teacher. 他的妻子，就是你在我家遇见的那个，是一位老师。,（1）先行词指人,在从句中作主语，引导词用who:,who,（2）先行词指人,在句中作宾语whom:,whom,Her house, was built a hundred years ago, stood still in the earthquake.那
5、座房子在地震中依然耸立，它是一百多年前建造的。,注意：无论先行词指人或者指物,在句中作主语或者作宾语，非限制性定语从句的引导词都不能用that。,（3）先行词指物,在句中作主语或宾语which:,which,The girl, name is Kate, is the top of the students in our school.那个女孩是我们学校最优秀的学生，她的名字叫Kate。The book, cover is red, is mine. 封面是红色的那本书是我的。,whose,whose,（4）先行词在句中作定语，无论指人或者指物,引导词都用whose:,The sports m
6、eeting will be put off till next month， we will have made all the preparations.运动会将被推迟到下个月，那时我们做好一切准备。 The next day we arrived in New York, we were interviewed on the radio.第二天我们到达纽约，在那里我们接受了电台的采访。,when,（5）先行词在句中作时间状语用when：,（6）先行词在句中作地点状语用where：,where,The house, we bought last month, is very nice. 这
7、房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。This is the house we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。,which,(which/ that ),（7）如果先行词作介词的宾语 先行词指人，介词提前的结构是：介词whom先行词指物，介词提前的结构是：介词which The girl, he is familiar, is a football player.The Second World War, millions of people were killed, ended in 1945.第二次世界大战造成数百万人的死亡，于1945年结束。,with who
8、m,in which,He has told us many stories, all of are about the famous Long Match. 2. The students of Class 1, some of came from Japan, went camping yesterday.,which,whom,Conclusion,在非限制性定语从句中, all/ some/ one/ both/ neither/ none/ any/ either等可与 of 构成介词词组修饰限制先行词。 如先行词指人则用whom， 如先行词指物则用which引导从句。,1. Man
9、y students in this school, some of which are not overweight, are going on diets. 2. There are 54 students in my class and ten of whom come from US.,whom,Correction:,them,1.关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替whom，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who来代替。This is the girl I met in the street. (引导词 省略)A young man had a new gi
10、rl friend, he wanted to impress. (引导词 省略),可以,不可以,whom,whom/who/that,注意事项:,2.当关系代词指整个主句内容时，将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 用非限制性定语从句。这时引导词用which,从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。,A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, surprises all the people present.,析：从语境可知，令所有在场的人感到惊讶的内容是一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语这整个一件事，因此先行词为整个主句，此时应由which引导非
11、限制性定语从句。,which,一个五岁的男孩会讲两门外语，令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。,Which 引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个句子时。它在从句中充当主语或宾语，意为“这一点”，放在主句后。 1.Which代替先行句做主语请把下面两个简单句合并为复句： 句John has been working in the office for three hours. 句It made him tired.,John has been working in the office for three hours，which made him tired.,As和which引导的非限制性定语从句,2.
12、which代替先行句做宾语请把下面两个简单句合并为复句：句Mary treats me just like a baby.句I cant bear it.,Mary treats me just like a baby，which I cant bear.,as引导的定语从句,1.引导限制性定语从句，用在“such as”, “the same as结构中，常译作“像一样的人或物”。,He wished to be such a man as Lei Feng was.,This is the same book as I read last week.,这和我上周读的那本书是一样的。,这就是
13、我上周读的那本书,This is the same book that I read last week.,在the same as结构中，as可以换成that，但句意不一样。,2. 引导非限制性定语从句1.as做主语 请把下面两个简单句合并为复句： 句China is a developing country. 句It is known to all.,As is known to all，China is a developing country,代替整个句子，在定语从句中做主语和宾语，意思为，“正如.一样”。它引导的句子可在主句首、句中， 句尾。,注意：若非限制性定语从句中的谓语动词是
14、be said, be known,be expected, be reported , 等结构时，不论是在句首，句中， 句末，都必须as用来引导。,2. as做宾语 请把下面两个简单句合并为复句： 句We won the game. 句We all expected it,We won the game，as we expected.,as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which引导的定语从句不可放在句首。,as和which引导非限制性定语从句的不同之处在于：,关系代词：which / who / whom / whose / as 关系副词：when / where (非限制性定语从句中不
15、用关系词that/why；非限制性定语从句中关系词不能省略),非限制性定语从句中通常使用下列关系代词和副词,Conclusion,1. The famous basketball star, _ comes from America, will visit our school soon. 2. In those days, she used to go to Mr black,with _ she had a wonderful time.,whom,who,Practice,3. Xian, _I visited last year, is a nice old city. 4. He will come to see me next July, _ he wont be so busy. 5. The school, _ I once studied, was built thirty years ago.,which,where,when,6. John said hed been working in the office for an hour, _ was true.,which,7. _ is expected, the England team won the football match.,As,Homework:,英语周报12期语法第三版练习题。,
